牛血清IgG热化学变性和热变性的研究

使用差示扫描量热仪(DSC)和荧光光谱法研究了在pH 7.4时牛血清IgG (bIgG)热变性, 热化学变性和等温化学变性过程(变性剂为尿素和盐酸胍), 首次报道了bIgG在热化学变性和等温化学变性过程中的相关热力学参数. DSC和荧光光谱实验结果表明, bIgG的热变性和热化学变性过程都是较复杂的不可逆过程, 这个过程可被看作一个三态变构过程. DSC实验表明在热化学变性过程中bIgG的变性温度和焓变值会随着环境中的变性剂浓度的升高而降低. 使用荧光光谱法对bIgG在尿素或盐酸胍存在下的等温化学变性过程进行了研究, 结果显示bIgG的化学变性过程也是一个较复杂的非二态过程. 实验数据分析表明, 变性剂尿素和盐酸胍与bIgG之间主要是依靠氢键相互作用的, 而热变性过程中bIgG的凝集是由于bIgG热变性时结构改变后暴露出的疏水结构互相作用造成的. 实验结果还表明单纯的热变性只能导致bIgG的不完全变性, 而即使是在高浓度变性剂存在时的bIgG热化学变性, 尿素和盐酸胍分别导致的bIgG热化学变性的去折叠态也是不同的.     

蛋白质在疏水色谱中的变性热力学

研究21-80℃温度范围内一些蛋白质和小分子在疏水相互作用色谱中的热行为。利用Van't Hoff作图(lnk'-1/T)测定蛋白质分子的热力学参数(ΔH°, ΔS°和ΔG°), 根据标准熵变(ΔS°)和标准自由能变(ΔG°)判断蛋白质在色谱过程中的构象变化, 通过ΔH°-ΔS°的线性关系估计蛋白质变性时的"补偿温度"(β), 鉴定蛋白质在疏水相互作用色谱中保留机理的同一性。     

Comparison of the results of thermal denaturation of β-lactoglobulin obtained by DSC and UV-spectroscopy

The thermal denaturation of β-lactoglobulin in the presence of urea and alkylurea solutions were measured. In the presence of a high concentration of urea this protein shows not only heat but also cold denaturation. For studying the effect of temperature two methods were used, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and UV-spectroscopy. DSC provides direct model-independent determination of the transition enthalpy in comparison with UV-spectroscopy, which gives only apparent or van't Hoff enthalpy of transition. The UV-melting curves were analyzed on the basis of a two-state approximation. The apparent standard enthalpies of thermal denaturation, ΔH _app. ^o , were compared with calorimetric ones.     

The effects of temperature and electrolyte at acidic and alkaline pH on the electron transfer reactions of cytochrome c at In2O3 electrodes

Spectroelectrochemical and electrochemical methods were used to investigate the characteristics of heterogeneous electron transfer between cytochrome c and indium oxide electrodes. A linear temperature dependence of the formal potential of cytochrome c was observed from 5 to 75 °C in acidic media. This behavior is attributed to a linear variation in the conformation of ferricytochrome c that results in an increase in solvent exposure of the solvent-exposed heme edge. A break in the linear temperature dependence of the formal potential occurred at 40 °C in alkaline media. This reflects a distinct conformational change that accompanies the onset of thermal denaturation of ferricytochrome c. The small change in reaction center entropy, ΔS°_rc, of ca. −54 J K⁻¹ mol⁻¹ in neutral and acidic media (5 to ⩾ 55 °C) and in alkaline media (below 40 °C) is consistent with a small shift to a more stable conformation of cytochrome c that occurs upon reduction.Adsorption of reactant and product was detected. The strength and type of adsorption were found to be temperature- and pH-dependent. The characteristics of electron transfer between cytochrome c and an electrode depend on bulk solvent properties and electrode surface characteristics.     

牛血清蛋白在盐酸胍和尿素体系中变性的微量热研究

在30 ℃时用恒温微量热法研究了不同pH值下盐酸胍、尿素诱导牛血清蛋白变性的过程. 并用Privalov提出的简单键合模型对量热数据进行了分析, 计算了表观键合常数K, 简单键合的单个表观键合自由能ΔG和总吉布斯能ΔG(a), 用变性中点的直线外推方法求出了表观变性焓ΔH_d. 实验结果表明, 牛血清蛋白与盐酸胍的键合在碱性条件下更易进行, 牛血清蛋白在盐酸胍溶液中的变性焓ΔH_d在牛血清蛋白的pH＝6.97和7.05时为350 kJ•mol^－1, 在pH＝9.30时为275 kJ•mol^－1, 表明牛血清蛋白在接近中性时较稳定. 而牛血清蛋白与尿素的键合在酸性条件下更易进行, 此变性焓ΔH_d在牛血清蛋白的pH＝6.97时为295 kJ•mol^－1, 在pH＝7.05和9.30时为230 kJ•mol^－1. 此结果说明牛血清蛋白在两种变性剂溶液中的展开程度是不同的.     

Thermodynamics of thermal denaturation of ribonuclease A and cytochrome c in the presence of 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoro-2-propanol

The thermal denaturation of ribonuclease A and cytochrome c has been studied by differential scanning calorimetry (d.s.c.) and u.v.-visible spectrophotometry in the presence of 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoro-2-propanol (HFIP) at pH  =  5.5 and pH  =  4.0, respectively. The quantitative thermodynamic parameters accompanying the thermal transitions from native to denatured state have been evaluated. The results of the reversible thermal denaturations have been fitted with a two-state native-to-denatured mechanism. A comparison has been made of the relative effect of HFIP on the thermal stability of ribonuclease A and cytochrome c. It has been observed that the denaturation capacity of HFIP tends more towards cytochrome c compared with ribonuclease A. The results have been explained on the basis of a fine balance between the preferential exclusion and binding that take place during the course of the denaturation reaction and the structuring of water around the groups of the protein exposed upon denaturation. Using the thermodynamic data obtained from calorimetric and spectroscopic measurements, we have calculated the changes in preferential solvation of ribonuclease A and cytochrome c upon heat denaturation. It is observed that the preferential solvation of these two proteins is specific, indicating that the solvation mechanism is not the same for them.     

溶菌酶热变性的DSC研究

用差示扫描量热法研究了固体溶菌酶的热变性以及水溶液中不同变性剂与浓度对溶菌酶变性的影响. 结果表明, 溶剂水的存在及变性剂尿素和盐酸胍的加入使溶菌酶的变性温度降低, 变性焓减小; 同时, 在一定的浓度范围内, 溶菌酶的变性温度和变性焓随变性剂浓度的增大而降低. 盐酸胍的变性效果较尿素强, 这是由于盐酸胍与蛋白质分子间除了氢键作用外还存在着静电作用.     

On the estimation of stability parameters from heat-induced conformational transition curves of proteins

A method is suggested to determine valid and authentic values of thermodynamic stability parameters of proteins from their heat-induced conformational transition curves. We show (a) that the estimate of ΔH_m ^van, the enthalpy change on denaturation at T_m, the midpoint of denaturation, is significantly less than ΔH_m ^cal, the value obtained by the calorimetric measurements, if the analysis of the conformational transition curve uses the conventional method which assumes a linear temperature-dependence of the pre- and post-transition baselines; and (b) that there exists an excellent agreement between ΔH_m ^van and ΔH_m ^cal values of proteins, if the analysis of thermal denaturation curves assumes that the temperature-dependence of pre- and post-transition baselines is described by a parabolic function. The latter analysis is supported by our observations that the temperaturedependencies of the absorption and circular dichroism properties of protein groups are indeed nonlinear. It is observed that the estimate of ΔC_p, the constant-pressure heat capacity change is independent of the model used to describe the temperaturedependence of the pre- and post-transition baselines. An important conclusion is that for proteins which exhibit a two-state character, all stability parameters are measured with the same error as that observed with a calorimeter.     

Thermodynamic studies of partitioning behavior of cytochrome c in ionic liquid-based aqueous two-phase system

The ionic liquid/aqueous two-phase extraction systems (ATPSs) based on imidazolium ionic liquids were used to extract cytochrome c. Effects of the alkyl chain length of the ionic liquid cations, concentration of potassium citrate, temperature and pH on the extraction efficiency have been investigated. The thermodynamic parameters (ΔG(T)°, ΔH(T)° and ΔS(T)°) associated with Cyt-c partitioning in aqueous two phase systems were determined. Thermodynamic studies indicated that the partitioning of Cyt-c was driven by both hydrophobic and electrostatic interactions in the extraction process. Under the optimum conditions, experiment results showed that 94% of the cytochrome c could be extracted into the ionic liquid-rich phase in a one-step extraction. The structural characterization of Cyt-c in the IL ATPS was investigated by UV-vis and circular dichroism (CD) spectra. The results demonstrated that no direct bonding interaction observed between ionic liquid and cytochrome c, while the native properties of the cytochrome c were not altered. Compared with traditional liquid-liquid extractions based on toxic organic solvents, ionic liquid/aqueous two phase extraction offers clear advantages due to no use of volatile organic solvent and low consumption of imidazolium ionic liquids.     

Temperature dependence of tryptophan phosphorescence in proteins

The phosphorescence yield and decay kinetics of tryptophan (Trp) in apoazurin from Pseudomonas aeruginosa, subtilisin Carlsberg, Staphylococcal nuclease and liver alcohol dehydrogenase were determined as a function of temperature from 150 K (glassy matrix) to 300 K (fluid solution). The constancy of the lifetime-normalized phosphorescence yield with apoazurin and with Trp-314 in alcohol dehydrogenase establishes that the intersystem crossing quantum yield is practically unaffected across the temperature range. Consequently, any decrease in phosphorescence intensity not accounted for by lifetime-shortening is a signal either of the selective quenching of specific Trp residues in the same macromolecule or that the protein sample is heterogeneous in its emission properties. From an analysis of the thermal profile it is concluded that subtilisin Carlsberg and S. nuclease, as opposed to apoazurin, are not phosphorescent at ambient temperature, their residual emission probably arising from protein impurities. Criteria for distinguishing conformer emission from a contribution by protein impurities are discussed.     

Denatured Thermodynamics of Proteins in Weak Cation－exchange Chromatography

The thermostability of some proteins in weak cation-exchange chromatography was investigated at 20—80 ℃. The results show that there is a fixed thermal denaturation transition temperature for each protein. The appearance of the thermal transition temperature indicates that the conformations of the proteins are de-stroyed seriously. The thermal behavior of the proteins in weak cation-exchange and hydrophobic interaction chromatographies were compared in a wide temperature range. It was found that the proteins have a higher thermostability in a weak cation-exchange chromatography system. The thermodynamic parameters (△H^0,△S^0) of those proteins were determined by means of Van′t t Hoff re|ationship(lnk′-1/T). According to stan-dard entropy change(△S^0) , the conformational change of the proteins was judged in the chromatographic pro-cess. The linear relationships between △H^0 and △S^0 can be used to evaluate “compensation temperature“ (β) at the protein denaturation and identify the identity of the protein retention mechanism in weak cation-ex-change chromatography.     

脱辅基神经红蛋白热稳定性的光谱法研究

采用酸丙酮法制备了脱辅基神经红蛋白(apo-Ngb)。利用紫外-可见吸收光谱和圆二色光谱(CD)对apo-Ngb的热稳定性进行了研究。结果表明,在高温下apo-Ngb发生了变性,其二级结构遭到破坏,α-螺旋的含量减少。计算得到了apo-Ngb热变性的中点温度(61.8℃)和热力学参数(ΔH=93.1 kJ·mol-1,ΔS=277.8J·mol-1·K-1)。与Ngb相比,由于血红素辅基的去除,apo-Ngb蛋白肽链结构变得疏松无序,从而使apo-Ngb的热稳定性有所降低。     

Quasi-chemical model of self-assembly and the formation of kinetically controlled structures

A quasi-chemical model of self-assembly among identical objects is proposed. The model rests on two main premises: (a) larger ensembles are more stable and (b) have slower rates of transformation, growth, and decomposition. These statements result from all paired interactions in the considered ensemble. This formulation of self-assembly is shown to be conducive to the formation of large ensembles with sizes distributed normally in a fairly narrow range, and with the concentrations of smaller ensembles being negligible. The existence of two critical points follows from the model. One is a critical concentration that initiates self-assembly in the system when exceeded. The other is a critical ensemble size that sets a threshold for the self-driven growth of ensembles in the system. The growth of ensembles nearly ceases at a point far from equilibrium, and the mean ensemble size and the ensemble’s size distribution are under kinetic control. Stable structures of this kind (with kinetic control of their organization) can serve as models for many natural self-organized systems.     

水合和pH对蛋白酶K热诱发转变影响的量热法研究

用差示扫描量热法, 在310～450 K温度范围、0.048～4.39克水/克干酶以及pH3～9范围内研究了蛋白酶K(EC 3.4.21.14)的热变性。分别提出表征热变性过程的三个主要热力学参数: 热变性温度T_d、比变性焓△H_d及超额表观比热C_(ex)~(max)和总水量h以及pH的关系。除Td和h的关系属于Flory-Garrett类型外, 蛋白酶K的热变性热力学特征和已报道的球蛋白、双螺旋蛋白及三螺旋蛋白不相同。一级水合水对蛋白酶K热变性热力学特征有最大的影响, pH也是影响该酶热稳定性的重要因素。     

Denaturation of Adenosine Deaminase with Urea and Guanidine Hydrochloride

The denaturation effect of urea and guanidine hydrochloride on (lie adenosine deaminase has been investigated spectrophotometrically at the two temperatures of 27 °C and 37 °C at pH = 7.50, phosphate buffer (55 mM). A simple, reversible two stale transition, N ?? D, was used to analyze the denaturation process from which conformational stability was estimated using three different methods, namely, the linear extrapolation method (LEM), Tanford's model (TM), and the denaturant binding method (DBM). A good agreement was observed among these methods. The results from free energy of denaturation at zero concentration of denaturant, ΔG°_H2O, show the fragile conformation for adenosine deaminase molecule.     

Structural analysis and molecular modelling of the Cu/Zn-SOD from fungal strain Humicola lutea 103

The native form of Cu/Zn-superoxide dismutase, isolated from fungal strain Humicola lutea 103 is a homodimer that coordinates one Cu(2+) and one Zn(2+) per monomer. Cu(2+) and Zn(2+) ions play crucial roles in enzyme activity and structural stability, respectively. It was established that HLSOD shows high pH and temperature stability. Thermostability of the glycosylated enzyme Cu/Zn-SOD, isolated from fungal strain H. lutea 103, was determined by CD spectroscopy. Determination of reversibility toward thermal denaturation for HLSOD allowed several thermodynamic parameters to be calculated. In this communication we report the conditions under which reversible denaturation of HLSOD exists. The narrow range over which the system is reversible has been determined using the strongest test of two important thermodynamic independent variables (T and pH). Combining both these variables, the "phase diagram" was determined, as a result of which the real thermodynamic parameters (ΔC(p), ΔH(exp)°, and ΔG(exp)°) was established. Because very narrow pH-interval of transitions we assume they are as result of overlapping of two simple transitions. It was found that ΔH(o) is independent from pH with a value of 1.3 kcal/mol and 2.8 kcal/mol for the first and the second transition, respectively. ΔG(o) was pH-dependent in all studied pH-interval. This means that the transitions are entropically driven, these. Based on this, these processes can be described as hydrophobic rearrangement of the quaternary structure. It was also found that glycosylation does not influence the stability of the enzyme because the carbohydrate chain is exposed on the surface of the molecule.     

Thermal denaturation of some proteins and its effect on their electrospray mass spectrat

The effects of beat on the electrospray mass spectra of eight globular proteins in solution were studied. These ranged from hardly noticeable to a dramatic shift in the mass spectrometric profile and a concomitant increase in ion abundance. This change is believed to be the result of thermal denaturation of the protein species in solution resulting in a transition from a more compact to a less compact conformation. We accounted for this transition by means of a recently proposed model based on aqueous solution acid/base equilibria. For cytochrome c, profiles calculated by means of this model agree well with experimental data. The ΔH of the denaturation reaction of cytochrome c in aqueous solution containing 0.2% acetic acid was calculated from experimental data to be 103.8 ± 9.2 kJ mol^?1, in good agreement with previous measurements.     

Studies on gelation of soybean globulin solutions

Thermal denaturation of soybean globulin fraction (SBGF) in diluted solution (protein concentration 0.15–0.63%) has been studied by the method of differential adiabatic scanning calorimetry. SBGF thermograms have two maxima. The low temperature maximum is consistent with denaturation of 7S component, while the high temperature maximum with denaturation of 11S components of this fraction. In the investigated range of protein concentrations the thermodynamic parameters (temperature and enthalpy) of denaturation of SBGF and its main components are constant. This fact suggests that differential adiabatic scanning calorimetry gives information purporting a change in the protein state at molecular level. The temperatures and enthalpies of denaturation of the main SBGF components linearly rise with increase of NaCl concentration. The slope of dependences of denaturation temperature on salt concentration,K _s, is extremely large (nearly 20 K · l/mole). The elementary thermodynamic theory of lyotropic effects in thermal denaturation of proteins has been developed based on the two-state model and linear approximation of protein-salt interactions by means of the corresponding second virial coefficient. It shows that the dependences of thermodynamic parameters of thermal denaturation on salt concentration should be linear in the initial section. This conclusion is consistent with the experiment. The differences of enthalpies and entropies of transferring denatured and native forms of the main SBGF components from water into NaCl solution have been determined. They are positive and their quantity increases linearly with salt concentration. This fact is consistent with the concept to the effect that the main factor of salt influence on thermal denaturation of SBGF is confined to a decrease of protein hydration. The effect of protein nature on the quantity of lyotropic effect in thermal denaturation has been considered. Using simple considerations as a basis, the dependence of the ratio betweenK _s and the denaturation temperature in water has been obtained, which characterizes the lyotropic effect, on the molar fraction of hydrophobic residues in the protein molecule. This dependence is linear and the lyotropic effect rises with increase in the content of hydrophobic residues. It is satisfactorily consistent with the experimental data on NaCl effect on thermal denaturation temperature for ichthyocol gelatin, ribonuclease, lysozyme, 7S and 11S SBGF components. An extraordinary strong influence of NaCl on thermal denaturation temperatures for the main SBGF components can be accounted for by a relatively high content of hydrophobic residues.     

Silver-layered double hydroxides self-assemblies

New inorganic ensembles type layered double hydroxides enriched with silver ions were investigated in terms of thermal behavior and structural evolution by means of TG-FTIR analysis. The studies were focused on two classes of layered precursors, actually distinguished only by the nature of the divalent metal ions, in order to correlate the influence of the clay structure with the thermal behavior of the silver-anionic clay ensembles. The understanding of the thermal degradation mechanism, which is essential to advance the potential applications, requires supplementary characterization techniques such as XRD and FTIR analyses. The thermal analysis performed at three different heating rates revealed the three thermal degradation stages typical for LDHs structure, but different from sample to sample as a consequence of the different interactions between the clay layers and the interlayer anions. The interpretation of the 3D FTIR spectra of the gaseous species resulting in each stage of the thermal degradation process, by means of standard IR spectra, indicates CO₂ and H₂O as main evolved gasses. Moreover, the evolution curves of the gaseous species released by the thermal degradation in air of the studied anionic clays point out that the two gaseous components are eliminated into the temperature ranges corresponding to those given by TG–DTG. The comparative study of the silver-LDH ensembles from the perspective of the structural evolution during the controlled heating suggest a better response from the ensemble with structure consisting of magnesium as divalent cation in the clay network, meaning a better thermal stability.     

Kinetic nature of the thermal destabilization of LHCII macroaggregates

The main light-harvesting chl a/b pigment-protein complex of photosystem II (LHCII) in isolated state forms macroaggregates with different ultrastructure and lipid content [I. Simidjiev, V. Barzda, L. Mustardy, G. Garab, Anal. Biochem. 250 (1997) 169-175]. The thermodynamic stability of highly delipidated tightly bound LHCII macroaggregates is studied by differential scanning calorimetry and fluorescence spectroscopy. The calorimetric profile of LHCII is asymmetric, the denaturation transition is taking place at around 72 degrees C. A shoulder, which overlaps with the main denaturation transition, appears around 58 degrees C. The denaturation temperature strongly depends on the scanning rate indicating the kinetic nature of the thermal destabilization of LHCII macroaggregates. The fluorescence data prove that the thermal denaturation of LHCII is an irreversible and kinetically controlled process.