高性价比电子标准电池

为了避免化学标准电池由于自身特点在使用中存在诸多不便,采用集成温度传感器LM334设计制作了电子标准电池,同时在设计电路中还采用了两级稳压措施以保证标准电池输出的稳定性.     

高精度标准电源的制作

采用高精度集成稳压电路,制作可代替ＢＣ９系列饱和标准电池的高精度标准电源。     

电位差计灵敏度和标准电池内阻的测量

本文介绍了定流变阻式电位差计灵敏度和标准电池内阻的测量原理和方法，给出了测量实例，并以内阻为指标讨论了标准电池的报废标准     

高精度标准电压源和待测低电势装置的研制

根据对各高等院校电位差计实验的调查，作为仪器标定用的化学型标准电池仍然在普遍使用，但其在使用、维护及保管中存在很多问题。我们利用现有的电子技术模拟出一种性能可靠、使用维护十分便利的标准电压源，以取代化学型标准电池。     

"用板式电势差计测量电池的电动势和内阻"实验方案的改进

板式电势差计原理如图1所示．先将开关SG打向1，使用标准电池Es把电势差计的工作电流标准化后再将SG打向2，即可对0、2间所接的待测电池电动势Ex进行测量。     

用部分对消法测标准电池内阻

标准电池的内阻,不但是研究标准电池的一个指标,也是校准低阻电位计时选择电流计的依据。标准电池内阻约有数百欧姆。对于Ⅰ,Ⅱ类标准电池,允许连续通过的电流不超过1微安。如果直接把电池连接一电阻R′测出电动势和端电压之差,则因为了使电流不超过限值,必须有R>10~6欧。同时电池内阻r(?)10~2欧。这     

标准电池内阻增高的修复方法

科研、生产及实验室使用标准电池,要求有稳定的正确的电动势和正常的内阻。可是在工作中发现有些标准电池,经长期使用或管理不当往往内阻增高,甚至有的呈现内阻趋向无穷大的开路情况,这样会失去电压标准的要求。一般标准电池出现故障不易修复,对上述故障,则有修复的可能。     

标准电池内阻测量的误差分析

将2只型号相同的标准电池进行反接,借助直流复射式灵敏电流计为指示器测量标准电池内阻,并对回路灵敏度不足产生的误差进行了分析,总结出提高测量精度的几点措施.     

用部分对消法測标准电池内阻

标准电池的内阻,不但是研究标准电池的一个指标,也是校准低阻电位计时选择电流计的依据。标准电池内阻约有数百欧姆。对于Ⅰ,Ⅱ类标准电池,允许连续通过的电流不超过1微安。如果直接把电池连接一电阻R′测出电动势和端电压之差,则因为了使电流不超过限值,必须有R>10~6欧。同时电池内阻r≈10~2欧。这样,电动势和端电压之差额仅约为电动势的万分之几,故内阻测量只能有1—2位有效数字,而且相应地要求辅助电路的元件具有相当高的稳定值。     

电子标准电池的设计与制作

介绍了自制电子标准电池的设计思想及有关参数。     

Josephson voltage standard at National Physical Laboratory,New Delhi

A C Josephson effect is now used by several countries as the reference standard for the unit of d.c. voltage. This paper describes the work done at the National Physical Laboratory (NPL), New Delhi in the realization of the unit of volt based on the a.c Josephson effect. A voltage standard at 1 mV level using a Nb-Nb point contact junction has been established and the as-maintained volt based on a bank of standard cells has been intercompared against it using a 1:1000 voltage divider. The experimental set-up used in this comparison and the results of recent measurements are described. The overall uncertainty in assigning the value of emf to a standard cell is about 1 ppm. The as-maintained volt has been found to agree with the Josephson voltage within overall uncertainty.     

Low cost Pockels cell driver for pulsed solid state lasers

The paper describes a low cost Pockels cell driver for Q-switching flash lamp pumped pulsed solid state lasers. The driver consists of a high voltage pulsed power supply variable from 0 to 5 kV using a standard step up transformer. The pulse width and pulse repetition rate are varied using standard TTL circuits from 50 μs to 2 ms and 1 ppm to 50 Hz, respectively. The pulsed high voltage along with a high voltage switch consisting of a stack of bipolar transistors is used to drive a Pockels cell. The Q-switched pulsed duration measured in Ruby and Nd-YAG lasers are 35 and 15 ns, respectively. The Pockels cell driver performance is consistent for more than 5×10⁷ shots.     

Accurate AC/DC voltage measurements using electrostatic comparator

The electrostatic AC-DC voltage comparator for precise voltage measurement in voltage range of 100–1000 V and frequency range of 20–100,000 Hz was designed. The equality of AC and DC voltages transforms into horizontal positioning of the beam, which is registered by two photoelectric transducers. DC voltage was measured by voltage divider, standard cell and low-voltage comparator. The construction, main characteristics, and sources of errors are described. The comparison error has been determined as having the value of 0.003% at the voltage of 100 V and the value of 0.0009% at the voltage of 1000 V.     

根据新课标要求改进原电池实验

按照新课程标准的要求,针对高中物理粤版选修教材中存在的不足,在制作原电池方面做了相应的改进.用重铬酸钾做电解质溶液中的氧化剂,用蓬松棉做盐桥,并用碳棒做电池正极.同时将该方法制做的原电池引入探究原电池内电压和外电压的关系和电池内电阻的大小2个实验中.     

Macroscopic cell experiments and three-dimensionalmodelling on electrode-shaping plasma display cell

A macroscopic cell and three-dimensional fluid model have been used to investigate the discharge characteristics in ac plasma display panel cells of electrode-shaping configurations. Four kinds of non-standard geometries (i.e. $D$-, ${\it\del}$-, $W$- and $U$-shape electrodes) have been considered. The characteristics of the discharge current, the operating voltage and the discharge efficiency of different configurations have been discussed. It is found that the discharge efficiency can be improved by about 10\%--30\% compared with the standard geometry, while the operating voltage increases slightly in the non-standard geometries. There is a trade-off between improving the discharge efficiency and lowering the sustaining voltage in design of plasma display cells by electrode shaping.     

SNS与SINIS结阵制作工艺的比较

国家电压基准是基于约瑟夫森量子化效应的。传统的SIS结阵具有不能快速选择特定的台阶,相位锁定时间短的问题。I-V曲线无回滞的约瑟夫森结阵,其I-V曲线单值,电压台阶宽,解决了SIS结阵的问题。美国标准技术研究院的Hamilton提出并制作高度阻尼的可编程SNS约瑟夫森结阵电压标准;德国物理技术研究院则选择SINIS结来制作可编程约瑟夫森结阵电压基准。从结构、性能和制作方法等方面对SNS和SINIS可编程约瑟夫森结阵进行了比较。     

Relativity and the lead-acid battery

The energies of the solid reactants in the lead-acid battery are calculated ab?initio using two different basis sets at nonrelativistic, scalar-relativistic, and fully relativistic levels, and using several exchange-correlation potentials. The average calculated standard voltage is 2.13?V, compared with the experimental value of 2.11?V. All calculations agree in that 1.7-1.8?V of this standard voltage arise from relativistic effects, mainly from PbO2 but also from PbSO4.     

高场不对称波形离子迁移谱非线性函数系数误差分析

离子迁移率非线性函数系数α₂和α₄是高场不对称波形离子迁移谱(FAIMS)实现物质识别的基础。现有的α₂和α₄缺少先验值和误差分析方法,因此有必要建立关于α₂和α₄求解结果误差的评估标准,进而在此基础上提高α₂和α₄的求解精度。通过自制FAIMS分别对丙酮、异丙醇和1,2二氯苯三种物质在不同分离电压下的检测实验,获取样本在不同分离电压下的谱图和谱图特征值,运用组合的方法从多组分离电压值和相应补偿电压值的数据中选取指定组数,计算出大量的α₂和α₄数据。通过对α₂和α₄的数值分析,探究了α₂和α₄的分布特点和二者之间的相关性,研究了分离电压取点数量和取点方式对其求解结果误差的影响。在拟合α₂和α₄数据不同范围的频数后,发现α₂和α₄符合正态分布,其拟合度均在0.96以上,可以利用α₂和α₄分布的标准差来评估其求解结果的误差。通过对(α₂, α₄)散点进行拟合,发现α₂和α₄之间具有很强的负相关性,三样本的相关度分别为-0.977,-0.968,-0.992。随着分离电压选取点数的增加,其相应的求解结果误差在不断减少。通过不同分离电压取点方式的对比,发现当分离电压取V_Dmax和0.7 V_Dmax时求解结果最优。在保证α₂和α₄求解的准确性的前提下有效降低了检测次数,为FAIMS实现快速现场检测和精确的谱图解析创造了有利的条件。