碱土－稀土氧化物在甲烷偶联反应中的催化性能

研究了两个典型轻稀土Ｌａ，Ｃｅ氧化物对甲烷氧化偶联反应的影响，具有较小比表面积的催化剂给出较高的Ｃ＿２选择性，但是催化剂的氧化还原性能对Ｃ＿２选择性的影响则更大，添加Ｌｉ的作用除产生Ｏ￣－中心外，还可抑制催化剂的氧化还原能力，从而改善Ｃ＿２选择性。甲烷氧化偶联反应属催化剂引发的自由基反应。     

甲烷部分氧化制合成气 Ⅰ．甲烷在过渡金属上的活化

文中用同位素交换（Ｄ_２─ＣＨ_４）反应来测量四种过渡金属负载型催化剂对甲烷的活化能力，并与Ｓｖｅｎｓｓｏｎ等从头算的计算结果作了比较，表明最有效活化甲烷分子的Ｃ─Ｈ键的金属是铑（Ｒｈ）．文中还测定了在甲烷部分氧化制合成气反应中，四个不同催化剂的催化活性与选择性，并与它们对甲烷的活化能力进行对比，可以看出甲烷部分氧化反应中，反应活性高的催化剂有效地活化甲烷，断裂Ｃ─Ｈ键，而且氘代甲烷产物分布以形成ＣＤ_４产物为主要成份．     

稀土氧化物对Ni／α—Al2O3催化甲烷部分氧化制合成气反应的影响

研究了稀土金属氧化物（Ｌａ２Ｏ３，ＣｅＯ２，Ｐｒ６Ｏ１１和Ｎｄ２Ｏ３）对Ｎｉ／α－Ａｌ２Ｏ３催化剂上甲烷部分氧化制合成气反应的影响．Ｘ光粉末衍射和活性考察结果表明，稀土氧化物使Ｎｉ／α－Ａｌ２Ｏ３催化剂的稳定性有显著提高．稀土氧化物与活性组份Ｎｉ之间的相互作用抑制了催化剂表面Ｎｉ晶粒的生长和迁移，由于这种作用也抑制了催化剂表面积炭的生成．在实验中还发现ＣｅＯ２容易进行Ｃｅ３＋Ｃｅ４＋氧化还原反应而对反应具有催化活性．     

含氧化镧的甲烷氧化偶联催化剂的一些特性

利用ＤＴＡ、ＴＰＤ－ＭＳ、ＸＲＤ、ＴＰＲ及ＴＰＳＲ－ＭＳ等手段对Ｌａ＿２Ｏ＿３和含Ｌａ＿２Ｏ＿３的甲烷氧化偶联催化剂进行了研究。实验发现含Ｌａ＿２Ｏ＿３的催化剂的一个特点是其容易吸水，此时，催化剂中除含Ｌａ＿２Ｏ＿３外，还有Ｌａ（ＯＨ）＿３及Ｌａ＿２Ｏ＿３ＣＯ＿２存在。ＴＰＲ及ＴＰＳＲ结果表明了催化剂的起始氢气还原温度与纯甲烷的程序升温反应开始温度的一致性，这说明催化剂的晶格氧参与了甲烷的活化过程。不同的氧化物由于其晶格氧的活性不同，因而其活化甲烷的温度不同。Ｌａ＿２Ｏ＿３中的晶格氧非常活泼，它在７３０℃时即可以与甲烷或与Ｈ＿２反应而本身被还原。甲烷和氧气共进料时的程序升温反应（ＴＰＳＲ－ＭＳ）表明甲烷氧化偶联反应中Ｃ＿２烃的选择性有一最佳温度范围。     

甲烷在SrO－La_2O_3／CaO催化剂上的氧化偶联──IV．热点温度效应和反应气中添加CO_2的影响

研究了甲烷在ＬＣ和ＳＬＣ催化剂体系上氧化偶联反应过程的热效应现象和反应气中添加ＣＯ２对催化剂反应行为的影响．在不使用稀释气的情况下，当反应温度由８７３升至９２３Ｋ时，反应活性存在一个突变点．这主要是由ＣＨ４燃烧反应放出大量热使催化剂床层的局部温度很高，形成一个局部过热区，因此引发甲烷氧化偶联．此即所谓热点温度效应，它严重影响催化剂活性评价结果的可靠性和重复性．在反应气中添加ＣＯ２对ＬＣ几乎无影响；由于ＳＬＣ中各组分与ＣＯ２作用生成碳酸盐，使催化剂表面氧浓度显著减少，导致催化剂的反应活性大大降低和严重失活．     

甲烷部分氧化制合成气反应Pt/Al_2O_3和Pt/CeO2/Al_2O_3催化剂的研究(英文)

研究了Ｐｔ／Ａｌ２Ｏ３和Ｐｔ／ＣｅＯ２／Ａｌ２Ｏ３催化剂对甲烷部分氧化制合成气反应的催化活性，发现Ｐｔ／ＣｅＯ２／Ａｌ２Ｏ３显示了比Ｐｔ／Ａｌ２Ｏ３更高的甲烷转化率和合成气选择性。用Ｈ２ＴＰＲ，Ｈ２ＴＰＤ，ＳＥＭ和ＸＲＤ等手段和技术对催化剂进行了表征。ＣｅＯ２与Ｐｔ之间存在较强的相互作用（ＳＭＳＩ），这种作用促进了Ｐｔ在催化剂表面的分散，抑制了Ｐｔ在催化剂表面的迁移，大大降低了催化剂在反应中的完全燃烧活性，提高了催化剂的部分氧化活性和选择性，避免了因催化剂床层局部温度过高而导致催化剂活性下降或失活，提高了催化剂的稳定性。同时，在反应过程中，ＣｅＯ２通过促进水蒸气变换反应（ＷＧＳＲ）的进行使反应体系迅速达到平衡，提高了催化剂对Ｈ２的选择性。     

CuO／CeO2和CuO／Al2O3催化剂的催化性能

本文以ＣＯ氧化为模式反应考察了ＣｅＯ２和Ａｌ２Ｏ３负载氧化铜催化剂的氧化活性，运用ＸＲＤ和ＴＰＲ技术研究了催化剂的还原性能和物相结构，结果表明：载体性质对负载ＣｕＯ催化剂的ＣＯ氧化活性有很大影响，ＣｕＯ／ＣｅＯ２催化剂活性明显高于ＣｕＯ／Ａｌ２Ｏ３催化剂．催化剂的还原特性随载体不同而不同．同时发现，热处理对催化剂铜物种的存在形式，晶粒大小、还原特性及其催化活性有明显影响，ＣｕＯ／Ａｌ２Ｏ３催化剂活性下降的主要因素是生成了活性较低的ＣｕＡｌ２Ｏ４相，而ＣｕＯ／ＣｅＯ２催化剂活性下降是由于ＣｕＯ和ＣｅＯ２发生烧结，晶粒变大     

CO在Ni/Al2O3催化剂上的歧化和氧化反应

Ｐｅｎａ等［１］认为ＣＯ的歧化反应是甲烷部分氧化制合成气反应中积碳的来源之一．Ｃｌａｒｉｄｇｅ等［２］在研究不同温度下负载型Ｎｉ催化剂对纯甲烷和纯ＣＯ的碳形成的催化作用时发现，在不同温度下催化剂对甲烷分解和ＣＯ歧化反应的催化程度不同，在甲烷部分氧化的...     

甲烷部分氧化制合成气:铑基催化剂活性位的研究

采用小体积（４０μｌ）脉冲反应技术研究了ＣＨ４和ＣＨ４／Ｏ２（２／１）在氧化态、还原态和不同还原程度的负载型铑基催化剂上的反应情况。当ＣＨ４与还原态催化剂反应时间，ＣＯ为主要产物，其选择性〉７０％；当ＣＨ４与氧化态催化剂反应时，无目标产物ＣＯ生成。通过脉冲不同时的Ｈ２，对完全氧化态催化性能。这一结果不仅进一步证实了还原态铑是反应的活性位，而且说明操作条件（如物料比，不还条件等）对反应性能的影响不当     

Ni/Al2O3催化剂上甲烷部分氧化制合成气反应机理

用变应答／质谱在线检测技术研究了Ｎｉ／Ａｌ２Ｏ３催化剂上甲烷部分氧化制合成气的反应要理，研究结果指出，在常压９７３Ｋ条件下，Ｎｉ／Ａｌ２Ｏ３催化剂上甲烷部分氧化制合成气按直接氧化机理进行，Ｈ２和Ｃ烛甲烷部分氧化的一次产物，其主要反应可表示如下：１．ＣＨ４＋ｘＮｉ－ＮｉｘＣ＋２Ｈ２，２．Ｏ２＋２Ｎｉ－２ＮｉＯ，３．ＮｉｘＣ＋ＮｉＯ－ＣＯ＋（ｘ＋１）Ｎｉ。     

Dichroism of absorption and polarization of phosphorescence of molecules of the closed form of nitrobenzospirothiopyran

The spectral-polarization characteristics of absorption and phosphorescence of molecules of the initial form of nitro-substituted indolinospirobenzothiopyran were studied in oriented polyethylene films and in solutions with different polarity. An oscillator model of the electron transitions responsible for the formation of absorption and luminescence spectra was suggested. It was established that the principal differences in the spectral and photophysical properties of the compound studied and its oxygen-containing analog are associated with the fact that the electronegativity of the S atom is lower than that of the O atom. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 6, pp. 1143–1146, June, 1997.     

非那雄胺合成工艺改进

非那雄胺能抑制5α-还原酶的活性,明显降低二氢睾酮水平,是一种治疗良性前列腺增生的有效药品。该合成工艺以甾烯酮酸为原料,将其与氯化亚砜反应,无须分离即与叔丁胺反应得17β-酰胺化合物,再氧化开环,环合,氢化,脱氢合成了非那雄胺。经元素分析、IR、1HNMR、13CNMR、MS分析表征了其结构。该法无须使用昂贵的2,2-二吡啶二硫化物和剧毒药品苯亚硒酸酐,且以乙酸铵代替氨气,降低了对设备的要求和腐蚀,更适用于工业生产。     

Determination of heats of detonation and influence of components of composite explosives on heats of detonation of high explosives

The heats of detonation of 20 simple high explosives and explosive mixtures were determined by means of an adiabatic detonation calorimeter designed by the authors. The results indicated that the performance of the instrument was reliable and the experimental data were very accurate. For explosive mixtures, there was a linear accumulative relationship between the heats of detonation of the explosive mixture and its components. Accordingly, the heats of detonation of explosive mixtures could be calculated directly from the heats of detonation of simple explosives and the characteristic heats of other components. The experiments showed that the gold or brass shell of the cylindrical charge could be substituted by a thick-walled porcelain shell, which had the advantage of cheapness.

     

Synthesis of phenolic components of Grains of Paradise

Two vanilloids, (5E)-8-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)oct-5-en-4-one (1) and 4-[3-hydroxydecyl]-2-methoxyphenol (2), isolated from the dried seeds of Grains of Paradise (Aframomum melegueta), were synthesized; the latter compound was made as the S-enantiomer and the material derived from the seeds was found to be a 1:1.7 mixture of the R and S isomers. The synthetic route used should allow the preparation of analogs having extended alkyl chains and consequently different lipophilicity, and 3, a homolog of 2, was also prepared.     

Summary of development of the theory of stability of colloids and thin films

In this review, the research of the author in the field of colloidal systems is summarized. The factors influencing colloidal stability are systematized and analyzed. Examples are presented to illustrate the practical utilization of the theory of stability of colloids and thin films.This review was prepared on the basis of the works of the author, which were awarded the State Premium for 1991 in the field of science and technology, chemistry section.Institute of Physical Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117915 Moscow. Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk, Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 8, pp. 1708–1717, August, 1992.     

Study of hydration of two cements of different strengths

Main hydration products of two cement pastes, i.e. CSH-gel, portlandite (P) (and specific surface S) were studied by static heating, and by SEM, TEM and XRD, as a function of cement strength (C-33 and C-43) hydration time (th) and subsequent hydration in water vapour.Total change in mass on hydration and air drying, M_o, increased with strength of cement paste and with hydration time. Content of water escaping at 110 to 220°C, defined as water bound with low energy, mainly interlayer and hydrate water, was independent on cement strength but its content increased with (th). Content of chemically bound (zeolitic) water in CSH-gel, escaping at 220-400°C, was slightly dependent on strength and increased with (th). It was possibly derived from the dehydroxylation of CSH-gel and AFm phase. Portlandite water, escaping at 400-500°C, was independent on cement strength and was higher on longer hydration. Large P crystals were formed in the weaker cement paste C-33. Smaller crystals were formed in C-43 but they increased with (th). Carbonate formated on contact with air (calcite, vaterite and aragonite), decomposed in cement at 600-700^oC. It was high in pastes C-33(1 month) and C-43(1 month), i.e. 5.7 and 3.3%, respectively; it was less than 1% after 6 hydration months (low sensitivity to carbonation) in agreement with the XRD study showing carbonates in the air dry paste (1month), and its absence on prolonged hydration (6 months) and on acetone treatment. Water vapour treatment of (6 months) pastes or wetting-drying increased this sensitivity.Nanosized P-crystals, detected by TEM, could contribute to the cement strength; carbonate was observed on the rims of gel clusters.This revised version was published online in November 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

氯氧化镁生成热的研究

用氧化镁氯化镁水溶液制备了8水合氯氧化镁[nMg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O], 并测定了其在盐酸中的溶解热, 实验结果表明, 氯氧化镁溶解热与n值呈线性关系, 根据溶解热求出5Mg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O和3Mg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O的生成热分别为-7727.1和5888.1kJ·mol^1^-。     

Thermodynamics of the formation of oxosulfides of rare-earth elements

The enthalpies of solution of several oxosulfides of rare-earth elements and the high-temperature enthalpies of oxosulfides and oxosulfates of lanthanum and yttrium were measured using solution calorimetry and high-temperature microcalorimetry techniques. Standard enthalpies of formation and some thermodynamic properties of oxosulfides and oxosulfates were calculated. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 2 pp. 294–297, February, 1997.     

探究“铁的锈蚀条件”实验创新设计

设计了铁的锈蚀实验,说明了铁钉的处理方法,增加了温度、酸、碱的影响条件,实现了铁跟蒸馏水及空气中氧气快速反应而生锈,使实验在5 min左右就能够得到准确的结果。