逆风车的实现

通过对逆风车进行受力分析,从理论上证明了其逆风行驶的可行性,并成功制作了能够逆风行驶的模型车,验证了理论的正确性.     

逆风行驶的演示实验

介绍制作演示逆风行舟、逆风行车、机翼升力装置的方法，指出实验的关键及操作注意事项。     

演示实验“逆风行舟”

讲授普通物理的力学部分时,适当地运用演示实验能激发学生思维的积极性,改善讲授理论概念的效果。“逆风行舟”是力学演示实验中较好的一个。 力的概念和牛顿第二定律是力学的核心,大学物理把中学使用的F=ma应用高等数学而改变成另一种表示式:并阐明这种新形式所表示的物理意义;又强调:力是物体与物体间的相互作用,它与物体的运动状态的变化有紧密联系。“逆风行舟”这一饶有兴趣的自然现象能很好阐明这两点。我们在1965年试制了“逆风行舟”演示设备,搬上讲台,立刻受到师生们的欢迎。近来对实践结果作了初步小结。 早在1955年《物理通报》…     

高温超导磁悬浮列车视景仿真系统

文中介绍研究开发的高温超导磁悬浮车的视景仿真系统.首先研究了视景仿真的体系结构,接着用3DMAX构建了视景仿真的三维场景,然后根据高温超导磁悬浮车的运行特性建立仿真所用的simulin模型,最后用过Visual C++编制用户界面.演示结果表明,该系统能较好地展示了世界上首辆载人高温超导磁悬浮车及其在轨道上的运行情况和...     

双车法演示实验中抵消摩擦力的分析

考虑了用双车法演示牛顿第二定律实验中被忽略的因素,理论分析得出了斜面倾角与小车质量等因素的关系,并通过实验验证了小车质量发生变化后需要重新调节倾角的结论,同时指出在实验中应如何选择实验器材减小小车质量的变化对实验的影响.     

可实现多振动合成的驻波演示装置

研制了一组简易的驻波演示仪,可实现多种振动的合成演示,具体包括不同振动方向的波的合成,不同传播方向的波的合成及环形驻波的演示.本文着重介绍了该演示装置的制作技术和演示效果.     

用CCD成像方法辅助课堂演示实验

介绍了一种CCD成像方法,该方法可以实时地对较小的演示现象成像,并在大屏幕上即时展示出来.该方法可以把较大的演示教具做得较小,更便于制作、携带和存放,同时可以将原来不适合做课堂演示的实验内容扩展到课堂演示内容中,可以增加演示内容.本文以陀螺演示实验、激光光源测量普朗克常量实验及放大演示结构性演示教具实验为例,详细介绍了CCD成像法的应用.     

"广义芝诺悖论"的探讨

两辆相向匀速运动的车之间有一只小鸟,在两车间来回飞行.小鸟运动速率比车的要大,其初始位置是x0.当两车最终相遇时,相遇位置就是小鸟的最终位置.现在逆向演示(回放)该过程,即小鸟从两辆车相遇位置出发而两车作相背运动.当两车回到它们的初始位置时,小鸟将回到x0点.然而,在正过程中,由于两车相遇位置(即小鸟的最终位置)实际上和小鸟的初始位置无关,因此在逆过程中,小鸟最终可以处在任意位置而未必回到x0点.由此产生悖论,称做“广义芝诺悖论”.通过建立适当的物理模型,利用运动定律,分析并最终解决了这个悖论问题.     

一个取代气垫导轨验证牛顿第一定律的演示实验

牛顿第一运动定律在教材中没有安排演示实验,而通常的演示大多是在气垫导轨上进行.我们设计该演示实验不仅可以取代气垫导轨,而且取材容易,操作简单,可见度大,还可在任意方向上演示第一定律,克服了在气垫导轨上演示的固有缺点.具体介绍如下.     

“气体压强的产生”模拟演示器

司南版教材中"模拟气压的产生"演示实验所需的实验装备在中学尚未普及,为解决这一问题,形象生动地演示该实验,利用日常易得的物品制作了"气体压强的产生"模拟演示器,详细介绍了该演示器的制作与演示方法.     

利用钕铁硼磁体制作单极电动演示仪器

本文介绍了使用钕铁硼磁体自制的几种单极电动演示仪器,包括：单极电动机、单极电动小车、单极电动风扇。给出了演示仪器的结构图,用经典电磁理论分析了单极电动的原理。该演示仪器制作方法简单且成本低,适合电磁学的教学使用。     

车辆高海拔环境起步性能试验研究

对于全域机动车辆而言,高海拔环境起步性能是评价其高原环境适应性和机动性的重要指标。针对多个型号车辆存在的高海拔环境起步困难问题,在系统开展车辆起步过程动力学分析的基础上,从车辆本身所具有的动力和所受外界阻力两个方面对高海拔环境车辆起步性能影响因素进行了深入分析,通过对某军用履带车辆高海拔起步性能的实车试验验证,确定了发动机低速扭矩特性、传动油温、行驶坡度、使用工况是高海拔环境影响车辆起步性能的关键因素,为车辆论证、研制、试验和使用工作的改进和发展提供了依据。     

安全距离和成像尺寸约束的超大视场红外系统车载应用关键参数论证

在现有车载辅助驾驶系统中,可见光成像系统难以有效应用于夜晚、雨、雾、霾等低照度不良天气。红外成像系统有效克服了上述不足,但传统车载红外系统存在视场角小、视野盲区大的缺点。研究了超大视场红外系统的车载辅助驾驶应用,提出了基于安全距离和成像尺寸联合约束的超大视场红外系统关键参数论证方法。通过分析等距投影成像规律,建立了超大视场红外系统车载应用的安全距离约束模型和成像尺寸约束模型,以极限速度对应的探测最近距离和二维Johnson准则约束下的“发现”最远距离来验证超大视场红外车载系统的可行性,计算了视场角等关键参数。经过理论论证和分析,超大视场红外车载系统的镜头焦距/像元尺寸范围需在[276.1 521.3]范围之内。通过开展系统试验,设计了水平视场角为140°的超大视场红外成像系统,满足了对人的发现距离大于130 m的要求,进而可用于车辆辅助驾驶。     

广东科学中心高温超导磁悬浮车设计与制作

广东科学中心交通世界展馆的高温超导磁悬浮车演示模型,由支架、永磁轨道、超导磁悬浮小车、直线电机和控制系统构成。∞形轨道长19m,包含直线、圆曲线、缓和曲线、坡道,轨道沿线布置直线电机线圈和光电传感器。磁悬浮小车为两节联挂,每节小车车体由两个低温液氮容器和一个直线电机动子组成,每个液氮容器中包含6块YBCO超导块材。磁悬浮小车可以在轨道上连续运行,自控系统能够对小车进行启动、加速、减速、定位停车等运行控制,运行模式分自动行驶和手动操作两种。     

匀速收绳时流水中小船运动轨迹问题的探究

分析《理论力学教程》§1.3[例2]及其解答,指出该例题的解题条件不足,以及解答中存在的错误.补充阻力系数之后该例题成为适当的动力学问题,小船的动力学方程是一个变系数非线性齐次二阶常微分方程,采用数值计算方法求解其运动轨迹,讨论了阻力系数对轨迹的影响.研究表明当阻力系数越来越大时,小船的横向速度才约等于水流速度的横向分量.补充υφ=-C1 sinφ作为小船运动的微分约束,[例2]的解题条件才充足,才成为存在确定轨迹的质点运动学问题.     

Fractal analysis reveals pernicious stress levels related to boat presence and type in the Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphin, Tursiops aduncus

The stress induced in the Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphin, Tursiops aduncus, by boat presence and type was investigated in a highly urbanized coastal environment, the Port Adelaide River-Barker Inlet Estuary, South Australia. The level of stress experienced by bottlenose dolphins was inferred from the distribution patterns of their dive durations. Dive duration has previously been shown to increase under boat traffic conditions, and is considered as a typical avoidance behavior. Dive durations were opportunistically recorded from land-based stations between January 2008 and October 2010 in the absence of boat traffic, and in the presence of kayaks, inflatable motor boats, powerboats and fishing boats. Subsequent analyses were based on nearly 6000 behavioral observations. No significant differences in dive durations were found between control observations (i.e. absence of boats) and boat interferences, which could erroneously lead to conclude that boat traffic did not induce any stress in T. aduncus. In contrast, the scaling exponents of the cumulative probability distribution of dive durations obtained in the absence of boat traffic and under different conditions of boat interferences show (i) that the presence of boats affected the complexity of dive duration patterns and (ii) that stress levels were a function of boat type. Specifically, the complexity of dive duration patterns (estimated by the scaling exponent ?) did not significantly differ between control behavioral observations and behavioral observations conducted in the presence of kayaks. A significant increased in behavioral stress (i.e. decreasing values of ?) was, however, induced by the presence of fishing boats, motorized inflatable boats and powerboats. This demonstrates that traditional approaches based on the analysis of averaged behavioral metrics may not be sensitive enough to detect changes in the distribution pattern of behavioral sequences, hence underestimate the potential consequences of e.g. chronic exposure to low levels of stress. It is finally emphasized that fractal analyses of behavioral variables, and in particular the analysis of their cumulative probability distribution function, may provide a non-invasive, objective and quantitative framework that can be used to assess the changes in stress response, and subsequently evaluate the welfare status of organisms under various conditions of abiotic and/or biotic stress.     

氮化硼固相转变的船形模型

 船形转变模型是有rBN结构向wBN结构的固相转变模型。在静高压下，相比于以椅形方式，rBN更容易以船形方式转变。     

A ring conformation of androstan-3-one

For solid-state structures of androstan-3-one derivatives presented in Cambridge structural database (CSD), the puckering parameters for the six-membered rings were calculated to investigate the ring conformation. It was found that for the A-ring, except for typical chair conformation, the boat conformation appears very often. This conformation is also possible for the rings B and C. There are a few compounds with boat conformation of A- and B- or A- and C-ring, but simultaneous boat conformation of B- and C-ring has not been found. The methyl substituents at 10 and 13 position of the androstane-3-one as well as carbonyl group at the 3-carbon atom play a significant role in the stabilisation of the structure of androstan-3-one.     

Superhydrophobic cotton fabric fabricated by electrostatic assembly of silica nanoparticles and its remarkable buoyancy

Highly hydrophilic cotton fabrics were rendered superhydrophobic via electrostatic layer-by-layer assembly of polyelectrolyte/silica nanoparticle multilayers on cotton fibers, followed with a fluoroalkylsilane treatment. The surface morphology of the silica nanoparticle-coated fibers, which results in the variety of the hydrophobicity, can be tailored by controlling the multilayer number. Although with the static contact angle larger than 150°, in the case of 1 or 3 multilayers, the fabrics showed sticky property with a high contact angle hysteresis (>45°). For the cotton fabrics assembled with 5 multilayers or more, slippery superhydrophobicity with a contact angle hysteresis lower than 10° was achieved. The buoyancy of the superhydrophobic fabric was examined by using a miniature boat made with the fabric. The superhydrophobic fabric boat exhibited a remarkable loading capacity; for a boat with a volume of 8.0 cm³, the maximum loading was 11.6 or 12.2 g when the boat weight is included. Moreover, the superhydrophobic cotton fabric showed a reasonable durability to withstand at least 30 machine washing cycles.