三维不可压N-S方程的多重网格求解

应用全近似存储(Full Approximation Storage,FAS)多重网格法和人工压缩性方法求解了三维不可压Navi-er-Stokes方程.在解粗网格差分方程时,对Neumann边界条件采用增量形式进行更新,离散方程用对角化形式的近似隐式因子分解格式求解,其中空间无粘项分别用MUSCL格式和对称TVD格式进行离散.对90°弯曲的方截面管道流动和4:1椭球体层流绕流的数值模拟表明,多重网格的计算时间比单重网格节省一半以上,且无限制函数的MUSCL格式比TVD格式对流动结构有更好的分辨能力.     

The method of fundamental solutions for 2D and 3D Stokes problems

A numerical scheme based on the method of fundamental solutions (MFS) is proposed for the solution of 2D and 3D Stokes equations. The fundamental solutions of the Stokes equations, Stokeslets, are adopted as the sources to obtain flow field solutions. The present method is validated through other numerical schemes for lid-driven flows in a square cavity and a cubic cavity. Test results obtained for a rectangular cavity with wave-shaped bottom indicate that the MFS is computationally efficient than the finite element method (FEM) in dealing with irregular shaped domain. The paper also discusses the effects of number of source points and their locations on the numerical accuracy.     

非平衡化学反应流场NS方程计算研究

介绍一种新的与化学问题相耦合的NS方程数值方法,用来计算有限速率化学反应再入流场.采用迎风TVD差分格式的激波捕捉法,求解控制方程。本项研究针对轴对称流动。然而,可以直接推广到三维流动和其它的化学反应系统。所采用的整个泰氟隆-空气化学反应模型是由23个化学组元和35个化学反应所组成。对钝头球锥体全流场(包括前体和近尾迹)进行了数值模拟,获得了充分收敛的数值解。对清洁空气流场计算的峰值电子数密度与实验结果符合很好。     

高分辨率激波捕捉格式及其CFD应用

在曲线坐标下将高分辨率AUSMPW激波捕捉格式扩展到三维问题。为了提高计算精度,采用三阶MUSCL格式,将AUSMPW格式与隐械时间推进法LU－SGS方法结合,应用于可压缩无粘和有粘流动的数散模拟,计算结果与文献中计算结果和实验数据相符,并将该格式与CD、TVD、FVS和FD格式进行了比较。     

基于近似Riemann解的有限体积ALE方法

研究二维平面坐标系和二维轴对称坐标系中四边形网格上可压缩流体力学的有限体积ALE(Arbitrary Lagrangian Eulerian)方法.数值方法采用节点中心有限体积法,数值通量采用适用于任意状态方程的HLLC(Harten-Lax-Van Leer-Collela)通量.空间二阶精度通过用WENO(weighted essentially non-oscillatory)方法对原始变量进行重构获得,时间离散采用两步显式Runge-Kutta格式.数值例子显示,方法具有良好的激波分辨能力和高精度的数值逼近能力.     

A Riemann solver for unsteady computation of 2D shallow flows with variable density

A novel 2D numerical model for vertically homogeneous shallow flows with variable horizontal density is presented. Density varies according to the volumetric concentration of different components or species that can represent suspended material or dissolved solutes. The system of equations is formed by the 2D equations for mass and momentum of the mixture, supplemented by equations for the mass or volume fraction of the mixture constituents. A new formulation of the Roe-type scheme including density variation is defined to solve the system on two-dimensional meshes. By using an augmented Riemann solver, the numerical scheme is defined properly including the presence of source terms involving reaction. The numerical scheme is validated using analytical steady-state solutions of variable-density flows and exact solutions for the particular case of initial value Riemann problems with variable bed level and reaction terms. Also, a 2D case that includes interaction with obstacles illustrates the stability and robustness of the numerical scheme in presence of non-uniform bed topography and wetting/drying fronts. The obtained results point out that the new method is able to predict faithfully the overall behavior of the solution and of any type of waves.     

轴对称可压缩流的统一坐标系

将Hui等人提出的统一坐标系推广到轴对称欧拉方程,讨论统一坐标系下的轴对称欧拉方程的解法,并通过数值算例证明轴对称统一坐标系的优越性.     

Multiple solutions and hysteresis in the flows driven by surface with antisymmetric velocity profile

Multiple steady solutions and hysteresis phenomenon in the square cavity flows driven by the surface with antisymmetric velocity profile are investigated by numerical simulation and bifurcation analysis.A high order spectral element method with the matrix-free pseudo-arclength technique is used for the steady-state solution and numerical continuation.The complex flow patterns beyond the symmetry-breaking at Re■320 are presented by a bifurcation diagram for Re 2500.The results of stable symmetric and asymmetric solutions are consistent with those reported in literature,and a new unstable asymmetric branch is obtained besides the stable branches.A novel hysteresis phenomenon is observed in the range of2208 Re 2262,where two pairs of stable and two pairs of unstable asymmetric steady solutions beyond the stable symmetric state coexist.The vortices near the sidewall appear when the Reynolds number increases,which correspond to the bifurcation of topology structure,but not the bifurcation of Navier-Stokes equations.The hysteresis is proposed to be the result of the combined mechanisms of the competition and coalescence of secondary vortices.     

Shock-Capturing and Front-Tracking Methods for Granular Avalanches

Shock formations are observed in granular avalanches when supercritical flow merges into a region of subcritical flow. In this paper we employ a shock-capturing numerical scheme for the one-dimensional Savage–Hutter theory of granular flow to describe this phenomenon. A Lagrangian moving mesh scheme applied to the nonconservative form of the equations reproduces smooth solutions of these free boundary problems very well, but fails when shocks are formed. A nonoscillatory central (NOC) difference scheme with TVD limiter or WENO cell reconstruction for the conservative equations is therefore introduced. For the avalanche free boundary problems it must be combined with a front-tracking method, developed here, to properly describe the margin evolution. It is found that this NOC scheme combined with the front-tracking module reproduces both the shock wave and the smooth solution accurately. A piecewise quadratic WENO reconstruction improves the smoothness of the solution near local extrema. The schemes are checked against exact solutions for (1) an upward moving shock wave, (2) the motion of a parabolic cap down an inclined plane, and (3) the motion of a parabolic cap down a curved slope ending in a flat run-out region, where a shock is formed as the avalanche comes to a halt.     

Three-dimensional magnetohydrodynamics axisymmetric stagnation flow and heat transfer due to an axisymmetric shrinking/stretching sheet with viscous dissipation and heat source/sink

The present work is concerned with the effects of viscous dissipation and heat source/sink on a three-dimensional magnetohydrodynamic boundary layer axisymmetric stagnation flow, and the heat transfer of an electrically conducting fluid over a sheet, which shrinks or stretches axisymmetrically in its own plane where the line of the symmetry of the stagnation flow and that of the shrinking （stretching） sheet are, in general, not aligned. The governing equations are transformed into ordinary differential equations by using suitable similarity transformations and then solved numerically by a shooting technique. This investigation explores the conditions of the non-existence, existence and uniqueness of the solutions of the similar equations numerically. It is noted that the range of the velocity ratio parameter, where the similarity solution exists, is increased with the increase of the value of the magnetic parameter. Furthermore, the study reveals that the non-alignment function affects the shrinking sheet more than the stretching sheet. In addition, the numerical results of the velocity profile, temperature profile, skin-friction coefficient, and rate of heat transfer at the sheet are discussed in detail with different parameters.     

Influence des conditions d'émission sur un écoulement de type jet plan laminaire isotherme ou chauffé

We propose numerical solutions for a laminar jet, accounting for emission conditions at the exit of the nozzle. Two emission cases are considered in this study: velocity and temperature profiles are uniform or parabolic, respectively. A finite difference scheme is developed for the resolution of the equations governing the isothermal and non-isothermal free jet and wall jet developing tangentially along an adiabatic flat plate. The analysed results are the centerline velocity and centerline temperature for the free jet, and wall temperature and shear stress for the wall jet. The results obtained are compared to another method that is based on two constraints of integration, i) conservation of momentum and ii) conservation of energy, to replace the emission conditions at the exit of the nozzle for the resolution of equations. Our results of the velocity and temperature profiles compare well with those obtained by the latter method solely in the plume region, where buoyancy forces are responsible for flow.     

Gas Flow in Microchannels – A Lattice Boltzmann Method Approach

Gas flow in microchannels can often encounter tangential slip motion at the solid surface even under creeping flow conditions. To simulate low speed gas flows with Knudsen numbers extending into the transition regime, alternative methods to both the Navier–Stokes and direct simulation Monte Carlo approaches are needed that balance computational efficiency and simulation accuracy. The lattice Boltzmann method offers an approach that is particularly suitable for mesoscopic simulation where details of the molecular motion are not required. In this paper, the lattice Boltzmann method has been applied to gas flows with finite Knudsen number and the tangential momentum accommodation coefficient has been implemented to describe the gas-surface interactions. For fully-developed channel flows, the results of the present method are in excellent agreement with the analytical slip-flow solution of the Navier–Stokes equations, which are valid for Knudsen numbers less than 0.1. The present paper demonstrates that the lattice Boltzmann approach is a promising alternative simulation tool for the design of microfluidic devices.     

Sub-iteration leads to accuracy and stability enhancements of semi-implicit schemes for the Navier–Stokes equations

We present an iterative semi-implicit scheme for the incompressible Navier–Stokes equations, which is stable at CFL numbers well above the nominal limit. We have implemented this scheme in conjunction with spectral discretizations, which suffer from serious time step limitations at very high resolution. However, the approach we present is general and can be adopted with finite element and finite difference discretizations as well. Specifically, at each time level, the nonlinear convective term and the pressure boundary condition – both of which are treated explicitly in time – are updated using fixed-point iteration and Aitken relaxation. Eigenvalue analysis shows that this scheme is unconditionally stable for Stokes flows while numerical results suggest that the same is true for steady Navier–Stokes flows as well. This finding is also supported by error analysis that leads to the proper value of the relaxation parameter as a function of the flow parameters. In unsteady flows, second- and third-order temporal accuracy is obtained for the velocity field at CFL number 5–14 using analytical solutions. Systematic accuracy, stability, and cost comparisons are presented against the standard semi-implicit method and a recently proposed fully-implicit scheme that does not require Newton’s iterations. In addition to its enhanced accuracy and stability, the proposed method requires the solution of symmetric only linear systems for which very effective preconditioners exist unlike the fully-implicit schemes.     

A differentially interpolated direct forcing immersed boundary method for predicting incompressible Navier–Stokes equations in time-varying complex geometries

A dispersion-relation-preserving dual-compact scheme developed in Cartesian grids is applied together with the immersed boundary method to solve the flow equations in irregular and time-varying domains. The artificial momentum forcing term applied at certain points in cells containing fluid and solid allows an imposition of velocity condition to account for the motion of solid body. We develop in this study a differential-based interpolation scheme which can be easily extended to three-dimensional simulation. The results simulated from the proposed immersed boundary method agree well with other numerical and experimental results for the chosen benchmark problems. The accuracy and fidelity of the IB flow solver developed to predict flows with irregular boundaries are therefore demonstrated.     

A Discontinuous Galerkin Method Based on a BGK Scheme for the Navier-Stokes Equations on Arbitrary Grids

A discontinuous Galerkin Method based on a Bhatnagar-Gross-Krook (BGK) formulation is presented for the solution of the compressible Navier-Stokes equations on arbitrary grids. The idea behind this approach is to combine the robustness of the BGK scheme with the accuracy of the DG methods in an effort to develop a more accurate, efficient, and robust method for numerical simulations of viscous flows in a wide range of flow regimes. Unlike the traditional discontinuous Galerkin methods, where a Local Discontinuous Galerkin (LDG) formulation is usually used to discretize the viscous fluxes in the Navier-Stokes equations, this DG method uses a BGK scheme to compute the fluxes which not only couples the convective and dissipative terms together, but also includes both discontinuous and continuous representation in the flux evaluation at a cell interface through a simple hybrid gas distribution function. The developed method is used to compute a variety of viscous flow problems on arbitrary grids. The numerical results obtained by this BGKDG method are extremely promising and encouraging in terms of both accuracy and robustness, indicating its ability and potential to become not just a competitive but simply a superior approach than the current available numerical methods.     

The computation of axisymmetric, supersonic nozzle arc usingadaptive grids

The computational difficulties associated with an arc burning in an axisymmetric supersonic nozzle are mainly caused by the region (known as the boundary) surrounding the are core within which temperature changes rapidly. When the arcing current decreases, this boundary collapses rapidly towards the axis. An adaptive grid scheme based on the temperature gradient is used to solve the dynamic are conservation equations in the computational domain. A direct grid adaptive scheme relates the solution in the computational domain to that in the physical domain without interpolation. Numerical results are compared with the experimental results as well as other numerical solutions obtained respectively by using a uniformly distributed, fixed grid system in the physical domain and by the solution adjusted method. A good agreement is achieved     

Efficient kinetic schemes for steady and unsteady flow simulations on unstructured meshes

This paper presents efficient second-order kinetic schemes on unstructured meshes for both compressible unsteady and incompressible steady flows. For compressible unsteady flows, a time-dependent gas distribution function with a discontinuous particle velocity space at a cell interface is constructed and used for the evaluations of both numerical fluxes and conservative flow variables. As a result, a compact scheme on the unstructured meshes is developed. For incompressible steady flows, a continuous second-order gas-kinetic BGK type scheme is presented, for which the time-dependent gas distribution function with a continuous particle velocity is used on unstructured meshes. The efficiency of the schemes lies in the fact that the slopes of the flow variables inside each cell can be constructed using values of the flow variables within that cell only without involving neighboring cells. Therefore, even with the stencil of a first-order scheme, a high resolution method is constructed. Numerical examples are presented which are compared with the benchmark solutions and the experimental measurements.     

Numerical solution of under-resolved detonations

A new fractional-step method is proposed for the numerical solution of high speed reacting flows, where the chemical time scales are often much smaller than the fluid dynamical time scales. When the problem is stiff, because of insufficient spatial/temporal resolution, a well-known spurious numerical phenomenon occurs in standard finite volume schemes: the incorrect calculation of the speed of propagation of discontinuities. The new method is first illustrated considering a one-dimensional scalar hyperbolic advection/reaction equation with stiff source term, which may be considered as a model problem to under-resolved detonations. During the reaction step, the proposed scheme replaces the cell average representation with a two-value reconstruction, which allows us to locate the discontinuity position inside the cell during the computation of the source term. This results in the correct propagation of discontinuities even in the stiff case. The method is proved to be second-order accurate for smooth solutions of scalar equations and is applied successfully to the solution of the one-dimensional reactive Euler equations for Chapman–Jouguet detonations.     

考虑转动能的一维/二维Boltzmann-Rykov模型方程数值算法

研究考虑转动能的Boltzmann-Rykov模型方程,基于转动自由度对气体分子速度分布函数矩积分,引入约化速度分布函数,应用离散速度坐标法与数值积分技术,将气体运动论模型方程化为在离散速度坐标点处关于三个约化速度分布函数的联立方程组.应用拓展计算流体力学有限差分方法,数值计算考虑转动自由度的双原子气体一维、二维Boltzmann模型方程,得到高、低Knudsen数一维激波管内流动和二维竖直平板绕流问题的流场,分析验证考虑转动能的Boltzmann-Rykov模型方程全流域统一算法求解一维/二维气体流动问题的可靠性.结果表明,气体稀薄程度与分子内自由度对流场具有较大影响,且Knudsen数较高的稀薄气体流动呈现严重的非平衡流动特点.     

旋流燃烧室内同向和反向旋转射流湍流流动的数值模拟

针对发展高效低污染旋流燃烧技术的需要,对旋流燃烧室内两股同轴旋转射流相互作用的湍流旋流流动进行了数值模拟.计算中采用了一种新的代数Reynolds应力模型和QUICK离散格式.在两股射流同向旋转和反向旋转两种条件下,将模拟得到的燃烧室内湍流旋流流动的时均气体轴向速度场、切向速度场和静压场与实验数据进行了比较.