表面增强拉曼光谱技术检测新型冠状病毒刺突蛋白

开发具有高灵敏度、高准确性的新型冠状病毒(SARS-CoV-2)快速检测技术对疫情防控具有重要作用。本文利用表面增强拉曼光谱(SERS)技术对人体唾液中的痕量SARS-CoV-2病毒刺突蛋白(S蛋白)进行了检测。结果表明,含S蛋白的唾液样本与原始唾液样本的拉曼光谱具有显著区别,含S蛋白的唾液样本谱图中可清晰观察到属于S蛋白的拉曼谱线。该结果为后续SERS技术在SARS-CoV-2病毒快速检测方面的应用奠定了坚实基础。     

新型冠状病毒S蛋白在金纳米粒子中的表面增强拉曼效应

表面增强拉曼光谱技术因其高灵敏度、操作简单、快速检测等优点,被广泛用于病毒检测方面。国内外的病毒拉曼检测研究主要集中在检测病毒核酸以及组成核酸的各种碱基的表面增强拉曼光谱(SERS),但少见对病毒蛋白的SERS检测。以新型冠状病毒（SARS-CoV-2）的S蛋白为检测对象,采用无标记SERS检测方法,对比SARS-CoV-2固态、饱和液态S蛋白的普通拉曼光谱和选用40 nm金纳米粒子为基底的SARS-CoV-2低浓度S蛋白SERS光谱。结果表明,以40 nm金纳米粒子为基底,采用SERS技术检测SARS-CoV-2的S蛋白是完全可行的。SARS-CoV-2的S蛋白分子中的羧基与金纳米粒子发生了分子增强,氨基与金纳米粒子发生了电磁增强,从而使得SARS-CoV-2的S蛋白拉曼效应得到了增强,并使得峰位发生一定移动。实验获得了较好的SARS-CoV-2低浓度S蛋白SERS光谱,为建立敏感、特异、快速的SARS-CoV-2检测新技术提供了一种方法。     

温度对鱼鳞胶原蛋白二级结构的影响

从草鱼鱼鳞中提取酶溶性胶原蛋白(PSC),通过SDS-PAGE电泳分析为典型Ⅰ型胶原蛋白且达到电泳纯。在此基础上利用傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)、拉曼光谱(Raman)和圆二色谱(CD)研究了温度对鱼鳞胶原蛋白二级结构的影响。FTIR分析表明：鱼鳞胶原蛋白具有典型的胶原蛋白特征吸收带,酰胺Ⅰ、酰胺Ⅱ和酰胺Ⅲ带的特征吸收频率分别出现在1658,1552和1238cm-1处。随温度升高,酰胺A和酰胺B峰位向低波数移动,1658cm-1处吸收峰裂解成多个吸收峰;1552cm-1处的吸收峰在35℃微略红移,随后发生明显蓝移;1238cm-1处吸收峰随温度升高向低波数移动。在拉曼光谱中,胶原蛋白的酰胺Ⅰ、酰胺Ⅱ和酰胺Ⅲ带的特征吸收频率分别出现在1669,1557和1245cm-1处,都较红外光谱的波数高;此外,921和855cm-1处脯氨酸的特征谱峰在拉曼光谱中体现出来。圆二色谱分析表明,胶原蛋白溶液在221.6和204.4nm分别有一正、负峰,具有典型胶原蛋白三螺旋结构的特征圆二色谱峰型。胶原蛋白冻干品的FTIR光谱和Raman谱线大都在35～60℃时发生波数和强度改变,而胶原蛋白乙酸溶液的CD谱线在20～35℃之间发生剧烈改变。由此可以判断胶原蛋白在固态和溶液状态下,变性温度存在一定差异,胶原蛋白冻干品比其乙酸溶液更稳定。     

鱼胶原蛋白肽与表没食子儿茶素没食子酸酯相互作用的研究

运用荧光光谱、红外光谱、圆二色谱和拉曼光谱等四种光谱手段, 研究了鱼胶原蛋白肽(FCP)与表没食子儿茶素没食子酸酯(EGCG)在水溶液中的相互作用。荧光结果表明: EGCG使FCP中的酪氨酸荧光强度减小, 促进了二酪氨酸的形成;FCP与EGCG能够形成FCP-EGCG非共价复合物, 同时, EGCG影响了FCP中酪氨酸的微环境。红外光谱分析表明: FCP具有胶原蛋白特征吸收带;EGCG的加入使3 281 cm-1处的吸收峰消失, 3 076 cm-1处的吸收峰红移, 表明EGCG影响了酰胺A带和酰胺B带;1 659和1 689 cm-1处的吸收峰蓝移, 1 547 cm-1处的吸收峰红移以及1 248 cm-1处吸收峰的消失, 表明FCP中酰胺Ⅰ带、酰胺Ⅱ带和酰胺Ⅲ带均受到EGCG的影响。圆二色谱分析表明: 添加EGCG后, FCP 222 nm处的负峰消失, 198 nm处的负峰依次红移至200和204 nm, 说明EGCG影响了FCP的二级结构。拉曼光谱分析结果表明: EGCG的加入影响了FCP中酰胺Ⅰ带、酰胺Ⅱ带和酰胺Ⅲ带的吸收;同时, EGCG的添加使863和932 cm-1处的峰红移, 前者峰强度降低, 后者峰强度大幅增加, 表明羟脯氨酸和脯氨酸均参与了与EGCG的结合, 且EGCG浓度的增加使更多的脯氨酸暴漏。     

鱼胶原蛋白肽与表没食子儿茶素没食子酸酯相互作用的研究

运用荧光光谱、红外光谱、圆二色谱和拉曼光谱等四种光谱手段,研究了鱼胶原蛋白肽(FCP)与表没食子儿茶素没食子酸酯(EGCG)在水溶液中的相互作用。荧光结果表明：EGCG使FCP中的酪氨酸荧光强度减小,促进了二酪氨酸的形成;FCP与EGCG能够形成FCP-EGCG非共价复合物,同时,EGCG影响了FCP中酪氨酸的微环境。红外光谱分析表明：FCP具有胶原蛋白特征吸收带;EGCG的加入使3 281 cm-1处的吸收峰消失,3 076 cm-1处的吸收峰红移,表明EGCG影响了酰胺A带和酰胺B带;1 659和1 689 cm-1处的吸收峰蓝移,1 547 cm-1处的吸收峰红移以及1 248 cm-1处吸收峰的消失,表明FCP中酰胺Ⅰ带、酰胺Ⅱ带和酰胺Ⅲ带均受到EGCG的影响。圆二色谱分析表明：添加EGCG后,FCP 222 nm处的负峰消失,198 nm处的负峰依次红移至200和204 nm,说明EGCG影响了FCP的二级结构。拉曼光谱分析结果表明：EGCG的加入影响了FCP中酰胺Ⅰ带、酰胺Ⅱ带和酰胺Ⅲ带的吸收;同时,EGCG的添加使863和932 cm-1处的峰红移,前者峰强度降低,后者峰强度大幅增加,表明羟脯氨酸和脯氨酸均参与了与EGCG的结合,且EGCG浓度的增加使更多的脯氨酸暴漏。     

方解石高压相变的拉曼光谱研究

应用金刚石压腔结合拉曼光谱技术研究了方解石-Ⅰ在静水高压作用下相转变为方解石-Ⅲ的过程.结果表明,压力增大的过程中,方解石-Ⅰ晶体的三个拉曼特征峰均向高频移动;在1 103 MPa条件下,体系中的水介质结冰,冰点处方解石-Ⅰ晶体性质没有变化;继续加压至1 752 MPa时矿物的拉曼特征峰发生了突变,表明晶体由方解石-Ⅰ相转变为方解石-Ⅲ相中的的A型方解石;相变后矿物的拉曼特征峰显示了从矿物内部向边缘的过渡中,相变程度逐渐增大的趋势;该研究也体现了金刚石压腔结合拉曼光谱技术在定性分析矿物结构相变过程中原位测试的优势.     

苏丹红Ⅰ、Ⅱ和Ⅲ的拉曼光谱研究

介绍了拉曼光谱法的基本原理和苏丹红的检测现状,利用拉曼光谱法对偶氮类染料苏丹红Ⅰ、Ⅱ和Ⅲ进行了检测,分别得到了能表征三种物质毒性的特征拉曼频移,最长扫描时间仅为15 s.实验表明,利用拉曼光谱法检测苏丹红Ⅰ、Ⅱ和Ⅲ,迅速方便,有望成为苏丹红类物质的有效检测方法.     

绿色木霉纤维素酶分子内氢键特征的研究

运用能够揭示蛋白质分子基团振动特征的激光拉曼光谱分析技术,对绿色木霉纤维素酶中的CBHⅡ在固态以及两种pH值的液态中酶分子内的氢键状态进行了分析。结果表明相对于纤维素酶固体干粉,液态中酶分子酰胺Ⅰ羰基氧原子作为氢键质子受体的能力为上升;酰胺Ⅱ与酰胺Ⅰ的β结构特征峰变化倾向相似。在3种样品中,酶蛋白中Trp均为强氢键供体,从成键能力方面证实了以往同类酶空间分析的结果。固体与pH 6.0水溶液酶蛋白中酪氨酸酚羟基成键能力也是强的。根据游离巯基分析可以判断绿色木霉CBHⅡ的成熟肽CBD与瑞氏木霉CBHⅡ的CBD有相似的二硫键构成。     

氯磺丙脲Ⅰ型与Ⅲ型的红外、拉曼及太赫兹光谱研究

使用FTIR,FT-Raman和太赫兹时域光谱(terahertz time-domain spectroscopy, THz-TDS)技术在室温下对氯磺丙脲的Ⅰ型与Ⅲ型进行分析与表征 。结果显示氯磺丙脲Ⅰ型与Ⅲ型在三种光谱中都表现出明显的差异。红外光谱与拉曼光谱中,Ⅰ型与Ⅲ型的光谱差异主要是吸收峰峰位的移动 和峰强的改变;此外,在拉曼光谱中Ⅲ型在100～1 800 cm-1的特征峰明显多于Ⅰ型;太赫兹光谱中,Ⅰ型在0.90, 1.09和1.29 THz处 有特征峰,而Ⅲ型在0.92, 1.11, 1.23和1.63 THz处有特征峰,尤其是1.63 THz处的一个强峰,明显区别于Ⅰ型。采用密度泛函理论(DFT)对氯磺 丙脲两种晶型进行分子模拟,模拟结果与实验光谱较好吻合,同时模拟结果也表明氯磺丙脲Ⅰ型与Ⅲ型在0.9 和1.1 THz处的多分子振动模式相 同,可以为氯磺丙脲其他晶型的太赫兹谱归属提供参考。该结果为药物多晶型的IR, Raman以及太赫兹光谱研究提供了依据。     

基于共聚焦显微拉曼的真菌菌丝中几丁质的原位检测研究

几丁质是真菌细胞壁中一种重要的结构多糖,本文首次采用共聚焦显微拉曼技术对山茶刺盘孢菌的气生菌丝进行原位检测研究,首先确定了采集菌丝拉曼光谱的最优实验参数,并获得了菌丝,几丁质标准品和背景三种物质的典型拉曼光谱,对其中的特征峰进行归属分析,发现菌丝光谱中有明显的几丁质特征峰。然后对置于载玻片上菌丝的感兴趣区域进行拉曼光谱面扫描,通过主成分分析法发现面扫描区域中,菌丝和背景两种信号可以明显区分开来,结合主成分的载荷因子图得到了菌丝的两个主要的特征差异峰1 622和1 368 cm-1,1 622 cm-1属于菌丝中几丁质的特征峰,而1 368 cm-1是来源于菌丝中的果胶多糖。最后通过对几丁质在1 622 cm-1特征峰波段附近范围积分,绘制了几丁质在菌丝中二维和三维的化学成像图,直观且无损的再现了几丁质在菌丝中的空间分布。     

不同类型的金属硫蛋白的振动光谱的观测

作者对金属硫蛋白 ( MT)进行了分离 ,得到了单一的 MT- 和 MT- 组份 ,并用傅立叶变换拉曼和傅立叶变换红外光谱测定了它们的二级结构。对两者的谱图加以分析 ,发现MT- 和 MT- 的振动光谱在酰胺 带和酰胺 带范围内有较明显的区别 ,而它们在金属簇结构范围内的振动无明显差异     

Semicovariance Coefficient Analysis of Spike Proteins from SARS-CoV-2 and Other Coronaviruses for Viral Evolution and Characteristics Associated with Fatality

Complex modeling has received significant attention in recent years and is increasingly used to explain statistical phenomena with increasing and decreasing fluctuations, such as the similarity or difference of spike protein charge patterns of coronaviruses. Different from the existing covariance or correlation coefficient methods in traditional integer dimension construction, this study proposes a simplified novel fractional dimension derivation with the exact Excel tool algorithm. It involves the fractional center moment extension to covariance, which results in a complex covariance coefficient that is better than the Pearson correlation coefficient, in the sense that the nonlinearity relationship can be further depicted. The spike protein sequences of coronaviruses were obtained from the GenBank and GISAID databases, including the coronaviruses from pangolin, bat, canine, swine (three variants), feline, tiger, SARS-CoV-1, MERS, and SARS-CoV-2 (including the strains from Wuhan, Beijing, New York, German, and the UK variant B.1.1.7) which were used as the representative examples in this study. By examining the values above and below the average/mean based on the positive and negative charge patterns of the amino acid residues of the spike proteins from coronaviruses, the proposed algorithm provides deep insights into the nonlinear evolving trends of spike proteins for understanding the viral evolution and identifying the protein characteristics associated with viral fatality. The calculation results demonstrate that the complex covariance coefficient analyzed by this algorithm is capable of distinguishing the subtle nonlinear differences in the spike protein charge patterns with reference to Wuhan strain SARS-CoV-2, which the Pearson correlation coefficient may overlook. Our analysis reveals the unique convergent (positive correlative) to divergent (negative correlative) domain center positions of each virus. The convergent or conserved region may be critical to the viral stability or viability; while the divergent region is highly variable between coronaviruses, suggesting high frequency of mutations in this region. The analyses show that the conserved center region of SARS-CoV-1 spike protein is located at amino acid residues 900, but shifted to the amino acid residues 700 in MERS spike protein, and then to amino acid residues 600 in SARS-COV-2 spike protein, indicating the evolution of the coronaviruses. Interestingly, the conserved center region of the spike protein in SARS-COV-2 variant B.1.1.7 shifted back to amino acid residues 700, suggesting this variant is more virulent than the original SARS-COV-2 strain. Another important characteristic our study reveals is that the distance between the divergent mean and the maximal divergent point in each of the viruses (MERS > SARS-CoV-1 > SARS-CoV-2) is proportional to viral fatality rate. This algorithm may help to understand and analyze the evolving trends and critical characteristics of SARS-COV-2 variants, other coronaviral proteins and viruses.     

胰蛋白酶溶液的激光拉曼谱

胰蛋白酶溶液的激光拉曼谱柯惟中，余多慰（南京师范大学南京２１００９７）ＲａｍａｎＳｐｅｃｔｒａｏｆＴｒｙｐｓｉｎｉｎＡｑｕｅｏｕｓＳｏｌｕｔｉｏｎ￥ＫｅＷｅｉｚｈｏｎｇａｎｄＹｕＤｕｏｗｅｉ（ＮａｎｊｉｎｇＮｏｒｍａｌＵｎｉｖｅｒｓｉｔｙＮａｊｉｎｇ...     

用拉曼光谱研究抗癌药物落羽松醇和它的类似体

用拉曼光谱研究抗癌药物落羽松醇和它的类似体郑思定，舒莲美，洪田博喜（复旦大学分析测试中心上海２００４３３）（日本岗山理科大学）ＲａｍａｎＳｐｅｃｔｒｏｓｃｏｐｉｃＩｎｖｅｓｔｉｇａｔｉｏｎｏｆｔａｘｏｌａｎｄＩｔｓＡｎａｌｏｇｕｅｓ￥ＺｈｅｎｇＳｉｄ...     

Accurate Evaluation on the Interactions of SARS-CoV-2 with Its Receptor ACE2and Antibodies CR3022/CB6

The spread of the coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2(SARS-CoV-2) has become a global health crisis.The binding affinity of SARS-CoV-2(in particular the receptor binding domain,RBD) to its receptor angiotensin converting enzyme 2(ACE2) and the antibodies is of great importance in understanding the infectivity of COVID-19 and evaluating the candidate therapeutic for COVID-19.We propose a new method based on molecular mechanics/Poisson-Boltzmann surface area(MM/PBSA) to accurately calculate the free energy of SARS-CoV-2 RBD binding to ACE2 and antibodies.The calculated binding free energy of SARS-CoV-2 RBD to ACE2 is-13.3 kcal/mol,and that of SARS-CoV RBD to ACE2 is-11.4 kcal/mol,which agree well with the experimental results of-11.3 kcal/mol and-10.1 kcal/mol,respectively.Moreover,we take two recently reported antibodies as examples,and calculate the free energy of antibodies binding to SARS-CoV-2 RBD,which is also consistent with the experimental findings.Further,within the framework of the modified MM/PBSA,we determine the key residues and the main driving forces for the SARS-CoV-2 RBD/CB6 interaction by the computational alanine scanning method.The present study offers a computationally efficient and numerically reliable method to evaluate the free energy of SARS-CoV-2 binding to other proteins,which may stimulate the development of the therapeutics against the COVID-19 disease in real applications.     

重组人B淋巴细胞刺激因子的激光拉曼光谱

人B淋巴细胞刺激因子(BAFF)是一种由285个氨基酸组成的Ⅱ型跨膜蛋白质,我们测试了重组的人B淋巴细胞刺激因子(r-BAFF)固体粉末和水溶液的拉曼光谱,通过分析酰胺Ⅰ和酰胺Ⅲ的拉曼特征谱带,判断出重组的人B淋巴细胞刺激因子(r-BAFF)固体粉末状态下构象全为β-折叠结构和β-回转结构,而在水溶液中的二级结构主要仍为β-折叠结构和β-回转结构,另外可能有少量的α-螺旋结构。同时对其侧链构象及环境也做了初步分析。     

The effect of nitrobenzene on the Raman spectra of ribonuclease in aqueous solution

The Raman spectra of the native ribonuclease treated with nitrobenzene in aqueous solution have been obtianed. The conformation of the main chain and the side chain in ribonuclease were studied. Among the amide Ⅰ and amide Ⅲ bands, the characters of β-sheet and random coil structures are clear. The disulfide bridges assume the gauche-gauche-gauche conformation. The parts of tyrosine residue are buried. It indicates that nitrobenzene treatment on protein aqueous solution is an efficient means for obtaining better Raman spectra.