掠入射式超环面反射镜组X射线显微镜设计（英文）

为了实现对激光惯性约束聚变中物理过程的诊断,建立了X射线显微成像系统。对该系统所采用的超环面镜成像特性、系统的光学设计、像差分析、公差分析和装调方法进行了研究。首先,以等离子体诊断的要求为依据确定了部分光学系统参数,设计了由U型排布的两个超环面镜和一个用于谱选择的平面镜构成的显微成像系统。根据消像散聚焦初步确定三个反射镜的结构参数,并利用光学设计软件进行了优化。接着,分析了X射线显微镜的球差、彗差、视场倾斜和像散。通过分析系统参数变化对成像质量的影响,根据系统精度要求确定了合理的公差。最后,针对离线超环面镜离轴掠入射装调问题,设计了一种辅助光学系统,并为在线高精度系统装调设计了一种双向双目交汇瞄准系统。实验结果表明:显微成像系统在物方视场500μm处的分辨率优于5μm,基本满足激光等离子体X射线成像的大视场和高分辨等要求。     

X光环孔编码成像技术研究

 着眼于惯性约束聚变实验研究中的应用，对X光环孔编码成像技术进行了研究。利用数值模拟的手段，分析了环孔的自相关函数及其对环孔编码成像技术图像重建的影响，对不同的图像重建技术进行了初步比较。基于星光II实验装置，利用自行研制的X光环孔编码成像系统进行了激光等离子体X光环孔编码成像技术的演示实验，获得了满意结果。     

X射线纳米成像单毛细管椭球镜的设计与检测

设计并成功研制了单毛细管椭球镜,并通过光学及X射线方法测试了它的特性。椭球镜的面形误差为15μrad,能量为9keV时聚焦光斑直径为40μm,聚焦光斑发射角为1.75mrad。基于研制的椭球镜,在上海光源X射线成像线站搭建X射线纳米成像系统,并实现了纳米成像,这表明该椭球镜可满足X射线纳米成像的需求。     

温度变化对1.23 m望远镜光机系统的影响

为了实现1.23 m望远镜在环境温度从-35℃~+55 ℃变化范围内,光机系统的成像质量的指标要求,本文从原理上分析了温度变化对光机系统中光学元件面形准确度及相对位置关系的影响,推导出了主次镜间光学间隔变化与像面离焦量的比例关系.通过对1.23 m望远镜光学结构的像质分析,结合光机结构设计,搭建了适合环境温度变化的光机系统,从方案设计上满足了望远镜系统的成像要求.通过实际的成像实验,验证了温度变化导致的主次镜光学间隔变化对望远镜系统成像带来的离焦的影响,并给出了具体的温度补偿措施,即采取次镜调焦的方式,可满足具体观测实验的要求.同时,为今后1.23 m望远镜以及类似的大口径望远镜系统的实验和技术改造提出了切实可行的意见.     

X射线纳米成像单毛细管椭球镜设计与检测

设计并成功研制了单毛细管椭球镜,并通过光学及X射线方法测试它的特性:椭球镜面型误差为15μrad,9keV时聚焦光斑直径为40μm,聚焦光斑发射角为1.75mrad。基于研制的椭球镜,在上海光源X射线成像线站搭建X射线纳米成像系统并实现成像,表明该椭球镜可满足X射线纳米成像的需求。     

光的反射和折射

按以往的情况,十年级的学生在开始学习光学时,已经具备关于光的反射和折射定律的知识,这些知识是他们在七年级学到的。这就减轻了十年级的光学的教学。从1953-54学年起,七年级不学习光学了,因此本学年的十年级学生并没有预先掌握几何光学的基本原理。而另一方面,教学大纲规定的学习光学的总时数仍然跟以前一样。这就加重了教师的任务,使他在本学年讲授几何光学时要特别注意备课。本课题的许多地方常易使学生在学习上产生某些形式主义的倾向。学生们常常形式地掌握面镜成像和透镜成像的作图法,甚至在以后学习光学仪器的成像作图法时也是形式地掌握。代替自觉地掌握面镜和透镜中成像的作图方法,学生们企图记住各种图样和插图,因而     

基于光孔阵列的集成成像三维显示方法

集成成像较小的再现深度一直都限制着集成成像的发展和应用,针对此问题提出了一种增大集成成像再现深度的方法。该方法在微透镜阵列与显示屏之间附加一个光孔阵列,利用光孔阵列限制显示屏上像素发出光线的发散角,从而有效地增大集成成像的再现深度。对集成成像的再现原理进行了深入分析,讨论了光孔直径与集成成像再现深度的关系。采用ASAP光学模拟软件对所提方法和传统方法进行了模拟对比实验,实验结果显示当光孔直径占透镜元节距的64%时,所提方法的再现深度是传统集成成像再现深度的1.5倍,实验结果验证了理论推导的正确性。     

X光激发的发光玻璃成像系统的成像像面调节研究

在有限景深的光学系统中，由于发光平面具有纵深方向的分布而不能清晰地成像于一个像面上；X光激发的发光玻璃成像系统具有这种性质. 针对不同发光平面的发光强度呈现指数衰减规律的发光玻璃的成像问题，用几何光学原理模拟了成像清晰度的变化规律，为这类成像系统的调节提供了依据，并获得了与理论推导的成像清晰度的变化规律相符的实验结果．     

基于变形镜的气动光学效应仿真实验研究

基于高速飞行器流场光传输数据和变形镜系统,提出了一种气动光学效应半实物仿真方法。根据流体力学、统计、几何和物理光学等理论,建立远场目标的光学传输模型,获得气动光学效应引起的目标光波的波前畸变数据,控制变形镜系统调制光波来仿真生成畸变。完成了初步验证,建立了一个超音速飞行模型(马赫数Ma=5)并进行了仿真实验,计算了实验的波前仿真误差,并分析了成像偏移和模糊特性。对高速飞行中的气动光学效应进行仿真,在实验室条件下实现对相关成像系统性能和校正技术的测试。     

光学稀疏孔径系统的成像及其评价方法

对典型阵列结构的光学稀疏孔径系统成像特性进行了数值仿真分析,并采用基于光学实验测量的调制传递函数（MTF）完成了光学稀疏孔径系统成像实验的图像复原处理.针对复杂目标成像,为了评价光学稀疏孔径系统最终成像的整体质量,不仅考虑系统的调制传递函数指标,还提出了一种基于相关系数的成像质量客观评价方法.数值仿真结果和光学实验结果均表明,基于相关系数的成像质量客观评价方法是可行的,实验说明光学稀疏孔径系统成像质量可以达到其等效单个大孔径成像系统的成像效果.     

Analysis of optical energy transportation on toroidal mirror X-ray relay optics

An analysis is given about energy transportation in toroidal mirror X-ray relayoptics.The systematic error which may be induced in the measurement of laboratory X-raylaser gain by the toroidal mirror relay optics is analysed and simulated for two applicable sys-tems,as shown in the examples,the degradation of spatial resolution of the relay optics is esti-mated.     

一种X射线聚焦光学及其在X射线通信中的应用

基于栅控脉冲发射X射线源与单光子探测技术的X射线通信已经实现了实验室语音通信验证,并对通信系统的误码率性能进行了分析,为探索未来X射线深空应用打下了坚实的基础.针对目前X射线通信面临的信号发散角大、通信距离短、难以实现工程化应用的情况,迫切需要对X射线通信天线系统进行深入研究.为了提高信号增益、增大X射线通信的距离,提出了多层嵌套式X射线聚焦光学作为X射线通信的"收发天线",理论分析了X射线聚焦光学用于X射线通信"收发天线"的可行性,分析了X射线聚焦光学的理论基础与结构设计,对"发射天线"发散角、"接收天线"有效面积与焦斑尺寸、信号增益等性能做了探讨.结果表明:在信号发射端,"天线"的发散角为3 mrad左右,发射增益23 d B;在信号接收端,"接收天线"的有效面积5700 mm2@1.5 keV,焦斑直径为4.5 mm,接收增益为25 d B,通信系统总的增益可达48 d B.     

Phase‐space analysis and experimental results for secondary focusing at X‐ray beamlines

Micro‐focusing optical devices at synchrotron beamlines usually have a limited acceptance, but more flux can be intercepted if such optics are used to focus secondary sources created by the primary optics. Flux throughput can be maximized by placing the secondary focusing optics close to or exactly at the secondary source position. However, standard methods of beamline optics analysis, such as the lens equation or matching the mirror surface to an ellipse, work poorly when the source‐to‐optics distance is very short. In this paper the general characteristics of the focusing of beams with Gaussian profiles by a `thin lens' are analysed under the paraxial approximation in phase space, concluding that the focusing of a beam with a short source‐to‐optics distance is distinct from imaging the source; slope errors are successfully included in all the formulas so that they can be used to calculate beamline focusing with good accuracy. A method is also introduced to use the thin‐lens result to analyse the micro‐focusing produced by an elliptically bent trapezoid‐shaped Kirkpatrick–Baez mirror. The results of this analysis are in good agreement with ray‐tracing simulations and are confirmed by the experimental results of the secondary focusing at the 18‐ID Bio‐CAT beamline (at the APS). The result of secondary focusing carried out at 18‐ID using a single‐bounce capillary can also be explained using this phase‐space analysis. A discussion of the secondary focusing results is presented at the end of this paper.     

Polycapillary X-ray lens for the secondary focusing Beijing synchrotron radiation source

According to intensity distribution of the synchrotron radiation source focused by a toroidal mirror at the Beijing synchrotron radiation biological macromolecule station, theoretical modeling of the Beijing synchrotron radiation source is developed for capillary optics. Using this theoretical modeling, the influences of the configuration curve of the polycapillary X-ray lens on transmission efficiency and working distance are analyzed. The experimental results of the transmission efficiency and working distance at the biological macromolecule station are in good agreement with the theoretical results.     

The simulation of soft X-ray optics by ray-tracing

The ray tracing program for soft X-ray optics simulation is presented. This program can be used to study X-ray imaging property, energy transportation and concentration of X-ray beams by various X-ray optics. As an example, the results of the simulation about imaging characteristics of the toroidal mirror are given.     

Fabrication of nested elliptical KB mirrors using profile coating for synchrotron radiation X-ray focusing

This paper describes fabrication methods used to demonstrate the advantages of nested or Montel optics for micro/nanofocusing of synchrotron X-ray beams. A standard Kirkpatrick-Baez (KB) mirror system uses two separated elliptical mirrors at glancing angles to the X-ray beam and sequentially arranged at 90° to each other to focus X-rays successively in the vertical and horizontal directions. A nested KB mirror system has the two mirrors positioned perpendicular and side-by-side to each other. Compared to a standard KB mirror system, Montel optics can focus a larger divergence and the mirrors can have a shorter focal length. As a result, nested mirrors can be fabricated with improved demagnification factor and ultimately smaller focal spot, than with a standard KB arrangement. The nested system is also more compact with an increased working distance, and is more stable, with reduced complexity of mirror stages. However, although Montel optics is commercially available for laboratory X-ray sources, due to technical difficulties they have not been used to microfocus synchrotron radiation X-rays, where ultra-precise mirror surfaces are essential. The main challenge in adapting nested optics for synchrotron microfocusing is to fabricate mirrors with a precise elliptical surface profile at the very edge where the two mirrors meet and where X-rays scatter. For example, in our application to achieve a sub-micron focus with high efficiency, a surface figure root-mean-square (rms) error on the order of 1 nm is required in the useable area along the X-ray footprint with a ∼0.1 mm-diameter cross section. In this paper we describe promising ways to fabricate precise nested KB mirrors using our profile coating technique and inexpensive flat Si substrates.     

同步辐射中双压电片反射镜的研究现状

反射镜是同步辐射光束线中应用广泛的光学元件之一,双压电片反射镜由于具有结构简单、面形能动以及自适应可调等优点,逐渐引起同步辐射界的重视.本文综述了同步辐射中双压电片反射镜的研究现状.主要讨论了双压电片反射镜的工作原理和研究概况,包括在几个大型同步辐射装置中的结构特点、制备技术及面形校正结果等;简要介绍了双压电片反射镜面形校正时所采用的反射波前探测技术和反馈控制算法;最后总结了其发展中存在的关键问题,并展望了其未来的发展方向.     

薄镜面主动光学对光学像差的校正能力分析

建立了薄镜面主动光学的仿真模型,并进行了仿真分析,结果表明薄镜面主动光学可以对低频误差完成较好的校正.为了进一步验证,建立了一套薄镜面主动光学实验系统,开展了薄镜面主动光学实验.结果表明,通过主动光学校正可以把镜面面形校正到磨制时的面形即λ/10.同时发现,薄镜面主动光学对三阶像散和三阶球差的校正能力最好,三叶彗差的校正能力也较好,而三阶彗差最难校正,这对于磨制大型薄镜面具有一定的指导意义.     

用能动光学技术控制激光焦线形态的方法研究与仿真计算

 用一块能动反射镜、一块柱面透镜和一块非球面透镜可组成新原理的焦线形态控制系统。随时改变能动反射镜形状以调制波面位相,能将入射激光束变换成幅照均匀、长度在一定范围内连续可调的焦线。针对高斯型入射光强,探讨了用该系统控制激光焦线形态的可行性。     

微变形镜在自适应光学中的应用与发展

自适应光学系统主要用于校正由大气湍流等引起的波前畸变,经过半个多世纪的发展,自适应光学系统已经应用到了许多领域。传统自适应光学系统中的变形镜在许多情况下已经不能满足自适应光学新发展的需要。随着微制造技术的发展,用微制造技术制作的新型微变形镜大大提高了致动单元的集成度,简化了电源,提高了可靠性,降低了自适应光学系统的体积和造价。综述了微变形镜技术的发展情况及其在自适应光学中的应用,并且讨论了其发展前景。