欧盟EN12868方法与固相微萃取-气质联用法检测乳胶气球中亚硝胺模拟迁移量

利用欧盟EN12868方法对市售乳胶气球中的8种挥发性亚硝胺及其前体物的模拟迁移量进行了检测,包括N-亚硝基二甲胺(NDMA),N-亚硝基二乙胺(NDEA),N-亚硝基二丙胺(NDPA),N-亚硝基异丙胺(NDiPA),N-亚硝基二丁胺(NDBA),N-亚硝基哌啶(NPIP),N-亚硝基吡咯烷(NPYR),N-亚硝基吗啉(NMOR)。其中NDMA,NDEA和NDBA 3种亚硝胺及其前体物被检出,且均超标。建立了顶空-固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱法(HS-SPMEGC-MS)快速测定乳胶气球中亚硝胺模拟迁移量的分析方法。样品置于人工唾液40℃浸提1h来模拟气球的使用情况,考察了不同的萃取条件对分离检测的影响,综合评价了4种检测系统的性能。8种亚硝胺的方法检出限为0.26~5.38μg/kg。利用所建方法检测9种市售乳胶气球中亚硝胺的模拟迁移总量为31.37~337.72μg/kg。     

固相萃取-气相色谱-串联质谱法测定乳胶儿童用品中15种N-亚硝胺及其前体物的迁移量

建立了同时测定乳胶儿童用品中15种N-亚硝胺及其前体物迁移量的固相萃取-气相色谱-串联质谱(SPEGC-MS/MS)分析方法。以人工唾液作为迁移模拟物,以Chromabond Easy固相萃取柱(填料的主要成分是极性修饰的聚乙烯-二乙烯基苯共聚物)对迁移液中的N-亚硝胺分析物进行净化,采用HP-5 MS UI色谱柱分离,MS/MS在多反应监测模式下进行定性及定量分析。15种N-亚硝胺在5~2 000μg/L范围内呈良好的线性关系,相关系数均大于0.998;方法定量限(S/N=10)为0.625~12.50μg/kg,低于欧盟2 009/48/EC指令的限量要求。在低、中、高3个添加水平的回收率为53.8%~116.2%、52.7%~105.1%和49.5%~102.9%;日内精密度分别为1.3%~14.0%(n=6),日间精密度为1.6%~7.6%(n=4)。采用本方法对婴儿奶嘴样品和气球样品进行了测定,其中4件奶嘴和7件气球样品中检出亚硝胺及其前体物,奶嘴和气球中N-亚硝胺的总检出含量分别为0.049 9~0.126mg/kg和0.515~41.2 mg/kg;N-亚硝胺前体物总检出量分别为0.026 4~0.030 0 mg/kg和0.187~12.5mg/kg。     

气相色谱-三重四极杆质谱联用法检测市售腊肠中9种挥发性亚硝胺

采用QuEChERS方法对市售腊肠中的N-亚硝基二甲胺(NDMA)、N-亚硝基二乙胺(NDEA)、N-亚硝基甲乙胺(NMEA)、N-亚硝基二丙胺(NDPA)、N-亚硝基吡咯烷(NPYR)、N-亚硝基哌啶烷(NPIP)、N-亚硝基二丁胺(NDBA)、N-亚硝基吗啉(NMOR)、N-亚硝基二苯胺(NDPhA)9种对人体有致癌活性的挥发性亚硝胺进行分离净化,气相色谱-三重四极杆质谱联用法(GC-MS/MS)检测。最佳实验条件下,9种挥发性亚硝胺的线性范围为0.25~200μg/L,检出限为0.01~0.10μg/kg,加标回收率为90.7%~116.0%,相对标准偏差(RSD)为1.8%~14.0%。市售腊肠样品中NDMA,NMOR,NPYR,NDPA,NPIP,NDBA,NDPhA均有不同程度的检出,总挥发性亚硝胺的含量为1.85~13.44μg/kg。该方法灵敏度高、操作简单,适合批量样品的快速检测。     

水蒸气蒸馏-活性炭柱固相萃取/GC-MS/MS法测定火腿中8种N-亚硝胺

建立了水蒸气蒸馏提取,活性炭柱固相萃取,气相色谱-串联质谱(GCM S/M S)检测火腿中8种N-亚硝胺的新方法。样品经水蒸气蒸馏提取,馏出液经Sep-Pak AC-2活性炭柱固相萃取进行净化与富集,二氯甲烷洗脱,以多重反应监测(MRM)方式进行GC-MS/MS检测。在考察的浓度范围内(1~400 ng/m L)方法线性良好,R20.9995,除N-二甲基亚硝胺(NDM A)和N-亚硝基甲乙胺(NMEA)检出限≤0.1 ng/g外,其它分析物的检出限为≤0.04 ng/g;在0.3,3和10μg/kg 3个水平的添加回收率为78.7%~118.2%,除N-亚硝基吗啉(NM OR)回收率略低,为45.2%~58.2%,相对标准偏差为2.5%~21%。应用该方法对市售的4种火腿进行检测,结果表明NDMA和N-亚硝基吡咯烷(NPYR)是主要的挥发性N-亚硝胺,含量分别为0.30 ng/g和0.56~0.99 ng/g,N-二乙基亚硝胺(NDEA)、NMOR和N-二丁基亚硝胺(NDBA)均有检出,但含量低于定量限,NM EA、N-二丙基亚硝胺(NDPA)和N-亚硝基哌啶(NPIP)未检出。     

气相色谱-质谱联用法测定腌制水产品中的挥发性N-亚硝胺类化合物

建立了气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)快速测定腌制水产品中挥发性N-亚硝胺含量的分析方法。采用GC-MS测定了N-二甲基亚硝胺(NDMA)、N-二乙基亚硝胺(NDEA)、N-二丙基亚硝胺(NDPA)、N-亚硝基吡咯烷(NPYR)、N-亚硝基哌啶(NPIP)、N-二丁基亚硝胺(NDBA)6种化合物,考察了样品不同提取方法、不同固相萃取小柱、不同色谱柱对分离检测的影响。结果显示: 在10～1000 μg/L范围内,线性相关系数可达0.9998以上;重现性良好,相对标准偏差小于8%;回收率可达79%～105%;灵敏度高,检出限低,除NDPA为0.03 μg/kg外,其他5种N-亚硝胺为0.05 μg/kg。该方法前处理快速简捷,易于操作,适用于腌制水产品中N-亚硝胺残留量的检测工作。     

匀浆提取-超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定烟草中亚硝胺含量

提出了超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定烟草中N-亚硝基降烟碱(NNN)、N-亚硝基新烟草碱(NAT)、N-亚硝基假木贼碱(NAB)和4-甲基亚硝基吡啶基丁酮(NNK)等4种亚硝胺含量的方法。烟草样品经0.1mol.L-1乙酸铵溶液匀浆提取,离心分离取上清液过Waters AcquityUPLC BEH C18色谱柱(2.1mm×100mm,1.7μm)分离,以乙腈和0.01mol.L-1乙酸铵溶液按不同体积混合作流动相梯度洗脱。串联质谱测定中采用电喷雾离子源正离子模式和多反应监测模式检测,同位素内标法定量。NNK、NNN、NAB和NAT的检出限(3s)分别为0.06,0.17,0.15,0.053μg.L-1。方法的加标回收率在92.1%～104%之间;日内和日间相对标准偏差(n=7)分别为2.7%～3.3%和3.5%～4.2%。     

固相萃取净化及超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定橡胶制品中的13种N-亚硝胺

建立了固相萃取(SPE)净化、超高效液相色谱-串联质谱(UHPLC-MS/MS)测定橡胶制品中13种N-亚硝胺的方法。样品于密闭萃取瓶中于60 ℃下用甲醇超声萃取30 min,C₁₈固相萃取小柱对萃取液进行净化,经C₁₈色谱柱分离,最后用电喷雾正离子(ESI⁺)和多重反应监测模式(MRM)对13种N-亚硝胺进行定性、定量测定。实验中对样品前处理、色谱分离条件和质谱检测条件进行了优化。在优化的实验条件下,橡胶样品中添加N-亚硝基二甲胺(NDMA)与N-亚硝基-二乙基胺(NDEA)为500 μg/kg、其他组分均为50 μg/kg时,各组分的相对标准偏差(RSD,n=7)小于10%;在实际样品中的加标回收率为70.7%~117.0%;方法的检出限(LOD,以10倍标准偏差计)为0.5~500 μg/kg。方法可应用于橡胶制品中13种N-亚硝胺的测定。     

分散固相萃取-同位素稀释-气相色谱-质谱法测定酱油中5种N-亚硝胺

应用分散固相萃取技术和同位素稀释技术,结合气相色谱-质谱仪(GC-MS),建立了同时测定酱油中5种挥发性N-亚硝胺(NAs)的分析方法。酱油样品采用乙酸乙酯提取,提取液经缓慢氮吹浓缩后,分散固相萃取净化,INNOWAX极性毛细管色谱柱分离,GC-MS选择离子扫描(SIM)模式分段检测,同位素内标法定量。方法学评价表明,5种NAs在质量浓度2.0~200μg/L范围内线性关系良好,相关系数均大于0.998;方法检出限为0.5~1.0μg/kg,定量限为1.5~3.0μg/kg;阴性酱油样品中3个添加水平的平均回收率为81.2%~115%,相对标准偏差(RSD)为3.0%~7.8%。方法应用于38个酱油样品的检测结果显示,有5个样品检出N-亚硝基哌啶(NPIP)。     

乳胶制品中N-亚硝胺析出物的GC-MS/SIM检测

使用气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS/SIM)检测了乳胶制品中5种N-亚硝胺析出物,样品经过二氯甲烷萃取,用Rtx-5MS石英毛细管柱分离,采用内标法进行检测计算.实验得出5种N-亚硝基化合物的内标标准曲线日内RSD(小于5%),日间RSD(小于14%).N-亚硝基二乙胺(NDEA)、N-亚硝基二丙胺(NDPA)、N-亚硝基哌啶(NPIP)、N-亚硝基二丁胺(NDBA)、N-亚硝基二苯胺(NDPhA)的方法的检出限分别为2.0,5.0,10.0,1.0,112.0μg/L.运用该法对北京市场的乳胶制品进行了检测.     

超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定化妆品中15种N-亚硝胺化合物

采用超高效液相色谱-串联质谱（UPLC-MS/MS）建立了化妆品中15种痕量N-亚硝胺化合物的分析方法。水剂样品以水或乙腈分组超声提取，膏霜乳液样品采用亚铁氰化钾-乙酸锌溶液沉淀大分子或者饱和氯化钠-乙腈盐析分组处理后，以Agilent Poroshell 120 SB-Aq(100 mm×3.0 mm,2.7μm)色谱柱分离，经大气压化学电离源（APCI）电离，多反应监测模式检测，以同位素内标法定量。结果表明，15种N-亚硝胺化合物在相应质量浓度范围内线性关系良好（r2>0.995），检出限和定量下限分别为5～15 ng/g和15～45 ng/g。水、乳、膏霜3种化妆品基质在25、50、100 ng/g加标水平下的平均回收率为88.0%～111%，相对标准偏差（RSD,n=6）为1.4%～9.8%。该方法用于市售化妆品检测，发现13批次样品检出N-亚硝基二乙醇胺（NDELA），其中1批次超限量值。方法的专属性强，灵敏度高，精密度好，解决了N-亚硝胺化合物稳定性差、易被干扰等问题，适用于化妆品中15种N-亚硝胺化合物的痕量测定。     

Generation and detection of levuglandins and isolevuglandins in vitro and in vivo

Levuglandins (LGs) and isolevuglandins (isoLGs), formed by rearrangement of endoperoxide intermediates generated through the cyclooxygenase and free radical induced oxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), are extraordinarily reactive, forming covalent adducts incorporating protein lysyl ε-amino groups. Because they accumulate, these adducts provide a dosimeter of oxidative injury. This review provides an updated and comprehensive overview of the generation of LG/isoLG in vitro and in vivo and the detection methods for the adducts of LG/isoLG and biological molecules in vivo.     

Enthalpies of solution of purine and adenine in water and in dimethylsulfoxide

Journal of Solution Chemistry - Enthalpies of solution of purine and adenine in water and in demethylsulfoxide were measured calorimetrically in the temperature range 25–40°C. ΔH s...     

Coassembly of Nanorods and Nanospheres in Suspensions and in Stratified Films

The entropically driven coassembly of nanorods (cellulose nanocrystals, CNCs) and nanospheres (dye‐labeled spherical latex nanoparticles, NPs) was studied in aqueous suspensions and in solid films. In mixed CNC‐latex suspensions, phase separation into an isotropic latex‐NP‐rich and a chiral nematic CNC‐rich phase took place; the latter contained a significant amount of latex NPs. Drying the mixed suspension resulted in CNC‐latex films with planar disordered layers of latex NPs, which alternated with chiral nematic CNC‐rich regions. In addition, fluorescent latex NPs were embedded in the chiral nematic domains. The stratified morphology of the films, together with a random distribution of latex NPs in the anisotropic phase, led to the films having close‐to‐uniform fluorescence, birefringence, and circular dichroism properties.     

Determination of diazepam and nordazepam in milk and plasma in the presence of oxazepam and temazepam

For studies on the excretion of drugs into milk a sensitive high-performance liquid chromatographic assay was developed to quantitate diazepam and nordazepam in the milk and plasma of humans and rabbits in the presence of their major metabolites, oxazepam and temazepam. Flurazepam was used as an internal standard. The assay involves extractions with diethyl ether and an additional acid clean-up step. Chromatographic separation was achieved by a LiChrospher 60 RP-select B (5 microns) column and KH2PO4- acetonitrile (69:31, v/v) adjusted to pH 2.80 as a mobile phase. The same extraction and chromatographic conditions were suited to both types of samples, milk and plasma. The limits of determination using ultraviolet detection at 241 nm was for diazepam 20 ng/ml and for nordazepam 15 ng/ml. The absolute recoveries of diazepam, nordazepam and flurazepam in human milk were 84, 86 and 92% and in human plasma 97, 89 and 94%, respectively. The within- and between-day accuracy and precision for diazepam and nordazepam in milk and plasma at all concentrations tested (20-1500 ng/ml) were better than 8%. The high fat content which occurs in rabbit milk presented no limitation for the extraction of lipophilic diazepam: the method was successfully used to monitor milk and plasma concentrations of diazepam and nordazepam in lactating New Zealand White rabbits during 26-h infusions of diazepam (1.4 mg/h).     

Structure of dimethoxyamine in the crystalline and gaseous phases and in solution

Conclusions It has been established by the methods of x-ray diffraction analysis and electron diffraction analysis and measurements of the dipole moments and the birefringence that in the crystalline and gaseous phases, as well as in solution, N,N-dimethoxyamine has a gauche-gauche conformation, which is stipulated by a stabilizing nO-N-O* orbital interaction. The geometric parameters of the molecule have been determined.Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 10, pp. 2235–2242, October, 1986.     

Comparison and correlation of in vitro, in vivo and in silico evaluations of alpha, beta and gamma cyclodextrin complexes of curcumin

In the present study investigated the effect of curcumin (CUR) alpha (α), beta (β) and gamma (γ) cyclodextrin (CD) complexes on its solubility and bioavailability. CUR the active principle of turmeric is a natural antioxidant agent with potent anti-inflammatory activity along with chemotherapeutic and chemopreventive properties. Poor solubility and poor oral bioavailability are the main reasons which preclude CUR use in therapy. Extent of complexation was β-CD complex (82 %) > γ-CD (71 %) > α-CD (65 %). Pulverization method resulted in significant enhancement of CUR (0.002 mg/ml) solubility with CUR α-CD complex (0.364 mg/ml) > CUR β-CD complex (0.186 mg/ml) > CUR γ-CD complex (0.068 mg/ml). Gibbs-free energy and in silico molecular docking studies favour formation of α-CD complex > β-CD complex > γ-CD complex. With reference to CUR, relative bioavailability of CUR α-CD, CUR β-CD and CUR γ-CD complexes were 460, 365 and 99 % respectively. CUR–CD complexes exhibited increased bioavailability with an increase in t_½, tmax, Cmax, AUC, Ka, and MRT; and a decrease in Ke, clearance and Vd values. AUC increase was CUR α-CD complex > CUR β-CD complex > CUR γ-CD complex. Significant difference (p < 0.05) was observed between CUR α-CD complex and CUR γ-CD complex by one-way ANOVA and Dunnett’s post hoc test for multiple comparison analysis. Correlation observed between in vitro, in vivo and in silico methods indicates potential of in silico and in vitro methods in CD selection.     

Homo- and hetero-complexes of exchangeable apolipoproteins in solution and in lipid-bound form

The self-association state of human plasma apolipoprotein E (apoE) in solution and in complexes with dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine (DMPC) varying in stoichiometry was studied in sub-micromolar concentration range by gel filtration, fluorescence anisotropy, fluorescence quenching and energy transfer measurements with apolipoprotein labeled with lysine-specific fluorescent dyes. Together, these results confirm the equilibrium scheme for various apoE structures in solution: oligomer (in aged preparations) <==> 'closed' tetramer <==> 'open' tetramer ('molten globule' state) <==> native or partially denatured monomer <==> fully denatured monomer. Within DMPC:apoE discoidal complex (125:1) the apolipoprotein association state seems to be intermediate between that in solution and in larger vesicular complex (1000:1); for both complexes, the degree of exposure of fluorescein chromophores into water phase decreased. Hetero-associates of apoA-I and apoC-III-1 in solution and in the complexes with DMPC appear to behave similarly to apoE. When extrapolated to native HDL particles, 'molten globule' state seems to be a structure responsible for the interaction of exchangeable apolipoproteins with phospholipid. For a first time, the location of various apolipoprotein molecules on disc periphery was confirmed. The lysine residue(s) seems to locate closely to reacting residue(s) within apolipoprotein molecules in associates, however, with different package constraints for discoidal versus vesicular complexes with phospholipid.     

Fluorimetric quantification of clodronate and alendronate in aqueous samples and in serum

The bisphosphonates clodronate and alendronate are drugs in the therapy of osteoporosis or Paget's disease. They are highly hydrophilic and therefore of low oral bioavailability. Determination methods for bisphosphonates are often laborious and expensive equipment is needed. The presented quantification method based on kinetic measurement of the fluorescence decrease of an Al³⁺-morin complex can be used to determine the bisphosphonate content in aqueous and plasma samples. The intra- and inter-assay accuracies were found to be within 98.8% and 102.3% of the target samples for clodronate and within 97.2% and 105.0% of the target samples for alendronate. The LOQ was defined as 15.6 ng/ml for clodronate and 62.5 ng/ml for alendronate. In serum samples, intra- and inter-assay accuracy was found to be within 99.0% and 101.6% of the target samples for clodronate and within 97.8% and 102.6% of the target samples for alendronate. In serum samples, the LOQ was defined as 1.55 mg/ml for clodronate and 0.39 mg/ml for alendronate. Though less sensitive in serum, the presented method could support research on the development of drug delivery systems in vitro and in vivo for the investigated and other structurally related bisphosphonates.