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1.
[reaction: see text] Enamine [2 + 2] cycloadditions can be achieved in useful yields simply by stirring a mixture of an aldehyde, diethylamine, a dialkyl fumarate, and potassium carbonate in acetonitrile at 25 degrees C, conditions that are compatible with the presence of a potential leaving group on the beta-position of the intermediate enamine. Methylation and elimination of the product cyclobutanes completes a mild nonphotochemical route to functionalized cyclobutenes. 相似文献
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Cycloheptyne-dicobalt hexacarbonyl complexes, substituted by propargylic ether functions, undergo 2 + 2 + 2 cycloaddition reactions with alkynes to give tricyclic benzocycloheptanes; an all-intramolecular version of this transformation is also possible. 相似文献
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ortho-(Phenylpropioloxy)benzonitrile sulphide, generated in situ by thermal decarboxylation of the oxathiazolone (1), undergoes intramolecular 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition forming the chromenoisothiazole (4a); ortho-cinnamoylbenzonitrile sulphides also yield (4), together with nitrile, chromenoquinoline and amino-chromene by-products. 相似文献
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In this emerging area article, we focus on novel intramolecular transition metal catalysed (4 + 3)-cycloaddition reactions of allenedienes in which the allene acts as an allylic-cation surrogate. This process has emerged as a powerful tool for the construction not only of complex seven-membered rings containing compounds but also different types of useful molecular skeletons by the proper selection of the catalyst. The transformation proceeds with high chemo- and stereoselectivity mainly because it occurs through an exo-like concerted transition state which exhibits a clear in-plane aromatic character. Despite that, different reaction mechanisms (i.e. stepwise processes) are also possible depending on the nucleophilicity of the diene moiety. 相似文献
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The [2+2+2] cycloaddition is an elegant, atom-efficient and group tolerant process for the synthesis of carbo- and heterocycles, mostly aromatic, involving the formation of several C-C bonds in a single step. Cyclotrimerisation is catalyzed by a variety of organometallic complexes, including more than 15 different metals. The aim of this tutorial review is to point out the most recent advances in this field and to encourage the use of this reaction enroute to complex molecules. After summarizing the most common catalysts and reaction conditions generally used, we survey the mechanistic features currently accepted for this reaction. Section 4 covers the scope of the different [2+2+2] cycloaddition versions starting with the cyclotrimerisation of three triple bonds, including nitriles, with especial emphasis on asymmetric reactions that create central, axial or planar chirality. Then, reactions that use double bonds are addressed. Finally, the most outstanding examples of natural products synthesis using [2+2+2] cycloadditions as a key step reported recently are shown. 相似文献
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Theodorus A Van Der Knaap Theodorus C Klebach Foppe Visser Rimmer Lourens Friedrich Bickelhaupt 《Tetrahedron》1984,40(6):991-997
Cycloaddition reactions of mesityl(diphenyliiifithylene)phosphine () were Investigated. With several dienes, no Diels-Alder reactions were oEserved. With azides, diphenyidiazomethane and 2,4,6-trimethylbenzonitrile oxide, the corresponding cycloadducts (were obtained. In the case of phenyl azide, a competing Staudinger reaction occurred leading to . 相似文献
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For many years, our research group has been interested in the new developments of cobalt-mediated cyclizations. In this article, our recent achievements in the field of inter- and intramolecular [2 + 2 + 2] cyclizations are compiled. 相似文献
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The intramolecular [6+2] cycloaddition mechanism of 2-vinylcyclobutanones and alkenes catalyzed by the [Rh(CO)2Cl]2 rhodium dimer has been studied using density functional theory, comparing this multi-step process with the one-step reaction in the absence of catalyst. According to our results the calculated mechanism agrees with what was previously experimentally suggested. Calculations have also allowed to explain the reaction selectivity. 相似文献
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The review, covering the literature of roughly the last three decades, describes the [3+2] cycloaddition reactions of metalla dipolarophiles M=X with organic 1,3-dipoles, and of metalla 1,3-dipoles, M---X=Y and X---M=Y, with organic dipolarophiles. The resulting 5-membered metalla heterocycles can undergo consecutive insertion and/or reductive elimination reactions to give synthetically interesting organic heterocycles. The reactivity of the organometal 1,3-dipoles is explained by extensive series of isolobal transformations to classic organic 1,3-dipoles. 相似文献
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Analysis of 12 three-atom-components (TACs) participating in [3+2] cycloaddition (32CA) reactions towards ethylene and acetylene allows establishing good correlations between the pseudodiradical character, the hardness η, and the nucleophilicity N index of the TAC with the feasibility of these non-polar reaction. These results allow the introduction of the pr index, which comprises the two aforementioned DFT reactivity indices. The increase of the pr index for an allylic-type TAC goes accompanied by a linear decrease of the activation enthalpy of the reaction. The present study makes it possible to establish a useful classification of 32CA reactions into zw-type reactions involving TACs with a high zwitterionic character, and pr-type reactions involving TACs with a high pseudodiradical character. 相似文献
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Rh(I)-catalysed [2 + 2 + 2] cycloaddition allows the synthesis of aryl ethers and diaryl methanes containing a high degree of steric hindrance from relatively simple diyne and alkyne precursors. The diarylmethanes made in this way show no evidence in their NMR spectra, however, of rotational restriction. 相似文献
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Trost BM Stambuli JP Silverman SM Schwörer U 《Journal of the American Chemical Society》2006,128(41):13328-13329
Transition-metal-catalyzed trimethylenemethane (TMM) [3 + 2] cycloadditions provide direct routes to functionalized cyclopentanes. This reaction has been shown to be a highly chemo-, regio-, and diastereoselective process. We report a palladium-catalyzed asymmetric [3 + 2] trimethylenemethane (TMM) cycloaddition between 3-acetoxy-2-trimethylsilylmethyl-1-propene and various di- and trisubstituted olefins. Yields of exo-methylenecyclopentane products range from 59 to 99%, and enantiomeric excesses range from 58 to 92% ee. 相似文献
15.
Shota Nagasaki 《Tetrahedron letters》2008,49(22):3578-3581
[2+2] Cycloaddition reactions of P2 with alkenes were predicted to have concerted paths, that is, pseudoexcitation, distorted 2πs+2πs, and 2πs+2πa processes without any interventions of intermediates. The pseudoexcitation and/or distorted 2πs+2πs paths with retention of configuration of alkenes are kinetically preferred to the 2πs+2πa path with inversion of configuration. The reactions were predicted from the appreciable difference in the calculated enthalpies of activation to be stereospecific. 相似文献
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A nickel-catalyzed [3+2] cycloaddition of cyclopropyl aldimines and enones has been developed. The process provides direct access to trisubstituted cyclopentanes, and the scope exceeds that of the corresponding reactions involving cyclopropyl ketones. A basis for the improved performance of cyclopropyl aldimines compared with cyclopropyl ketones is provided. 相似文献
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Horino Y Kimura M Tanaka S Okajima T Tamaru Y 《Chemistry (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany)》2003,9(11):2419-2438
The terminal allene C(alpha)=C(beta) bonds of 4vinylidene-2-oxazolidinone (2) readily undergo [2+2] cycloaddition with a wide variety of terminal alkynes, alkenes, and 1,3-dienes irrespective of their electronic nature under strictly thermal activation conditions (70-100 degrees C) and provide 3substituted (Z)-methylenecyclobutenes 6, 3substituted methylenecyclobutanes 7 and 8, and 3vinylmethylenecyclobutanes 9, respectively, in good to excellent yields. Alkenes react with 2 with complete retention of configuration. The [2+2] cycloaddition is concluded to proceed via a concerted [(pi(2s)+pi(2s))(allene) + pi(2s)] Hückel transition state on the basis of experimental evidences and quantum mechanical methods. Some highly polarized enones and nitrile oxide, on the other hand, react with 2 selectively at the internal C(4)=C(alpha) double bonds and give spiro compounds 10 and 11, respectively. The bent allene bonds (173-176 degrees) and the unique reactivity associated with 2 are attributed to a low-lying LUMO (C(alpha)=C(beta)) that is substantiated by a through-space sigma*(N-SO(2))-pi*(C(alpha)=C(beta)) orbital interaction. 相似文献
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[Structure: see text] An efficient and regioselective procedure for the synthesis of 1,2,3-triazoles via a [3+2] cycloaddition of polymer-bound vinyl sulfone and sodium azide is described. Microwave irradiation provided significant rate enhancement in all steps of the three-step protocol. A representative set of 23 compounds was prepared. 相似文献
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Craig R. Berry 《Tetrahedron》2004,60(35):7629-7636
An inverse electron-demand aza-[4+2] cycloaddition reaction of allenamides with 1-azadiene is described here. Effects of solvents on diastereoselectivity along with synthetic scopes and mechanistic insights are illustrated. Despite some synthetic limitations, this aza-[4+2] cycloaddition does provide a useful template for the synthesis of aza-glycoside related heterocycles. 相似文献