物理化学设计实验教学的实践与体会

介绍了南京大学物理化学实验课程中设计实验的开设情况。在设计实验教学过程中,通过选取主导仪器、递交初步计划、陈述实验方案和完成设计实验4个环节的训练,有效促进了学生综合素质和创新能力的培养,取得了良好的教学效果。     

“创客教育+SPOC”翻转实验教学模式研究——以磷酸氢二钠产品中微量杂质铁的测定为例

探索了一种“创客教育+SPOC”翻转实验教学模式,并具体应用于磷酸氢二钠产品中微量杂质铁的测定。充分融合线上、线下教学资源,依据翻转课堂教学流程研究了课前任务下达、视频预习、在线检测及课堂活动的前期预习问题翻转、中期实验内容协作以及后期实验过程反思等翻转方案,拓展了课后学生自主设计科研创新方案。既培养了学生的基本技能,又激发了学生实验的热情,同时提升了学生的科研素养。     

自我监控影响学生实验问题解决的初步研究

作者提出了自我监控影响化学实验问题解决的心理模式,并对学生实验问题解决过程中自我监控的影响进行了实证研究。结果表明,自我监控通过对问题的表征、问题的解析、实验方案的设计以及实验操作进行着不间断的影响而渗透在整个实验问题解决过程中,从而影响到问题解决的速度和质量。     

我们开设"化学实验选修课"

我们在高一年级开设的化学实验选修课,通过一个个具体的实验课题,让学生在实验方案的设计过程中,达到强化知识的理解与灵活应用、培养实验设计与操作的能力、提高对实验方案的评价能力与实验结果的分析能力,特别是学生运用多学科知识解决化学问题的综合能力。1教学程序该课程是     

以学生为中心的递进式“精细化工”实验教学

针对学生实验课积极性不高、实验教学效果不理想的问题，对一门选修课"精细化工"的实验进行了重新思考和设计，让学生参与从实验具体内容制定、操作到结果讨论的整个过程，并首次以"递进式"实验的方式由学生参与第2次实验（基于前一个实验的改进和完善），使学生了解理论知识转化为可行实验方案的具体做法，切身体会在实验原理相同的情况下，实验方案的细微调整对实验结果的巨大影响。结果表明，这种"以学生为中心"的改进能让学生注重实验细节，同时关注实验失败的原因，并在第2次实验中及时修正。这为学生实验综合素质的培养提供了一种教学思路。     

碱式碳酸铜制备实验的教学设计

针对传统实验教学中存在的"教师讲授-学生实验"的验证模仿式教学模式的弊端,以实验教学目标的多维化和建构主义学习理论为教学设计的理念指导,设计了碱式碳酸铜的制备实验的教学过程:通过创设碱式碳酸铜及其应用的相关情境,激发学生学习兴趣;进而围绕制备路线的确定、反应条件的控制和实验方案的设计提出5个问题,启发学生积极思考和交流讨论;在此基础上引导学生自主完成实验方案的设计;最后,提供拓展性实验资源,促进知识的迁移应用。该教学设计有利于教师从单纯注重知识传授转变为引导学生学会学习,全面提高实验素养。     

基于化学专业本科生视角的大学化学实验教学的优化

以化学专业本科学生的视角,针对化学实验教学中存在的问题与不足,提出了大学化学实验教学的优化方案,包括全过程的网络平台化、实验过程中对操作的规范与严格、预习报告和实验报告的表格化以及实验前对相关知识与背景的拓展和实验后的再强化等建议。     

电解质溶液复习与学生科学素质培养

复习课共分 3个环节 ,(1)带着问题看书 ,写好读书笔记 ;(2 )带着问题思考 ,设计并实施实验方案 ;(3)信息反馈 ,考核评价。指导学生在问题解决中 ,建构较为完整的科学知识体系 ,注重实验原理和实验过程的探究 ,鼓励学生勇于批判与创新 ,培养学生的科学素质。     

SigmaPlot软件在物理化学实验中的应用

SigmaPlot软件功能强大,使用方便、快捷,普遍用于数据分析和科研绘图。将其应用到物理化学实验数据处理、计算以及对所作的图形进行线性拟合、非线性曲线拟合,不仅简化了数据处理的过程,而且还提高了分析结果的准确度,同时也可以培养学生运用现代技术手段学习物理化学实验科学规律的能力。该文以物理化学实验教学中相关实验数据处理为例,探讨了SigmaPlot在物理化学实验教学中运用的基本原理和方法。     

新创综合化学实验：利用NBS-Py体系从电子废弃物中提取单质金

将前沿成果引入到大学本科综合实验,设计了利用NBS-Py体系从电子废弃物中提取单质金的新创综合化学实验。以氧化还原和配位理论为指导,利用N-溴代琥珀酰亚胺-吡啶(NBS-Py)体系温和、低毒和高效的特点,从电子废弃物中绿色提取金单质。该研究实验包含丰富的知识原理、实验技能、表征技术且应用性强,故可有效地转化为综合教学实验。在浸出、提取、还原、煅烧以及结构表征等过程中,始终贯穿以问题为导向的探究式教学模式。本实验可在提高学生基本实验技能的同时,锻炼学生运用基础理论理解实验原理、设计实验方案、自主探究和协调合作的能力,并在实验实施过程中的每一环节都注重提高学生的科研素养和创新能力。     

Dichroism of absorption and polarization of phosphorescence of molecules of the closed form of nitrobenzospirothiopyran

The spectral-polarization characteristics of absorption and phosphorescence of molecules of the initial form of nitro-substituted indolinospirobenzothiopyran were studied in oriented polyethylene films and in solutions with different polarity. An oscillator model of the electron transitions responsible for the formation of absorption and luminescence spectra was suggested. It was established that the principal differences in the spectral and photophysical properties of the compound studied and its oxygen-containing analog are associated with the fact that the electronegativity of the S atom is lower than that of the O atom. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 6, pp. 1143–1146, June, 1997.     

非那雄胺合成工艺改进

非那雄胺能抑制5α-还原酶的活性,明显降低二氢睾酮水平,是一种治疗良性前列腺增生的有效药品。该合成工艺以甾烯酮酸为原料,将其与氯化亚砜反应,无须分离即与叔丁胺反应得17β-酰胺化合物,再氧化开环,环合,氢化,脱氢合成了非那雄胺。经元素分析、IR、1HNMR、13CNMR、MS分析表征了其结构。该法无须使用昂贵的2,2-二吡啶二硫化物和剧毒药品苯亚硒酸酐,且以乙酸铵代替氨气,降低了对设备的要求和腐蚀,更适用于工业生产。     

Determination of heats of detonation and influence of components of composite explosives on heats of detonation of high explosives

The heats of detonation of 20 simple high explosives and explosive mixtures were determined by means of an adiabatic detonation calorimeter designed by the authors. The results indicated that the performance of the instrument was reliable and the experimental data were very accurate. For explosive mixtures, there was a linear accumulative relationship between the heats of detonation of the explosive mixture and its components. Accordingly, the heats of detonation of explosive mixtures could be calculated directly from the heats of detonation of simple explosives and the characteristic heats of other components. The experiments showed that the gold or brass shell of the cylindrical charge could be substituted by a thick-walled porcelain shell, which had the advantage of cheapness.

     

Synthesis of phenolic components of Grains of Paradise

Two vanilloids, (5E)-8-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)oct-5-en-4-one (1) and 4-[3-hydroxydecyl]-2-methoxyphenol (2), isolated from the dried seeds of Grains of Paradise (Aframomum melegueta), were synthesized; the latter compound was made as the S-enantiomer and the material derived from the seeds was found to be a 1:1.7 mixture of the R and S isomers. The synthetic route used should allow the preparation of analogs having extended alkyl chains and consequently different lipophilicity, and 3, a homolog of 2, was also prepared.     

Summary of development of the theory of stability of colloids and thin films

In this review, the research of the author in the field of colloidal systems is summarized. The factors influencing colloidal stability are systematized and analyzed. Examples are presented to illustrate the practical utilization of the theory of stability of colloids and thin films.This review was prepared on the basis of the works of the author, which were awarded the State Premium for 1991 in the field of science and technology, chemistry section.Institute of Physical Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117915 Moscow. Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk, Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 8, pp. 1708–1717, August, 1992.     

Study of hydration of two cements of different strengths

Main hydration products of two cement pastes, i.e. CSH-gel, portlandite (P) (and specific surface S) were studied by static heating, and by SEM, TEM and XRD, as a function of cement strength (C-33 and C-43) hydration time (th) and subsequent hydration in water vapour.Total change in mass on hydration and air drying, M_o, increased with strength of cement paste and with hydration time. Content of water escaping at 110 to 220°C, defined as water bound with low energy, mainly interlayer and hydrate water, was independent on cement strength but its content increased with (th). Content of chemically bound (zeolitic) water in CSH-gel, escaping at 220-400°C, was slightly dependent on strength and increased with (th). It was possibly derived from the dehydroxylation of CSH-gel and AFm phase. Portlandite water, escaping at 400-500°C, was independent on cement strength and was higher on longer hydration. Large P crystals were formed in the weaker cement paste C-33. Smaller crystals were formed in C-43 but they increased with (th). Carbonate formated on contact with air (calcite, vaterite and aragonite), decomposed in cement at 600-700^oC. It was high in pastes C-33(1 month) and C-43(1 month), i.e. 5.7 and 3.3%, respectively; it was less than 1% after 6 hydration months (low sensitivity to carbonation) in agreement with the XRD study showing carbonates in the air dry paste (1month), and its absence on prolonged hydration (6 months) and on acetone treatment. Water vapour treatment of (6 months) pastes or wetting-drying increased this sensitivity.Nanosized P-crystals, detected by TEM, could contribute to the cement strength; carbonate was observed on the rims of gel clusters.This revised version was published online in November 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

氯氧化镁生成热的研究

用氧化镁氯化镁水溶液制备了8水合氯氧化镁[nMg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O], 并测定了其在盐酸中的溶解热, 实验结果表明, 氯氧化镁溶解热与n值呈线性关系, 根据溶解热求出5Mg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O和3Mg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O的生成热分别为-7727.1和5888.1kJ·mol^1^-。     

Thermodynamics of the formation of oxosulfides of rare-earth elements

The enthalpies of solution of several oxosulfides of rare-earth elements and the high-temperature enthalpies of oxosulfides and oxosulfates of lanthanum and yttrium were measured using solution calorimetry and high-temperature microcalorimetry techniques. Standard enthalpies of formation and some thermodynamic properties of oxosulfides and oxosulfates were calculated. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 2 pp. 294–297, February, 1997.     

探究“铁的锈蚀条件”实验创新设计

设计了铁的锈蚀实验,说明了铁钉的处理方法,增加了温度、酸、碱的影响条件,实现了铁跟蒸馏水及空气中氧气快速反应而生锈,使实验在5 min左右就能够得到准确的结果。