利用旋转矢量分析拍现象中合振动的特征

本文利用旋转矢量表示法分析了拍现象中涉及相位突变的物理过程,半振动损失与相位突变的关系,合振动旋转矢量的旋转特征等几个问题,对拍现象中合振动的一些特征提供了比较直观的理解.     

关于"拍"现象的直观教学

采用旋转矢量法分析了"拍"现象的形成过程,解释了"拍"现象中振幅和相位变化特征的原因和变化规律,借助图形说明了周期和频率等特征量的物理内涵,呈现了振幅的相位突变情况,使得"拍"现象中变化规律的本质原因直观具体地呈现,这种分析方法能有效地加深学习者对"拍"现象的本质理解,有效提高课堂教学效果.     

共焦腔稳定性突变的分析

光学谐振腔是现代光学的基础性器件.本文从最常见的共焦腔出发,分别从代数解析和几何拓扑的角度解释了其稳定性随参数变化而发生突变的现象,给出了突变的数学原因和物理原因.从数学的角度看,共焦腔稳定性突变是因为反三角余弦函数的函数值在传统的定义域以外由复数向实数的突变;从几何拓扑的角度看,根据光线在腔内的传播路径定义拓扑荷,由于只有拓扑荷为零的腔是稳定的,且拓扑荷的变化是量子化的,因此共焦腔的稳定性发生突变.并根据其突变原因设计由双非稳腔组合的耦合腔,重新构建拓扑荷,实现了新的稳定腔,并且在其中发现了单腔中没有的新模式.     

高温金属熔体黏度突变探索

高温金属熔体的黏度是衡量液态金属动力学性质的一个重要指标,是高温金属熔体的基本物理性能之一.熔体的黏度在表征脆性系数、金属玻璃形成能力的大小和液-液相变现象方面起关键性作用.本文在介绍高温金属熔体黏度测量方法的基础上,综合评述了单质、二元和多元合金黏度随温度的变化规律和黏度突变特征,分析了黏度突变研究的物理意义,并指出高温金属熔体黏度今后研究的发展方向。     

冷凝和沸腾传热现象中的突变特性

本文简要地介绍了突变理论及其应用,提出了冷凝和沸腾传热现象中的突变特性,并根据突变理论中的尖拐型突变的观点,分析和讨论了冷凝和沸腾传热现象中型态转变的机理,即沸腾临界和滴状与膜状冷凝的转变.     

中国不同区域气候突变的前兆信号

近年来, 临界慢化现象在揭示复杂动力系统是否趋向于临界性突变方面展示了重要潜力. 在此基于临界慢化的理念, 对含有不同噪声的中国一级气象地理区划的11大区域的气温观测资料进行处理, 研究气候突变的前兆信号. 首先利用Mann-Kendall (M-K)方法准确的找出各个区域的突变位置, 然后计算了表征临界慢化现象的自相关系数以此寻找气候突变前兆信号, 并研究了不同噪声对气候突变前兆信号的影响. 结果表明, 针对不同的信噪比、不同区域的气温资料在气候突变发生前5–10年均出现了自 相关系数增大的临界慢化现象, 临界慢化现象可能是气候突变发生前的一个前兆信号; 噪声对气候突变前兆信号的检测结果影响较小, 论证了临界慢化现象检测突变前兆信号的可靠性, 为该方法在实际观测资料中的应用提供了实验基础. 关键词： 气候突变 临界慢化 M-K方法 前兆信号     

基于临界慢化现象的气候突变前兆信号的初步研究

近年来,临界慢化现象在揭示复杂动力系统是否趋于临界性灾变方面展示了重要潜力.基于临界慢化的理念,研究了气候突变的早期预警信号.针对20世纪70年代末80年代初的气候突变,对全国月平均温度资料和太平洋年代际振荡(PDO)指数进行分析,分别计算了表征临界慢化现象的方差和自相关系数.结果表明,气候发生突变前,全国月平均温度和PDO指数都存在明显的临界慢化现象,这表明临界慢化现象可能是气候突变发生前的一个早期信号.将临界慢化理论用于气候突变前兆信号的研究,对深入认识气候突变和捕捉气候突变前兆信号都具有重要的现实意义和科学价值.     

试用临界慢化原理探讨气候突变

近年来, 临界慢化现象在揭示复杂动力系统是否趋向于临界性灾变方面展示了重要潜力. 本文基于临界慢化的理念, 着重研究不同噪声影响下, 气候突变前兆信号出现的时间; 对含有不同噪声的气温观测资料、太平洋年代际振荡指数以及阿留申低压强度资料进行处理, 研究突变的前兆信号. 以20世纪70年代末80年代初这次气候突变为例, 分别计算了表征临界慢化现象的方差和自相关系数. 结果表明, 临界慢化现象出现在具有不同信噪比的资料中, 这表明临界慢化现象可能是气候突变发生前的一个前兆信号, 并且噪声对气候突变前兆信号的检测结果影响较小, 从而论证了临界慢化现象检测突变前兆信号的可靠性, 为该方法在实际观测资料中的广泛应用提供了实验基础.     

受迫振动和共振现象实验的改进与创新

实验是物理学的基础,物理的教学始终离不开物理实验.本文先分析了教材中研究受迫振动的频率和观察共振现象这两个演示实验,再阐述了改进后实验的功能及优点,旨在通过这一典型例子说明教师可以对教材中的实验进行改进、创新,以解决实验现象不明显、操作不方便等缺点,帮助学生更好地构建物理概念和物理规律.     

静电除尘演示仪的设计与制作

"静电除尘"是沪粤版物理九年级上册第十三章第1节《从闪电谈起》中静电现象的应用和防护的一个典型例子,学习和了解静电除尘的现象有助于引导学生进一步理解静电除尘的原理。而课本中对于静电除尘只进行了简单的文字描述,这让学生难以理解其中的真正奥秘。基于此,本文设计与制作的静电除尘演示仪将可以让学生直观地观察静电除尘的现象,从而深刻地了解静电现象的产生、应用和防护,消除对电的神秘感,最终实现"从生活走向物理,从物理走向社会的基本"的教育理念。     

光伏型碲镉汞探测器在波段内连续激光辐照下的两种不同过饱和现象的产生机理

利用连续波段内激光对两批光伏型碲镉汞探测器进行了激光辐照实验, 发现了两种不同的过饱和现象. 实验表明, 光伏型碲镉汞探测器在强光辐照下都会出现开路电压随光强增强而减小的过饱和现象, 明晰了PV型探测器在强光辐照下的一般规律性现象和由探测器个体差异导致的特殊现象. 从等效电路模型出发, 剖析了两种过饱和现象的发生条件, 建立了数值计算的理论模型, 对两种过饱和现象进行了数值模拟, 计算结果与实验结果符合得较好. 研究表明, 光伏型碲镉汞探测器在波段内强光辐照下引起的过饱和现象有两种产生机理, 一种是热效应引起的暗电流增大机理; 另一种是探测器材料中缺陷引起的漏电流增大机理. 关键词： 波段内连续激光 光伏型碲镉汞探测器 过饱和现象     

Über die periodischen Vorgänge in einer Gleichstromgasentladung

The energy source which maintains the periodical phenomena in a d.c. glow discharge in rarefied gases and the determining factors of their characteristics is studied. Departing from the obtained experimental data an unitary explanation of these phenomena is given indicating the a.c. glow discharge circuit, the components of the d.c. gas discharge proper oscillator circuits which determine the oscillation form and frequency as well as the surface phenomena in the negative glow region which are responsable for the generation and maintenance of these phenomena. The periodical light phenomena which occur in the positive glow discharge parts are a result of the d.c. modulation by the alternating current, a.c. circuit including these parts of the d.c. glow discharge.     

A Toss without a Coin: Information,Discontinuity, and Mathematics in Quantum Theory

The article argues that—at least in certain interpretations, such as the one assumed in this article under the heading of “reality without realism”—the quantum-theoretical situation appears as follows: While—in terms of probabilistic predictions—connected to and connecting the information obtained in quantum phenomena, the mathematics of quantum theory (QM or QFT), which is continuous, does not represent and is discontinuous with both the emergence of quantum phenomena and the physics of these phenomena, phenomena that are physically discontinuous with each other as well. These phenomena, and thus this information, are described by classical physics. All actually available information (in the mathematical sense of information theory) is classical: it is composed of units, such as bits, that are—or are contained in—entities described by classical physics. On the other hand, classical physics cannot predict this information when it is created, as manifested in measuring instruments, in quantum experiments, while quantum theory can. In this epistemological sense, this information is quantum. The article designates the discontinuity between quantum theory and the emergence of quantum phenomena the “Heisenberg discontinuity”, because it was introduced by W. Heisenberg along with QM, and the discontinuity between QM or QFT and the classical physics of quantum phenomena, the “Bohr discontinuity”, because it was introduced as part of Bohr’s interpretation of quantum phenomena and QM, under the assumption of Heisenberg discontinuity. Combining both discontinuities precludes QM or QFT from being connected to either physical reality, that ultimately responsible for quantum phenomena or that of these phenomena themselves, other than by means of probabilistic predictions concerning the information, classical in character, contained in quantum phenomena. The nature of quantum information is, in this view, defined by this situation. A major implication, discussed in the Conclusion, is the existence and arguably the necessity of two—classical and quantum—or with relativity, three and possibly more essentially different theories in fundamental physics.     

Acoustic properties of wood in tridimensional representation of slowness surfaces

Mechanical behaviour of wood considered as an orthotropic solid can be determined with ultrasonic technique. The propagation phenomena in wood are complex and theoretically are regulated by Christoffel's equation. Three type of waves can propagate in wood. During the propagation phenomena three slowness sheets are observed, corresponding to a fast longitudinal wave (inner sheet) and two shear waves, one fast and one slow (outer sheet). These waves are submitted continuously to mode conversion phenomena. The polarization angle changes when the propagation direction is out of the principal directions of symmetry of the material. In this article an analysis of the propagation phenomena in tridimensional representation is performed for different wood species. This approach contributes to the understanding of dynamic aspects of particle displacement associated with the wave fronts propagation. Globally, the anisotropy of each species, expressed by their acoustical behaviour is well represented.     

Macroscopic spin and charge transport theory

According to the general principle of non-equilibrium thermodynamics, we propose a set of macroscopic transport equations for the spin transport and the charge transport. In particular, the spin torque is introduced as a generalized `current density' to describe the phenomena associated with the spin non-conservation in a unified framework. The Einstein relations and the Onsager relations between different transport phenomena are established. Specifically, the spin transport properties of the isotropic non-magnetic and the isotropic magnetic two-dimensional electron gases are fully described by using this theory, in which only the macroscopic-spin-related transport phenomena allowed by the symmetry of the system are taken into account.     

Two interface effects: Exchange bias and magnetic proximity

Exchange bias and magnetic proximity effects are two novel phenomena that are in the limelight because of their fundamental and technological importance. Since both phenomena are interfacial in origin, we review these together. In the first part of this review, we have discussed the basics of these two phenomena. Subsequently, we have described numerous experimental examples involving a variety of composite magnetic materials and heterostructures. The recent theoretical models of these two interface phenomena have also been described. Finally, we have shed light on an obvious question: can one expect both these phenomena to occur together in any magnetically coupled system? We conclude that one can enhance the operating temperature of an exchange biased device by exploiting the magnetic proximity effect.     

Physical and chemical phenomena occurring between solid ceramics and liquid metals and alloys at laser and plasma composite coatings formation: A review

The review describes the physical and chemical phenomena occurring between solid ceramics used as reinforcement and liquid metals and alloys used as matrix in the composite coatings. Initially, the properties of typical matrix metals as Ni, Co, Fe and alloys as Ni-based (NiCr, NiAl, NiCrAlY,…) and Co-based (Stellites) alloys in liquid state are described. Then, the phenomena related to the diffusion of some atoms such as nitrogen or carbon in liquid metals and alloys solidification are described. Subsequently, the phenomena at the interface between liquid metals and alloys and solid ceramics such as oxides or carbides during the coatings' formation are reviewed. Finally, the methods of composite coatings deposition using laser cladding and plasma transferred arc are described and the properties of the composite coatings related to their microstructure are discussed by taking into account the phenomena in melt-pool.     

一类由饱和引起的非线性现象

以一个功率因数校正boost变换器为例,描述了当系统在饱和与非饱和状态间不断切换时出现的一类非线性现象,分析了这些现象的特点和产生原因.推导了考虑饱和的分段微分方程,并据此进行了仿真,结果表明,系统一方面会出现倍周期分岔和混沌等传统的非线性现象,另一方面由于整流输入电流碰到饱和边界,系统的定性行为发生突变,会出现边界碰撞分岔,还能从混沌直接变为周期1.这类由饱和引起的非线性现象及相关分析得到了实验验证. 关键词： 饱和 非线性 分岔 混沌     

一类由饱和引起的非线性现象

以一个功率因数校正boost变换器为例，描述了当系统在饱和与非饱和状态间不断切换时出现的一类非线性现象，分析了这些现象的特点和产生原因.推导了考虑饱和的分段微分方程，并据此进行了仿真，结果表明,系统一方面会出现倍周期分岔和混沌等传统的非线性现象，另一方面由于整流输入电流碰到饱和边界，系统的定性行为发生突变，会出现边界碰撞分岔，还能从混沌直接变为周期1.这类由饱和引起的非线性现象及相关分析得到了实验验证.