Theoretical study for the reaction of CH3OCl with Cl atom

A direct dynamics method is employed to study the kinetics of the multiple channel reaction CH(3)OCl + Cl. The potential energy surface (PES) information is explored from ab initio calculations. Two reaction channels, Cl- and H-abstractions, have been identified. The optimized geometries and frequencies of the stationary points and the minimum-energy paths (MEPs) are calculated at the MP2 level of theory using the 6-311G(d, p) and cc-pVTZ basis sets, respectively. The single-point energies along the MEPs are further refined at the G3(MP2)//MP2/6-311G(d, p), G3//MP2/6-311G(d, p), as well as by the multicoefficient correlation method based on QCISD (MC-QCISD) using the MP2/cc-pVTZ geometries. The enthalpies of formation for the species CH(3)OCl and CH(2)OCl are calculated via isodesmic reactions. The rate constants of the two reaction channels are evaluated by using the variational transition-state theory over a wide range of temperature, 220-2200 K. The calculated rate constants exhibit the slightly negative temperature dependence and show good agreement with the available experimental data at room temperature at the G3(MP2)//MP2/6-311G(d, p) level. The present calculations indicate that the two channels are competitive at low temperatures while H-abstraction plays a more important role with the increase of temperature. The calculated k(1a)/k(1) ratio of 0.5 at 298 K is in general agreement with the experimental one, 0.8 +/- 0.2. The high rate constant for CH(3)OCl + Cl shows that removal by reaction with Cl atom is a potentially important loss process for CH(3)OCl in the polar stratosphere.     

Imaging the nature of the mode-specific chemistry in the reaction of Cl atom with antisymmetric stretch-excited CH4

Following up our preliminary communication [Kawamata et al., Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 10, 4378 (2008)], the effects of the antisymmetric-stretching excitation of methane on the Cl((2)P(3/2))+CH(4) reaction are examined here over a wide range of initial collision energy in a crossed molecular beam imaging experiment. The antisymmetric stretch of CH(4) is prepared in a single rovibrational state of (v(3)=1, j=2) by direct infrared absorption, and the major product states of CH(3)(v=0) are probed by a time-sliced velocity-map imaging method. We find that at fixed collision energies, the stretching excitation promotes reaction rate. Compared to the ground-state reaction, this vibrational enhancement factor is, however, no more effective than the translational enhancement. The correlated HCl(v'=1) vibrational branching fraction shows a striking dependence on collision energies, varying from 0.7 at E(c)=2 kcal mol(-1) to about 0.2 at 13 kcal mol(-1). This behavior resembles the previously studied Cl+CH(2)D(2)(v(6)=1), but is in sharp contrast to the Cl+CHD(3)(v(1)=1) and CH(2)D(2)(v(1)=1) reactions. Dependences of experimental results on the probed rotational states of CH(3)(v=0) are also elucidated. We qualitatively interpret those experimental observations based on a conceptual framework proposed recently.     

O~3＋NH→HNO＋O~2反应机理的量子化学研究

用密度泛函(DFT)的B3LYP方法(6－31++G^*^*)研究了臭氧与NH自由基反应的微观机理,优化得到反应途径上的反应物,过渡态,中间体和产物的构型,通过振动分析对过渡态和中间体进行了确认。对单点用QCISD(T)/6－31++G^*^*方法计算能量,同时进行零点能校正。研究结果表明：NH与O~3反应有两条不同的反应通道,且均表现为亲电反应特征,两条不同的反应均为强放热反应。     

氟原子与氢分子共线反应几率的量子散射计算

基于最新的6SEC势能面,用邓从豪等提出的LCAC-SW方法计算得到了共线反应F+H~2(v=0)→HF(v')+H的态-态反应几率,计算结果准确地反映出势能面的特点,进一步证明LCAC-SW方法是一成功的量子散射方法。     

Exact quantum calculations on the collinear hydrogen atom transfer reaction I. Study on oscillations of the reaction probabilities of Cl + HCl

1-D quantum calculations of reaction probabilities have been carried out for the collinear reaction Cl + HCl (v≤3)→ClH (v′≤3) + Cl using hyperspherical coordinates. An LEPS potential energy surface with a shallow well depth of ?3.22 KJ/mol has been used in the calculations. The state-to-state reaction probabilities have been calculated. According to the results obtained we found that the diagonal (v=v′) reaction probabilities dominate over the off-diagonal (v≠v′) reaction probabilities and the largest off-diagonal reaction probabilities are smaller than 0.1. The reaction probabilities show oscillation as a function of energy. Dynamic resonances strengthen for the potential energy surface with a well.     

A kinetics study of the reaction of Cl with NO2

The third order rate coefficients for the addition reaction of Cl with NO₂, Cl + NO₂ + M → ClNO₂ (ClONO) + M; k₁, were measured to be k₁(He) = (7.5 ± 1.1) × 10^?31 cm⁶ molecule^?2 s^?1 and k₁(N₂) = (16.6 ± 3.0) × 10^?31 cm⁶ molecule^?2 s^?1 at 298 K using the flash photolysis-resonance fluorescence method. The pressure range of the study was 15 to 500 torr He and 19 to 200 torr N₂. The temperature dependence of the third order rate coefficients were also measured between 240 and 350 K. The 298 K results are compared with those from previous low pressure studies.     

鬼臼毒素衍生物的量子化学研究

对若干个鬼臼毒素衍生物进行了量子化学计算,根据其电子结构及有关分析结果,结合它们对体外L1210白血病细胞生长的抑制活性(IC50),讨论了它们的活性部位及构效关系,发现具有较高活性的化合物分子中有三个重要部位：C4位为有效的修饰位点;B环及E环是重要的活性部位,其中B环是接受电子的主要活性部位,其正电性越高,活性越强;E环及其4'位酚羟基氧的负电性越高,活性越强。     

A quantum chemistry study of ruthenabenzene complexes

The electronic structure and properties of the ruthenabenzenes and substituted ruthenabenzenes have been explored using the hybrid density functional B3LYP theory. Systematic studies on the substituent effect in para-substituted ruthenabenzenes complexes have been studied. The following substituents were taken into consideration: H, NO₂, CN, CHO, COOH, F, CH₃, OH, and NH₂. Basic measures of aromatic character were derived from the structure and nucleus-independent chemical shift (NICS). The NICS calculations indicate a correlation between NICS(1.5) and the hardness in all species. The atoms in molecule analysis indicates a correlation between r(Ru-C) bonds and the electron density of bond critical point in all species.     

FTIR studies of the kinetics and mechanism for the reaction of Cl atom with formylchloride

The rate constant for the reaction Cl + CHClO → HCl + CClO was determined from relative decay rates of CHClO and CH₃Cl inthe photolysis of mixtures containing Cl₂ (～1 torr), CH₃Cl (～1 torr), and O₂ (～0.1 torr) in 700 torr N₂. In such mixtures CHClO was generated in situ as a principal product prior to complete consumption of O₂. The value of k(Cl + CHClO)/k(Cl + CH₃Cl) = 1.6 ± 0.2(3σ) combined with the literature value of k(Cl + CH₃Cl) = 4.9 × 10^?13 cm³/molecule sec gives k(Cl + CHClO) = 7.8 × 10^?13 cm³/molecule sec at 298 ± 2 K, in excellent agreement with a previous value of (7.9 ± 1.5) × 10^?13 cm³/molecule sec determined by Sanhueza and Heicklen [J. Phys. Chem., 79 , 7 (1975)]. Thus this reaction is approximately 100 times slower than the corresponding reactions of aldehydes and alkanes with comparable C? H bond energies (≤95 kcal/mol).     

Rate constant and products for the reaction of Cl atom with n‐butyraldehyde

The photooxidations of n‐butyraldehyde initiated by Cl atom were carried out at room temperature (298 ± 2K) and 1 atm pressure. The rate coefficient for the reactions of Cl atom with n‐butyraldehyde was determined as k = (2.04 ± 0.36) × 10^?10 cm³ molecule^?1 s^?1 by using relative rate techniques. The photooxidation products of n‐butyraldehyde reaction with Cl atom were also studied by using both gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry (GC‐MS) and gas chromatography techniques. C₂H₅CHO, CH₃CHO, CO and CO₂ were the major products observed. In the absence of NO, the observed yields of C₂H₅CHO, CH₃CHO, and CO were 60%, 3%, and 9%, respectively. However, when NO was introduced into the reaction chamber and the initial ratios of [NO]₀/[n‐butyraldehyde]₀ were between 1 and 8, the yield of C₂H₅CHO decreased to 33%, whereas that of CH₃CHO and CO rose up to 21% and 25%, respectively. On the basis of mechanism data deduced in this study and the fraction molar yields, the approximate branching ratios for Cl atom attack at ? C(O)H, α‐, β‐, and γ‐positions in n‐butyraldehyde could be derived as ?42%, <25%, 21%, and ?12%, respectively. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. 39: 168–174, 2007     

Computational study of the reaction of fluorine atom with acetone

The reaction of F(2P) with acetone has been studied theoretically using ab initio quantum chemistry methods and transition state theory. The potential energy surface was calculated at the G3MP2 level using the MP2/6-311G(d,p) optimized structures. Additionally, to ensure the accuracy of the calculations, optimizations with either larger basis set (e.g., MP2/G3MP2Large) or higher level electron correlation [e.g., CCSD/ 6-311G(d,p)] were also performed. It has been revealed that the F + CH3C(O)CH3 reaction proceeds via two pathways: (1) the direct hydrogen abstraction of acetone by F gives the major products HF + CH3C(O)CH2; (2) the addition of F atom to the >C=O double bond of acetone and the subsequent C-C bond cleavage gives the minor products CH3 + CH3C(O)F. All other product channels are of no importance due to the occurrence of significant barriers. Both abstraction and addition appear to be barrierless processes. Variational transition state model and multichannel RRKM theory were employed to calculate the temperature- and pressure-dependent rate constants and branching ratios. The predicted rate constants for the abstraction channel and the yields of HF + CH3C(O)CH3 and CH3 + CH3C(O)F are both in good agreement with the experimental data at 295 K and 700 Torr. A negative temperature dependence of the overall rate constants was predicted at temperatures below 500 K.     

A study of the reaction of oxygen with graphite: model chemistry

A considerable amount of research has been directed towards the mechanism of oxidation of graphite as a model reaction system and because of its industrial importance. A number of recent studies have been concerned with ab initio molecular orbital calculations on graphite including model chemistry and the reactions with molecular oxygen. This study is concerned with oxidation steps involving the attachment of molecular oxygen to the graphene, the formation of carbon monoxide and, in particular, the subsequent oxidation reactions.     

卡宾与氢氰酸加成反应机理的量子化学研究

用MNDO法研究单线态卡宾与氢氰酸的反应途径,通过两条不同反应途径的能量比较,得到了此反应可行的反应机理。     

Theoretical study on the reaction mechanism of vinyl radical with formaldehyde

A detailed computational study is performed on the radical-molecule reaction between the vinyl radical (C2H3) and formaldehyde (H2CO), for which only the direct hydrogen abstraction channel has been considered by previous and very recent theoretical studies. At the Gaussian-3//B3LYP/6-31G(d) and CBS-QB3 levels, the direct H-abstraction forming C2H4 + HCO has barriers of 3.9 and 4.7 kcal/mol, respectively. The addition barrier to form H2CCHCH2O has barriers of 2.8 and 2.3 kcal/mol, respectively. Subsequently, there are two highly competitive dissociation pathways for H2CCHCH2O: One is the formation of the direct H-extrusion product H2CCHCHO + H, and the other is the formation of C2H4 + HCO via the intermediate H2CCH2CHO. Surely, the released energy is large enough to drive the secondary dissociation of HCO to H + CO. Because the involved transition states and intermediates of the H2CCHCH2O evolution all lie energetically lower than the entrance addition transition state, the addition-elimination is more competitive than the direct H-transfer for the C2H3 + H2CO reaction, in contrast to previous expectation. The present results can be useful for future experimental investigation on the title reaction.     

Relative-rate kinetic study of the reaction of bromine atom with neopentane

The rate coefficient ratio ofk ₁/k ₂=0.83±0.21 has been determined for the reactions Br+neo-C₅H₁₂ (1) and Br+C₂H₆ (2) by applying the relative-rate kinetic method atT=298 K.     

A theoretical study of the reaction of lithium aluminum hydride with formaldehyde and cyclohexanone.

Geometries and energies of the reactants, complexes, and transition states for the reactions of lithium aluminum hydride with formaldehyde and cyclohexanone were obtained using ab initio and density functional (Becke3LYP/6-31G**) molecular orbital calculations. Two pathways for reaction with formaldehyde and four transition states corresponding to axial and equatorial attack at cyclohexanone were located. The transition state structures had reactant-like geometries. Predicted stereoselectivity of the reduction of cyclohexanone strongly favors axial approach of hydrogen, in agreement with experimental data. Analysis of the transition state structures suggests that electronic effects are more important than torsional effects in controlling stereoselectivity.     

Dynamics of H and D abstraction in the reaction of Cl atom with butane-1,1,1,4,4,4-d6

We report the primary (D-atom) and secondary (H-atom) abstraction dynamics of chlorine atom reaction with butane-1,1,1,4,4,4-d(6). The H- and D-atom abstraction channels were studied over a range of collision energies: 10.4 kcal mol(-1) and 12.9 kcal mol(-1); 5.2 kcal mol(-1) to 12.8 kcal mol(-1), respectively, using crossed molecular beam dc slice ion imaging techniques. Single photon ionization at 157 nm was used to probe the butyl radical products resulting from the H- and D-atom abstraction reactions. These two channels manifest distinct dynamics principally in the translational energy distributions, while the angular distributions are remarkably similar. The reduced translational energy distribution for the primary abstraction showed marked variation with collision energy in the backward direction, while the secondary abstraction showed this variation in the forward direction.     

Ab initio direct dynamics studies on the reaction of H atom with CH3CH2Cl

The multiple channel reaction H + CH(3)CH(2)Cl --> products has been studied by the ab initio direct dynamics method. The potential energy surface information is calculated at the MP2/6-311G(d,p) level of theory. The energies along the minimum energy path are further improved by single-point energy calculations at the PMP4(SDTQ)/6-311+G(3df,2p) level of theory. For the reaction, four reaction channels (one chlorine abstraction, one alpha-hydrogen abstraction, and two beta-hydrogen abstractions) have been identified. The rate constants for each reaction channel are calculated by using canonical variational transition state theory incorporating the small-curvature tunneling correction in the temperature range 298-5000 K. The total rate constants, which are calculated from the sum of the individual rate constants, are in good agreement with the experimental data. The calculated temperature dependence of the branching fractions indicates that for the title reaction, H-abstraction reaction is the major reaction channel in the whole temperature range 298-5000 K.     

Vibrationally controlled chemistry: mode- and bond-selected reaction of CH3D with Cl

Selective vibrational excitation controls the competition between C-H and C-D bond cleavage in the reaction of CH(3)D with Cl, which forms either HCl + CH(2)D or DCl + CH(3). The reaction of CH(3)D molecules with the first overtone of the C-D stretch (2nu(2)) excited selectively breaks the C-D bond, producing CH(3) exclusively. In contrast, excitation of either the symmetric C-H stretch (nu(1)), the antisymmetric C-H stretch (nu(4)), or a combination of antisymmetric stretch and CH(3) umbrella bend (nu(4) + nu(3)) causes the reaction to cleave only a C-H bond to produce solely CH(2)D. Initial preparation of C-H stretching vibrations with different couplings to the reaction coordinate changes the rate of the H-atom abstraction reaction. Excitation of the symmetric C-H stretch (nu(1)) of CH(3)D accelerates the H-atom abstraction reaction 7 times more than excitation of the antisymmetric C-H stretch (nu(4)) even though the two lie within 80 cm(-1) of the same energy. Ab initio calculations and a simple theoretical model help identify the dynamics behind the observed mode selectivity.