长骨骨折患者中西结合食疗的平衡膳食模式研究

为证明中国营养平衡米和粉（CNBR和CNBP）作主食,制得骨伤患者食疗的平衡膳食,可提高骨折患者的疗效,对骨折患者中西结合食疗的平衡膳食模式进行了研究。结果表明：（1）用理化方法检测每100g主食的蛋白质、脂肪、碳水化合物和热量,CNBR为10．24、2．45、70．00g和343．01kcal（1cal=4．1868J）;CNBP为26．20、30．60、35．50g和522kcal;而普通稻米为7．29、1．10、77．00g和347．00kccal（2）据骨伤机体高代谢的营养需要求得：早期热量=BMR·应激因素·1．25＋（15％～25％）BMR,为2700～2800kcal;中期热量=BMR·应激因素·1．25·PAL＋（15％～25％）BMR,为4000～4100kcal;晚期热量：BMR·PAL,为2400kcal。（3）按以CNBR和CNBP为主食的平衡膳食基本模式2700kcal±x·100kcal（CNBR575g±x·21．54和CNBP50g±x·5．00）求得：早期2700—2800kcal需要主食CNBR575～579g和CNBP50～55g,中期4000～4100kcal主食CNBR855～877g和CNBP115—120g,晚期2400kcal需要主食CNBR510g和CNBP35g;各期副食相同：蔬菜和水果500g～200g、鱼和肉50～100g、蛋40g、大豆30g、花生油12．25g、盐6g,可制得骨折患者食疗以CNBR和CNBP为主食的中西结合平衡膳食模式。（4）平衡膳食模式评价：热量和3大营养素数量足够,比例平衡,符合骨伤机体高代谢营养需要,适合骨折患者的食疗,建议推广应用。     

微量元素与大蒜

大蒜是百合科葱属植物,大蒜的鳞基是一种我国人民常食的蔬菜和调味品。现代科学的检测、分析、发掘、研究和实践发现大蒜的成分非常复杂,其中含有很丰富的营养成分,如蛋白质,每100 g鲜蒜含蛋白质4·6 g;含脂肪0·2 g,含碳水化合物29·3 g,含粗纤维0·7 g;含十七种氨基酸和人体必需缴量元素。大蒜中含有丰富的宏量元素和微量元素,含量最高是磷,每100 g鲜蒜含75 mg,磷是在生物体中起关键作用的宏量元素,其次还有镁和钙,每100 g鲜蒜中含钙10 mg,大蒜中含有人体必需微量元素铁、硅、铝、铜、锌、硒等,含硒是最高的,可达到0·756μg/g,一般蔬菜硒…     

中学生营养平衡米膳食最佳模式评价

根据中国营养学会推荐的热量标准,研制了中学生营养平衡米膳食最佳模式。按该模式,中学生每日应摄入的膳食品种及其数量如下:主食:营养平衡米,初中男生510~597g,女生468~510g;高中男生618~683g,女生532~575g;副食相同:青菜或水果500g或600g,鱼或肉100g或50g,蛋类40g,大豆制品30g,花生油12.5g,盐6g。调查结果表明,蛋白质、脂肪、碳水化合物,热量摄入量全部达标准要求。Q(蛋白质)∶Q(脂肪)∶Q(碳水化合物):高中男女生为16∶20∶64,初中男、女生分别为17∶20∶63。提示中学生营养平衡米膳食最佳模式使中学生达到营养平衡,建议推广食用。     

超高效液相色谱法测定鱼体组织中地克珠利残留量

建立了鱼体血浆、肌肉、皮肤、肝脏、肾脏和鳃组织中地克珠利残留量测定的超高效液相色谱法(UPLC-TUV)。鱼体血浆、肝脏和肾脏组织采用乙酸乙酯提取,50 mmol/L KH2PO4溶液去除组织中的蛋白,正己烷去脂;鱼体肌肉、皮肤和鳃组织采用乙腈提取,用乙酸乙酯从40 g/L NaCl溶液中进行反萃取,正己烷去除脂肪;以乙腈-0.3%乙酸水溶液为流动相,以ACQUITY UPLC BEH C18为分离柱,柱温为30℃,紫外检测波长为280 nm。地克珠利质量浓度在0.05~10.0 mg/L范围内呈线性相关,相关指数r2=0.999。平均回收率为70.3%~93.5%,相对标准偏差为0.81%~8.6%,地克珠利在鱼体肌肉、皮肤、脂肪和腮组织组织中的检出限为25μg/kg,定量限为50μg/kg;地克珠利在鱼体血浆、肝脏和肾脏样品中组织中的检出限和定量限分别为75μg/kg和100μg/kg。方法适用于鱼体各组织中地克珠利残留量的测定。     

固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱法测定血中痕量毒鼠强

血样中的毒鼠强用固相微萃取法分离.取2 mL血样加水稀释至15 mL,插入聚丙烯酸酯萃取纤维头30 min,取出萃取头用水洗提2～3次后,在仪器的前进样口加热除去残留的水分,然后将萃取头插入仪器的进样口进行热解吸,并测定其含量.此方法的检出限(3S/N)为1.1 μg·L-1.在毒鼠强质量浓度为100μg·L-1的水平上测定了方法的相对标准偏差(n=6)为4.03%.     

改良的QuEChERS/UPLC法测定鱼组织中磺胺甲噁唑、乙酰磺胺甲噁唑与甲氧苄啶

建立了快速检测鱼体自然比例的带皮肌肉、肝脏、肾脏、鳃和血浆中磺胺甲■唑(SMZ)及其代谢物乙酰磺胺甲■唑(N-ac-SMZ)和增效剂甲氧苄啶(TMP)的超高效液相色谱法(UPLC)。自然比例的带皮肌肉、肝脏、肾脏和鳃组织采用改进的QuEChERS方法进行样品前处理;血浆样品采用液液萃取法进行前处理。以甲醇-0.1%乙酸水溶液为流动相,Acquity UPLC~? BEH C_(18)(2.1 mm×100 mm,1.7μm)为分离柱,检测波长为270 nm,数据采集模式为吸光度-基线中值滤波(MBF),外标法定量。结果表明,3种目标物在0.05～10 mg/L范围内线性良好,相关系数r~2≥0.998 9,方法检出限和定量下限分别为25、50μg/kg。在0.05～2.00 mg/kg加标水平下,回收率为68.2%～97.3%,相对标准偏差为1.7%～13%。该方法操作简便、准确、灵敏,适用于鱼体各组织中此3种目标物残留量的检测和药代动力学及组织分布规律研究。     

肌钙蛋白Ⅰ提取纯化新方法的研究

兔骨骼肌匀浆液经离心后,依次经DEAE－SephadexA25,SephadexG75及ButylSepharoseF.F柱层析,得到了兔骨骼肌肌钙蛋白C(sTnC)纯品.将其与Sepharose4B凝胶偶联,制成sTnC亲和层析凝胶.人心肌或骨骼肌经匀浆、离心后上sTnC亲和层析柱,一步分离可获得人心肌肌钙蛋白Ⅰ(cTnI)或人骨骼肌肌钙蛋白Ⅰ(sTnI)纯品.HPLC分析出现单一峰.SDS－PAGE分析得到一条电泳带,其分子量分别为25000及21000.用20gsTnC亲和凝胶处理40g人心肌时,相当于每100g心肌可得到82.6mgcTnI.     

淋洗液浓度对痕量低分子量脂肪族胺离子色谱分离度的影响

采用阳离子交换柱分离,以甲基磺酸为淋洗液,建立了检测水体中痕量甲胺和二甲胺的离子色谱法,并分析了淋洗液浓度对被测物分离度的影响.结果表明: 当淋洗液浓度为3 mmol/L,流速为1.1 mL/min,应用电导检测时,甲胺和二甲胺在5.0～100 μg/L浓度范围内具有良好的线性,方法检出限分别低至8.29 ng/L(以峰面积定量)和0.69 μg/L(以峰高定量),平均回收率分别为97.2%和91.6%;3个浓度水平样品(10.0,20.0,和100 μg/L)的精密度均低于2.1%.本方法操作简单,检出限低,适用于检测水体中痕量存在的低分子量脂肪族胺.     

应用双槽电化学腐蚀法制备用于蛋白质芯片构建的多孔硅基底

通过双槽电化学腐蚀法制备大面积(12 mm×58 mm)均匀的多孔硅片,以小鼠免疫球蛋白G(IgG)与兔抗小鼠IgG抗体的相互作用为模型,证明其表面修饰环氧基团后能作为一种基底材料用于蛋白质微阵列芯片的构建。结果表明,兔抗小鼠IgG抗体检测的灵敏度与多孔硅基底制备时所采用的腐蚀电流密度、腐蚀时间、氢氟酸浓度有关。当电流密度为500 mA/cm2,腐蚀时间为450 s,HF浓度为25%时,IgG在多孔硅基底上的固定量最大,IgG芯片对兔抗小鼠IgG抗体的检出限为10μg/L,检测线性范围为0.32～10.0 mg/L。本方法制备的大面积均匀的多孔硅基底能够应用于蛋白质芯片的制作,并具有制备工艺简单,蛋白质固定量大等优点。     

锌强化豆乳饮料的研制

研究了锌强化豆乳饮料的最佳工艺。以感官评分和离心沉淀率(3 500 r/min条件下离心15 min)为标准,确定锌强化豆乳饮料的最佳配方为:蔗糖8%、全脂奶粉0.6%、柠檬酸0.02%、单甘酯0.04%、蔗糖酯0.08%、羧甲基纤维素钠(CMC-Na)0.12%。对成品进行了营养成分的测定。结果表明,蛋白质≥2.78%,脂肪≥2.07%,总糖≥5.42%,可溶性固形物≥12.45%、总固形物≥14.02%、pH值4.86,Zn含量8.95 mg/kg。从而为研制更高质量的锌强化营养保健饮料提供了科学的理论依据。     

Development of a High-Fibre Multigrain Bar Technology with the Addition of Curly Kale

The aim of this study was to find the effect of kale and dietary fibre (DF) on the physicochemical properties, nutritional value and sensory quality of multigrain bars. A recipe of multigrain bars was prepared with the addition of fresh kale (20% and 30%) and DF preparations (apple, blackcurrant, chokeberry and hibiscus). The bars were baked at 180 °C for 20 min. These snack bars, based on pumpkin seeds, sunflower seeds, flaxseed and wholegrain oatmeal, are a high-calorie product (302–367 kcal/100 g). However, the composition of the bars encourages consumption. In addition to the ability to quickly satisfy hunger, such bars are rich in many natural ingredients that are considered pro-health (high fibre content (9.1–11.6 g/100 g), protein (11.2–14.3 g/100 g), fat (17.0–21.1 g/100 g, including unsaturated fatty acids), carbohydrates (20.5–24.0 g/100 g), as well as vitamins, minerals and a large number of substances from the antioxidant group. The addition of kale caused a significant increase of water content, but reduction in the value of all texture parameters (TPA profiles) as well as calorific values. The content of polyphenols was strongly and positively correlated with the antioxidant activity (r = 0.92). In the bars with 30% addition of kale (422 mg GA/100 g d.m.), the content of polyphenols was significantly higher than based ones (334 mg GA/100 g d.m.). Bars with the addition of the DF were characterized by a higher antioxidant activity, and the content of carotenoids, chlorophyll A and B and polyphenols. High sensory quality was demonstrated for all (from 4.8 to 7.1 on a 10-point scale). The addition of fibre preparations was also related to technological aspects and allows to create attractive bars without additional chemicals.     

Gas chromatographic analysis of infant formulas for total fatty acids, including trans fatty acids

Twelve powdered and 13 liquid infant formulas were analyzed by using an extension of AOAC Official Method 996.01 for fat analysis in cereal products. Samples were hydrolyzed with 8 N HCl and extracted with ethyl and petroleum ethers. Fatty acid methyl esters were prepared by refluxing the mixed ether extracts with methanolic sodium hydroxide in the presence of 14% boron trifluoride in methanol. The extracts were analyzed by gas chromatography. In powdered formulas, saturated fatty acid (SFA) content (mean +/- SD; n = 12) was 41.05 +/- 3.94%, monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) content was 36.97 +/- 3.38%, polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) content was 20.07 +/- 3.08%, and total trans fatty acid content was 1.30 +/- 1.27%. In liquid formulas, SFA content (mean +/- SD; n = 13) was 42.29 +/- 2.98%, MUFA content was 36.05 +/- 2.47%, PUFA content was 20.65 +/- 2.40%, and total trans fatty acid content was 0.88 +/- 0.54%. Total fat content in powdered formulas ranged from 4.4 to 5.5 g/100 kcal and linoleic acid content ranged from 868 to 1166 mg/100 kcal. In liquid formulas, total fat content ranged from 4.1 to 5.1 g/100 kcal and linoleic acid content ranged from 820 to 1100 mg/100 kcal. There were no significant differences between powdered and liquid infant formulas in concentrations of total fat, SFA, MUFA, PUFA, or trans fatty acids.     

Determination of elemental and nutrient composition of water,clam mantle and shell of the Volta clam (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Galatea paradoxa</Emphasis>) using neutron activation analysis

The Volta clam Galatea paradoxa is a highly priced shellfish providing nutrition, jobs and poverty alleviation for the inhabitants of the lower Volta estuary. Clams are filter feeders straining particulate materials in the surrounding water, thus concentrating microorganisms and other metal elements in the gut and mantle which present possible health hazards. The elemental composition of the water, clam mantle, gut, shell, and bottom sediments were determined using Neutron Activation Analysis for the presence of Ca, Cl, Cu, Mg, Mn, V, Fe, Co, Br, Na and K. Proximate analysis of the mantle for the levels of protein, fat, carbohydrate, ash, wood fiber, phosphorus, free fatty acids and energy were carried out using the method of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists. The riverine water was laden with heavy metals V, Co, Cu, Mn, and Fe, as well as Al. These same metallic elements were detected in higher concentrations in the bottom sediments. Bioaccumulation factor (BAF) which is the measure of the distribution of heavy metals between water and biota (Clam mantle and gut), ranged from 2 to 145 times, depending on the type of contaminant. The clam meat contained high protein (15.3 ± 0.2%), no crude fiber, low fat content (1.80 ± 0.11%), fatty acids as oleic (25.2 ± 0.1%), energy (85.5 ± 0.21 kcal/100 g), carbohydrates (22.10 ± 0.03%), P (485 ± 1 mg/100 g), Ca (793 ± 75 mg/kg), Mg (860.3 ± 90.0 mg/kg). The high concentration of Ca (21,402.7 ± 797.0 mg/kg), Fe (18,071.2 ± 94.0 mg/kg), K (96 ± 14 mg/kg), Mg (540.8 ± 81.1 mg/kg), Na (4,570.0 ± 0.2 mg/kg) gives credence to the use of the shell for poultry feed mineral supplements, and in the emulsion paint manufacturing industry.     

Quantifying the role of water in protein-carbohydrate interactions

Water-mediated interactions play a key role in carbohydrate-lectin binding, where the interactions involve a conserved water that is separated from the bulk solvent and present a bridge between the side chains of the protein and the carbohydrate ligand. To apply quantum mechanical methods to examine the role of conserved waters, we present an analysis in which the relevant carbohydrate atoms are modeled by methanol, and in which the protein is replaced by a limited number of amino acid side chains. Clusters containing a conserved water and a representative amino acid fragment were also examined to determine the influence of amino acid side chains on interaction energies. To quantify the differential binding energies of methanol versus water, quantum mechanical calculations were performed at the B3LYP/6-311++G(3df,3pd)//B3LYP/6-31+G(d) level in which either a methanol molecule was bound to the conserved water (liganded state) or in which a water molecule replaces the methanol (unliganded state). Not surprisingly, the binding of a water to clusters containing charged amino acid side chains was more favorable by 1.55 to 7.23 kcal/mol than that for the binding of a water to the corresponding pure water clusters. In contrast, the binding energy of water to clusters containing polar-uncharged amino acid side chains ranged from 4.35 kcal/mol less favorable to 4.72 kcal/mol more favorable than for binding to the analogous pure water clusters. The overall trend for the binding of methanol versus water, in any of the clusters, favored methanol by an average value of 1.05 kcal/mol. To extend these studies to a complex between a protein (Concanavalin A) and its carbohydrate ligand, a cluster was examined that contained the side chains of three key amino acids, namely asparagine, aspartate, and arginine, as well as a key water molecule, arranged as in the X-ray diffraction structure of Con A. Again, using methanol as a model for the endogenous carbohydrate ligand, energies of -5.94 kcal/mol and -5.70 kcal/mol were obtained for the binding of methanol and water, respectively, to the Con A-water cluster. The extent to which cooperativity enhanced the binding energies has been quantified in terms of nonadditive three-body contributions. In general, the binding of water or methanol to neutral dimers formed cooperative clusters; in contrast, the cooperativity in charged clusters depended on the overall geometry as well as the charge.     

Study on the Incorporation of Oat and Yeast β-Glucan into Shortbread Biscuits as a Basis for Designing Healthier and High Quality Food Products

According to international health and food organizations and authorities, people should limit fat intake since fat is the most caloric component of food and it is often a source of unsafe saturated fatty acids (FA) and trans isomers. The greatest health benefits come from replacing shorts with dietary fiber molecules. The aim of the study was to determine the possibility of reducing shortening content, which has an undesirable profile of FA, by addition of β-glucan molecules in shortbread biscuits. The effect of oat and yeast β-glucan supplementation on physical and sensory quality of products with reduced fat content (max 15%) were studied. It was shown that the substitution of shortening by β-glucan in shortbread biscuits is possible to a limited extent. Reduction in product energy value (up to 36 kcal/100 g) and content of undesirable FA (maximum 2.1 g/100 g) and increased of β-glucan content, regardless of the type, caused deterioration of biscuits quality and affected changes during storage. The substitution of shortening by β-glucan in food is a good way to improve nutritional value by increasing the amount of dietary fiber molecules, reducing calories, and amount of SFA in diets.     

Extractability of Curcuminoids Is Enhanced with Milk and Aqueous-Alcohol Mixtures

In this study, we evaluated the extractability of three curcuminoids (curcumin, demethoxycurcumin, and bisdemethoxycurcumin) from turmeric powder in several solvents using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with the diode-array detection method. These solvents include water, milk (homogenized, 2% reduced fat, low fat, fat free, soy, almond, coconut, and milkadamia), and aqueous ethanols (0%, 4%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, and 100%). Ambient water was able to extract only 0.55 mg/g of curcuminoids, whereas warm water extracted more than four-fold higher amounts (2.42 mg/g). Almond, coconut, and milkadamia milk were able to extract only small amounts of curcuminoids at ambient temperatures (0.01–0.07 mg/g). The extractability of curcuminoids in these milk types did not improve, even in warm conditions (0.08–0.37 mg/g). Whereas dairy and soy milk extracted 6.76–9.75 mg/g of curcuminoids under ambient conditions, their extractability increased significantly in warm conditions by 30–100% higher (11.7–14.9 mg/g). The solubility of curcuminoids also varied remarkably in different proportions of aqueous-alcohol mixtures. With 4% ethanol, only 1.7 mg/g of curcuminoids were extracted, and the amounts improved with the increase in ethanol content up to 50% (32.2 mg/g), while 100% ethanol extracted a similar amount as 50% ethanol (34.2 mg/g). This study suggests that the extractability of curcuminoids from turmeric will be dependent on the type of diets consumed with the turmeric supplements.     

Nutritional and Polyphenolic Composition of Agrimonia procera Wallr. from Experimental Cultivation with Different Levels of Nitrogen Fertilization

Plants of the genus Agrimonia, including fragrant agrimony Agrimonia procera Wallr., mainly used as pharmaceutical raw material, perfectly fit into the current trends in nutrition and food technology that are searching for organic raw materials with high contents of bioactive compounds, such as dietary polyphenols and fiber. The aim of the research was to determine the nutritional and polyphenolic composition of fragrant agrimony Agrimonia procera Wallr. from experimental cultivation with varying levels of nitrogen fertilization in the nitrate, ammonium, or amide forms. In the experimental cultivation of fragrant agrimony in a seeding medium with a moderately high level of mineral content, the aerial parts, especially the leaves, were characterized by contents protein, dietary fiber, fat, and polyphenols at levels of 11.5, 58.0, 3.0, and 10.5% of dry matter, respectively, and an energy value of about 260 kcal/100 g of dry matter. The effect of additional nitrogen fertilization, in the form of ammonium nitrate and urea, on the content and yield of nutrients and polyphenol in fragrant agrimony depends both on the dose and the form of nitrogen, as well as the morphological part, of the plant.     

Antioxidant Properties and Proximate Composition of Different Tissues of European Beaver

The chemical composition, content of cholesterol, retinol and α-tocopherol, and the total antioxidant capacity of different tissues from wild beavers were investigated. The total phenolic contents and free radical scavenging activity (DPPH and ABTS assays) were analysed spectrophotometrically, and fat-soluble vitamins were quantified using high-performance liquid chromatography. The type of tissue (skeletal muscle from loin and hind leg vs. adipose tissue from subcutaneous fat and tail) significantly affected content of all chemical components. The concentration of cholesterol was not related to total fat content. The retinol and α-tocopherol contents (µg/100 g) were significantly higher in the tail (13.0 and 391.2) and subcutaneous fat (12.2 and 371.3) compared to skeletal muscles (as an average 9.1 and 361.4). Among all tissues the tail showed significantly the highest values of DPPH (3.07 mM TE/100 g), ABTS (3.33 mM TE/100 g), and total phenolics (TPC, 543.7 mg GAE/100 g). The concentration of retinol was positively correlated with α-tocopherol (0.748, p < 0.001), and both vitamins were very strongly correlated with DPPH (0.858 and 0.886, p < 0.001), ABTS (0.894 and 0.851, p < 0.001), and TPC (0.666 and 0.913, p < 0.001). The principal component analysis proved that moisture, ash, and protein contents were representative for skeletal muscles, whereas, retinol, α-tocopherol, ABTS and DPPH accurately described the antioxidant capacity of tissue from the tail.