Quantum study on the electrocyclic reactions of CH2CHCHCHX (XH,F, Cl)

The microscopic mechanisms of the electrocyclic reactions for cis‐1,3‐butadiene and its monofluoro‐, monochloroderivatives have been studied by density functional theory (DFT), using the B3LYP method and 6‐311++G** basis sets. We optimized the geometric configurations of reactants, transition states, and products; verified all the probable transition states through vibrational analysis; and calculated the relative single‐point energies at the QCISD(T)/6‐311++G**//B3LYP/6‐311++G**. The results show that the monofluoro‐, monochloroderivatives of cis‐1,3‐butadiene both have two conformers; the reactant favors the electrocyclic reaction when one outboard hydrogen atom of the CH₂ groups is substituted by the fluorine or chlorine atom. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2004     

Structural elucidation of nitro-substituted five-membered aromatic heterocycles utilizing GIAO DFT calculations

The GIAO (Gauge Including Atomic Orbitals) DFT (Density Functional Theory) method is applied at the B3LYP/6-31+G(d,p)//B3LYP/6-31+G(d), B3LYP/6-311++G(d,p)//B3LYP/6-31+G(d), B3LYP/6-311+G (2d,p)//B3LYP/6-31+G(d) and B3LYP/6-311++G(d,p)//B3LYP/6-311++G(d,p) levels of theory for the calculation of proton and carbon chemicals shifts and coupling constants for 25 nitro-substituted five-membered heterocycles. Difference (1D NOE) spectra in combination with long-range gHMBC experiments were used as tools for the structural elucidation of nitro-substituted five-membered heterocycles. The assigned NMR data (chemical shifts and coupling constants) for all compounds were found to be in good agreement with theoretical calculations using the GIAO DFT method. The magnitudes of one-bond (1JCH) and long-range (nJCH, n>1) coupling constants were utilized for unambiguous differentiation between regioisomers of nitro-substituted five-membered heterocycles.     

Absorption spectra of azobenzenes simulated with time‐dependent density functional theory

Using time‐dependent density functional theory and the polarizable continuum model, we have simulated the absorption spectra of an extended series of azobenzene dyes. First, we have determined a theoretical level optimal for this important class of dyes, and it turned out that a C‐PCM‐CAM‐B3LYP/6‐311+G(d,p)//C‐PCM‐B3LYP/6‐311G(d,p) approach represents an effective compromise between chemical accuracy and computational cost. In a second stage, we have compared the theoretical and experimental transition energies for 46 n → π^☆ and 141 π → π^☆ excitations. For the full set, that spans over a 302–565 nm domain, we obtained a mean absolute deviation of 13 nm (0.10 eV) and a linear correlation coefficient of 0.95, illustrating the accuracy of our approach, though some significant outliers pertained. In a last step, the impact of several modifications, that is, trans/cis isomerization, variation of the acidity of the medium and azo/hydrazo tautomerism have been modeled with two functionals. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2010     

Molecular structure of complexes with a bifurcated hydrogen bond. 5. Dimers of 3-hydroxy-2-methyl-4-pyrone in inert media

According to the data from IR spectroscopy and quantum-chemical calculations (B3LYP/6-31G**, B3LYP/6-311G*), in the vapor and in dichloroethane the synperiplanar conformer of 3-hydroxy-2-methyl-4-pyrone (maltol) exists in equilibrium with two types of dimers. The hydrogen atom of the hydroxy group of one them participates in the formation of a three-center bifurcated hydrogen bond. The second isomer is formed by means of two such H bonds, the intramolecular component of which is substantially weakened while the intermolecular component is so strong that it approximates in character to a two-center hydrogen bond. Dedicated to Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences M. G. Voronkov on his 85th birthday. __________ Translated from Khimiya Geterotsiklicheskikh Soedinenii, No. 11, pp. 1635–1646, November, 2006.     

戊烯自由基阳离子的密度泛函理论研究

使用密度泛函理论B3LYP方法和6-31G(d,p)、6-31＋G(d,p)、6-311G(d,p)及6-311＋G(d,p)基组，分别对2-C5H10＋和1-C5H10＋的各种构象进行了几何构型优化，并用B3LYP/6-311G(d,p)进行了频率分析计算.计算预言1-C5H10＋具有非平面构型，与以往报导的从头算计算结论相反.在两个自由基阳离子的各种构象的B3LYP几何构型上，进行了B3LYP和UMP2(full)方法的超精细偶合常数计算，得到了比以往更好的结果.     

Effects of different basis sets and donor‐acceptor groups on linear and second‐order nonlinear optical properties and molecular frontier orbital energies

The calculation of molecular hyperpolarizability, molecular frontier orbital energies of some donor‐acceptor oxadiazoles ( 5a – f , 8a – f , and 9a – f ) have been investigated using ab initio methods and different basis sets. Ab initio optimizations were performed at the Hartree–Fock (HF) and density functional (Beckee‐3–Lee–Yang–Parr; B3LYP) levels of theory with 6‐31G basis set. The polarizability (<α>), anisotropy of polarizability (Δα), and ground‐state dipole moment (μ), first hyperpolarizability (β), and molecular frontier orbital (HOMO, highest occupied molecular orbital and LUMO, lowest unoccupied molecular orbital) energies of 5a – f , 8a – f , and 9a – f have been calculated at the HF and B3LYP methods with 6‐31G, 6‐31G(d), 6‐31+G(d), 6‐31++G(d,p), 6‐311G, 6‐311G(d), 6‐311+G(d), and 6‐311++G(d,p) basis sets. Also, the molecular hardness (η) and electronegativity (χ) parameters have been obtained using molecular frontier orbital energies. The <α>, Δα, μ, β, HOMO, LUMO energies, η and χ parameters have been investigated as dependence on the choice of method and basis set. The variation graphics of <α>, Δα, μ, β, η, and χ parameters using HF and B3LYP methods with different basis sets are presented. We have examined the frontier molecular orbital pictures of 5a – f , 8a – f , and 9a – f using B3LYP/6‐31++G(d,p) level. The 5a – f , 8a – f , and 9a – f display significant linear, second‐order molecular nonlinearity, and molecular parameters and provide the basis for future design of efficient nonlinear optical materials having the 1,3,4‐oxadiazole core. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2011     

DFT法研究3-羟基丙烯醛的双键旋转异构反应机理

利用密度泛函理论(DFT)分别在B3LYP/6-31G**和B3LYP/6-311＋＋G**的计算水平上优化了基态3-羟基丙烯醛分子在双键旋转异构反应过程中的平衡态以及过渡态的几何构型，分析了反应过程中键参数的变化，计算了该反应的内禀反应坐标(IRC)，发现在重排反应途径上存在一个四元环骨架的中间体.通过振动分析对平衡态和过渡态进行了确认，并得到了零点能.计算结果表明，基态3-羟基丙烯醛分子的双键旋转异构反应经过两步完成，第一步反应位垒稍高，第二步反应位垒较低，存在着发生重排反应的可能性.     

Strongly Emissive and Photostable Four‐Coordinate Organoboron N,C Chelates and Their Use in Fluorescence Microscopy

Six strongly fluorescent four‐coordinate organoboron N,C chelates containing an aryl isoquinoline skeleton were prepared. Remarkably, the fluorescence quantum yields reach values of up to 0.74 in oxygen‐free toluene. The strong B?N interaction was corroborated by the single‐crystal X‐ray analysis of two dyes. The intramolecular charge‐transfer character of the fluorophores was evidenced by solvatochromism studies and time‐dependent DFT calculations at the PCM(toluene)/CAM‐B3LYP/6‐311++G(2d,p)//PCM(toluene)/B3LYP/6‐311G(2d,p) level of theory. The compounds combine high chemical stability with high photostability, especially when equipped with electron‐donating substituents. The strong fluorescence and the large Stokes shifts predestine these compounds for use in confocal fluorescence microscopy. This was demonstrated for the imaging of the N13 mouse microglial cell line. Moreover, significant two‐photon absorption cross sections (up to 61 GM) allow the use of excitation wavelengths in the near‐infrared region (>800 nm).     

NMR spectra, GIAO and charge density calculations of five-membered aromatic heterocycles

The B3LYP/6-31+G(d) molecular geometry optimized structures of 17 five-membered heterocycles were employed together with the gauge including atomic orbitals (GIAO) density functional theory (DFT) method at the B3LYP/6-31+G(d,p), B3LYP/6-311++G(d,p) and B3LYP/6-311+G(2d,p) levels of theory for the calculation of proton and carbon chemicals shifts and coupling constants. The method of geometry optimization for pyrrole (1), N-methylpyrrole (2) and thiophene (7) using the larger 6-311++G(d,p) basis sets at the B3LYP/6-31+G(d,p), B3LYP/6-311++G(d,p), B3LYP/6-31+G(2d,p) and B3LYP/cc-pVTZ levels of theory gave little difference between calculated and experimental values of coupling constants. In general, the (1)H and 13C chemical shifts for all compounds are in good agreement with theoretical calculations using the smaller 6-31 basis set. The values of nJHH(n=3, 4, 5) and rmnJ(CH)(n=1, 2, 3, 4) were predicted well using the larger 6-31+G(d,p) and 6-311++G(d,p) basis sets and at the B3LYP/6-31+G(d,p), B3LYP/6-311++G(d,p), B3LYP/6-31+G(2d,2p) levels of theory. The computed atomic charges [Mülliken; Natural Bond Orbital Analysis (NBO); Merz-Kollman (MK); CHELP and CHELPG] for the B3LYP/6-311++G(d,p) geometry optimized structures of 1-17 were used to explore correlations with the experimental proton and carbon chemical shifts.     

Effect of trimethylsilyl substitution on the structure and properties of phthalocyanine: A density functional theory study

The geometries of four isomers of the trimethylsilyl substituted phthalocyanine (Pc)— I , II , III , and IV —have been optimized at the B3LYP/3‐21G level of density functional theory. Normal‐mode vibrational analyses have been performed and their standard thermodynamic functions, molar fractions, and electronic absorption spectra calculated. Single‐point energies have been calculated at the B3LYP/6‐311G* level for all isomers to evaluate the heats of formation from an isodesmic reaction. It is found that substitution has little influence on the geometry and electronic structures of the Pc framework. The corresponding geometric parameters in various isomers are close. According to the B3LYP/6‐311G*//B3LYP/3‐21G results, substitution at the peripheral position of the isoindole with an inner hydrogen is most favorable. The energies increase in the order of IV < II < III < I , and the energy difference between IV and I is 5.75 kJ/mol. The molar fractions of IV , II , III , and I are 0.80, 0.17, 0.02, and 0.02 and the heats of formation are 2009.96, 2010.10, 2015.85, and 2016.52 kJ/mol, respectively. This indicates that nonperipheral substituted Pcs have higher energy and little production because they are not stable under the considered conditions. The electronic spectra of the substituted Pcs calculated using the ZINDO method have two strong Q absorption bands around 700 nm and one B band around 300 nm that are slightly shifted compared with those in Pc. The ratios of the oscillator strength of the B band to the Q bands are much lowered by trimethylsilyl substitution. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2002     

Theoretical Study on the Structures and Isomerization of Germylenoid GeH2LiCl

Using geometrical optimization and DFT method at the B3LYP/6-311++G (3df,3pd) level, four equilibrium geometries and one transition state of GeH2LiCl were identified, and the structures at the MP2/6-311++G(3df,3pd) level were calculated simultaneously. We also studied the solvent effects on the structures of Germylenoid GeH2LiCl at the B3LYP/6-311++G (3df,3pd) level. The two more stable forms are suggested to be the p-complex and three-membered ring. The vibrational frequencies and infrared intensities were computed at the B3LYP/6-311++G (3df,3pd) level.     

Inductive effects in radicals calculated from DFT energies; substituted bicyclo[2.2.2]octan-1-yloxy radicals

Energies of a series of 4-substituted 1-oxybicyclo[2.2.2]octan-1-yloxy radicals with 18 various substituents were calculated within the framework of the DFT theory at the levels UB3LYP/6-311+G(d,p)//UB3LYP/6-311+G(d,p) and UB3LYP/6-311++G(2df,p)//UB3LYP/6-311+G(d,p) and compared with similar series of the parent alcohols, their deprotonated and protonated forms calculated at the levels B3LYP/6-311+G(d,p)//B3LYP/6-311+G(d,p) and B3LYP/6-311++G(2df,p)//B3LYP/6-311+G(d,p). The two levels are of the same performance and both are sufficient for molecules of this type according to comparison with scarce experimental gas-phase acidities and basicities. The substituent effects were analyzed in terms of isodesmic equations. In addition to strong dependence on the substituent inductive effect, a slight dependence on the electronegativity of the first atom of the substituent was proven in certain cases. In all aspects, there is no qualitative difference between the effects on radicals and on similar closed shell species. Radicals behave as slightly electron deficient; the substituent effect is weaker than that on the ions but stronger than on neutral molecules.     

已烯自由基阳离子的密度泛函理论研究

使用密度泛函理论B3LYP方法和6-31G(d,p),6-31+G(d,p),6-311G(d,p)及6- 311+G(d,p)基组,分别对1-C_6H_(12)~+,2-C_6H_(12)~+和3-C_6H_(12)~+的各种构 象进行了几何构型优化,并在B3LYP/6-311G(d,p)水平上进行了频率分析计算,在 各优化构型上,使用B3LYP和MP2(full)方法进行了超精细结构的计算。计算的3- C_6H_(12)~+的超精细偶合常数比以往的计算结果更好;1-C_6H_(12)~+和2-C_6H_ (12)~+的超精细偶合常数目前尚无实验数据报道,本计算预言了它们的超精细偶合 常数和最稳定构型。     

Structure Elucidation and Theoretical Investigation of Key Steps in the Biogenetic Pathway of Schisanartane Nortriterpenoids by Using DFT Methods

Rubrifloradilactone C ( 4 ), a novel bioactive nortriterpenoid, along with four other nortriterpenoids ( 1 – 3 , 5 ) were isolated from Schisandra rubriflora. The structure of 4 was determined by extensive NMR spectral analysis, computational evidence by using the GIAO method at the B3LYP/6–311++G(2d,p)//B3LYP/6–31G(d) levels, and X‐ray analysis. DFT at the B3LYP/6–311+G(d,p) level was selected to clarify the key mechanistic steps in the formation of 1 and 4 through transition‐state (TS) investigations. The effect of enzymes on the TS barriers was considered by using the polarized continuum model. Other possible products based on the new mechanism were predicted.     

丁烯和丁烷自由基阳离子的分子结构和超精细结构的 理论研究

用密度函数理论B3LYP方法和6-31G(d,p),6-311G(d,p)及6-311+G(d,p)基组，分别对1-C4H^+~8,2-C4H^+~8和C4H^+~10进行了构型优化和频率分析计算，预言1-C4H^+~8具有非平面构型，与以往报道的从头算和密度函数理论计算结果不同。在各自由基阳离子的B3LYP构型上，进行了B3LYP、MP2及MRSDCI方法的超精细偶合常数计算，得到了比以往更好的结果，特别是MP2/B3LYP计算值是至今与实验值符合得最好的理论计算结果。     

Carbon and silicon triangulenes: searching for molecular magnets

The structures of a number of neutral high-spin, triangular carbon and silicon systems were studied and their stabilities were predicted using the density functional theory methods (B3LYP functional with the 6-311++G** and 6-311+G** basis sets). The calculated spin-spin coupling constants have high positive values, thus indicating strong ferromagnetic interactions in the title systems.     

Theoretical Studies on Reaction Mechanism of CH3SO with NO

The potential energy surface （PES） of CH3SO radical with NO reaction has been studied at MP2/6-311G（2df, p） and QCISD/6-311G（2df, p） levels. Geometries of the reactants, transition states （TS） and products were optimized at B3LYP/6-311G （d,p） level. The geometries of the transition states were found for the first time. The calculated results show that the reaction can proceed via singlet-state or triplet-state PES. Because of the high energy barrier of triplet surface, the singlet surface reactions are dominant. The topological analysis of electron density shows that there are two kinds of structaral transition states （the bifurcation-type ring structure transition state and the T-shaped conflict structure transition state） in the titled reaction. The total electronic density of the reactants, TS and products and the spin electronic density on the triplet surface were also discussed in this paper.     

Accurate prediction of heats of formation by a combined method of B3LYP and neural network correction

Recently, we proposed the X1 method which combines the B3LYP/6‐311+G(3df,2p)//B3LYP/6‐311+G(d,p) method with a neural network correction for an accurate yet efficient prediction of heats of formation (Wu and Xu, J Chem Phys 2007, 127, 214105). In this contribution, we discuss in detail how to set up the X1 neural network. We give examples, showing how to apply the X1 method and how the applicability of X1 can be extended. The overall mean absolute deviation of the X1 method from experiment for the 488 heats of formation is 1.52 kcal/mol compared with 9.44 kcal/mol for the original B3LYP results. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comput Chem 2009     

Theoretical investigation on multinuclear NMR chemical shifts of some tris(trifluoromethyl)boron complexes

Tris(trifluoromethyl)boron complexes have unusual properties and may find applications in many fields of chemistry, biology, and physics. To gain insight into their NMR properties, the isotropic ¹¹B, ¹³C, and ¹⁹F NMR chemical shifts of a series of tris(trifluoromethyl)boron complexes were systematically studied using the gauge‐included atomic orbitals (GIAO) method at the levels of B3LYP/6‐31 + G(d,p)//B3LYP/6‐31G* and B3LYP/6‐311 + G(d,p)//B3LYP/6‐311 + G(d,p). Solvent effects were taken into account by polarizable continuum models (PCM). The calculated results were compared with the experimental values. The reason that the structurally inequivalent fluorine atoms in a specific species give a same chemical shift in experimental measurements is attributed to the fast rotation of CF₃ group around the B? C(F₃) bond because of the low energy barrier. The calculated ¹¹B, ¹³C(F₃), and ¹⁹F chemical shifts are in good agreement with the experimental measurements, while the deviations of calculated ¹³C(X, X = O, N) chemical shifts are slightly large. For the latter, the average absolute deviations of the results from B3LYP/6‐311 + G(d,p)//B3LYP/6‐311 + G(d,p) are smaller than those from B3LYP/6‐31 + G(d,p)//B3LYP/6‐31G*, and the inclusion of PCM reduces the deviation values. The calculated ¹⁹F and ¹¹B chemical shieldings of (CF₃)₃BCO are greatly dependent on the optimized structures, while the influence of structural parameters on the calculated ¹³C chemical shieldings is minor. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Diels–Alder reactions of 5,6‐dihydrothiazolo[3,2‐d][1,4,2]diazaphospholes: A DFT investigation

The density functional theory level (B3LYP/6‐311G**) computations of the Diels–Alder (DA) reactions of 5,6‐dihydrothiazolo[3,2‐d][1,4,2]‐diazaphospholes with 1,3‐butadiene and with isoprene confirm pericyclic mechanism via asynchronous transition states. The aromatic character of the transition states is established by negative nucleus independent chemical shift (NICS) values falling in the range from −14 to −16. Integration of the dienophilic >CP functionality in the 6π aromatic azaphosphole ring raises the activation energy barrier (B3LYP/6‐311++G**//B3LYP/6‐311G**) compared to that for the DA reaction of the acyclic phosphaethene, but it is lower than the activation energy barrier for the DA reaction of the corresponding 10π aromatic system, thiazolo[3,2‐d][1,4,2]diazaphospholes. The experimentally observed stereo‐ and regioselectivities in the reactions can be accounted on the basis of secondary molecular orbital (SMO) interactions detected in the respective transition structures. The attachment of an electron‐withdrawing group to the dienophilic moiety enhances both stereo‐ and regio‐ selectivities which agree well with the experimental values. Solvent (toluene) effect studied with polarizable continuum model (PCM) indicates that the stereo‐ and regioselectivities are not affected by the solvent. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 17:402–410, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/hc.20196