糖尿病患者血清中钙镁锌铜锰含量的研究

测定了１１例糖尿病患者血清中钙，镁，锌，铜，锰的含量，与对照组比较，结果表明，血清钙，镁的含量降低，血清铜的含量升高，血清锌和锰的含量降低。上述元素可用于糖尿病的辅助诊断与防治。     

脑卒中患者血清中钙镁镉铅铍含量的观察

对１１０例脑卒中患者与正常对照组血清中钙、镁、镉、铅、铍的含量比较。研究结果揭示：血清铍的含量升高，血清钙、镉、铅的含量降低，血清镁的含量两者之间无显著性差异，Ｐ〉０．０５。     

重度糖尿病患者血清中金属元素钾,钠,钙,镁的分析

对６０例重度中老年糖尿病患者进行了血清中钾、钠、钙、镁的含量测定，并与正常对照组进行了比较。     

116例冠心病患者血清中钙镁钡铝锶含量的研究

测定１１６例冠心病患者血清中钙，镁，钡，铝和锶的含量并与正常值比较，常量元素钙，镁和微量元素锶降低，而微量元素钡和铝升高，它们之间的差异都有显著或高度显著性。Ｐ〈０．０５或Ｐ〈０．０１。     

过敏性哮喘患者血清中钙镁钡铝锶含量的研究

３４例过敏性哮喘患者血清中钙、镁、钡、铝、锶的含量与对照组比较，结果显示（１）钙的含量明显下降，Ｐ＜０．０１；（２）钡和锶的含量升高，差异有显著性和高度显著性，Ｐ＜０．０５和Ｐ＜０．０１；（３）镁和铝的含量差异无显著性，Ｐ＞０．０５。     

116例冠心病患者血清中钙镁镉铅铍含量的探讨

测定了１１６例冠心病患者血清中钙、镁、镉、铅、铍的含量并与正常对照组比较。结果显示，常量元素钙、镁与微量元素镉、铅含量降低，而铍的含量升高。它们之间的差异有显著性或高度显著性，Ｐ〈０．０５或Ｐ〈０．０１。     

脑梗塞后血清常量元素钙镁含量的动态研究

为探讨急性脑梗塞后血清钙镁含量变化及其对预防和治疗的临床意义,随机选取３２例患者采用不同时期晨起空腹采血,应用ＭＴＢ法６４００－Ａ型临床电解质分析仪测定血清中Ｃａ＾２＋和Ｍｇ＾２＋的含量。结果表明,病例组发病１周时血清Ｃａ＾２＋和Ｍｇ＾２＋含量均低于对照组（Ｐ〈０．０１）,发病后２４ｈ血清Ｃａ＾２＋,Ｍｇ＾２＋含量逐渐降低,到发病１周后血清Ｃａ＾２＋、Ｍｇ＾２＋含量降低最明显,２周后血清Ｃａ＾２＋     

Graves病患者血清七种元素含量变化及临床意义

采用原子吸收和火焰光谱分析法，检测Graves病患者308例和209名正常对照组的血清微量元素Zn、Cu、Fe和常量元素Ca、Mg，K、Na含量．结果显示，Graves病患者Zn、Fe、Mg、K及Zn／Cu、Ha／K低于对照组．而Cu、Ca、Ca／MR则高于对照组．结合本研究结果，我们对七种元素与T3、T4及生化指标的关系进行了分析．     

原发性高血压病与血清钙,镁关系的探讨

对１０７例住院的原发性高血压病患者和８１例健康人分别进行血清钙、镁的测定，并作对比，结果表明，原发性高血压病患者常量元素钙、镁较健康人有明显下降，钙、镁比例下降、它们之间有显著差异（Ｐ〈０．０１），此可能对高血压病的防治有一定的价值。     

田径运动员血清,头发锌铁铜钙镁含量分析

采用原子吸收分光光度法测定了玉林师范专科学校51名田径运动员的头发和血清锌、铁、铜、钙、镁元素含量。结果表明：血清元素除钙低于标准外，其余四种元素均达标准值。男运动员血清铁、镁显著高于女性（P＜0．01），其余元素男女之间无差异。头发中锌铁铜钙镁均值（单位×10－6）分别为：128．25±18．34、47．59±39．17、7．18±1．04、575．17±145．70、109．32±48．5，达标准值的百分比分别为62．74％、43．14％、21．57％、66．67％和100％。     

The Purinergic Landscape of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is the key energy intermediate of cellular metabolic processes and a ubiquitous extracellular messenger. As an extracellular messenger, ATP acts at plasma membrane P2 receptors (P2Rs). The levels of extracellular ATP (eATP) are set by both passive and active release mechanisms and degradation processes. Under physiological conditions, eATP concentration is in the low nanomolar range but can rise to tens or even hundreds of micromoles/L at inflammatory sites. A dysregulated eATP homeostasis is a pathogenic factor in several chronic inflammatory diseases, including type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). T2DM is characterized by peripheral insulin resistance and impairment of insulin production from pancreatic β-cells in a landscape of systemic inflammation. Although various hypoglycemic drugs are currently available, an effective treatment for T2DM and its complications is not available. However, counteracting systemic inflammation is anticipated to be beneficial. The postulated eATP increase in T2DM is understood to be a driver of inflammation via P2X7 receptor (P2X7R) activation and the release of inflammatory cytokines. Furthermore, P2X7R stimulation is thought to trigger apoptosis of pancreatic β-cells, thus further aggravating hyperglycemia. Targeting eATP and the P2X7R might be an appealing novel approach to T2DM therapy.     

2型糖尿病患者血清微量元素分析

为探讨2型糖尿病与患者血清微量元素的关系,对105例2型糖尿病患者血清Fe、Zn、Cu、Cr、Mg、Ca进行了观察,并与正常对照组做比较,各指标间做相关分析,结果表明,2型糖尿病患者血清Zn、Cr含量明显低于对照组,Cu的含量明显高于对照组,Fe、Mg、Ca的含量两组无差异。提示糖尿病患者体内微量元素的含量与糖尿病具有密切的关系。     

急性心肌梗塞患者头发锌、铜及血清钾、钙、镁含量的变化

对２５例刀性心肌梗塞患者的头发锌、铜及血清钾、钙、镁含量进行了测量分析,结果显示患者中高发锌者占２０％,低发锌者占１２％;８８％患者的发铜含量减少;约１／４患者的血钾浓度轻度升高,１／３患者血钙增多,而血镁降低者较多,占７６％。     

血镁水平与糖尿病肾病

为探讨糖尿病肾病 (DN)患者血镁水平 ,以 1 5 9例 2型糖尿病 (T2DM)患者为研究对象 ,用xylidylblue比色法测定了其正常白蛋白尿期、微量白蛋白尿期 (早期DN)、临床DN及晚期DN血镁水平 ,与 2 0例正常对照组相比较 ;同时将 1 1 0例DN患者分为肾功能不全代偿组、失代偿组和肾功能衰竭组 ,将其血镁水平与 1 0 2例慢性肾小球肾炎 (CGN)患者相比较 ,组间比较采用t检验 ;对 79例T2DM正常白蛋白尿期及微量白蛋白尿期患者尿白蛋白排泄率 (UAER)与血镁水平进行了等级相关分析。结果表明 ,T2DM正常白蛋白尿期、早期DN及临床DN血镁水平降低 ,晚期DN血镁水平升高 ,各组与正常对照组相比存在显著性差异 (P <0 0 5或P <0 0 1 ) ;T2DMDN及CGN肾功能不全代偿期、失代偿期及肾功能衰竭期血镁水平渐升高 ,且肾功能处于同一期的DN和CGN相比 ,前者血镁水平均较后者显著降低 (P <0 0 1或P <0 0 5 ) ;T2DM正常白蛋白尿期和微量白蛋白尿期血镁水平与UAER呈负相关 (r=0 5 47,P <0 0 1 )。提示T2DM患者肾功能正常时存在低镁倾向 ,但晚期DN血镁水平升高 ;随着肾功能不全进展 ,DN和CGN患者血镁水平升高 ,但前者血镁水平仍较后者低 ,镁代谢紊乱与DM及其并发症的相互关系有待进一步研究 ;血镁水平测定可否作为DN的早期诊断指标亦     

Graves病患者经131I治疗后血浆和红细胞锌含量的变化及其临床意义

为研究Graves病(GD)患者经^131I治疗后血浆和红细胞锌(Zn)含量的变化及其临床意义，采用原子吸收分光光谱法(AAS)和放射免疫分析法(Rn)分别检测了40例GD患者、20例经^131I治疗后甲状腺功能恢复至正常水平GD患者与30名健康人血浆和红细胞Zn的含量以及血浆甲状腺激素水平。结果表明，GD组红细胞Zn含量明显低于对照组(P＜0．01)；血浆Zn含量虽略低于对照组，但无统计学意义(P＜0．05)；且Zn与FT4呈明显负相关(P＜0．01)、与TSH呈正相关(P＜0．05)。GD治疗缓解组红细胞Zn明显高于治疗前(P＜0．01)，血浆Zn明显低于治疗前(P＜0．05)；红细胞Zn检测GD的敏感性与特异性分别为95．0％与96．7％。提示GD患者存在红细胞Zn含量改变，甲状腺激素可能干扰红细胞Zn的代谢，同时测定红细胞Zn可作为GD的临床诊断、治疗以及疾病转归的参考指标。     

pH-temperature Responsive Hydrogel-Mediated Delivery of Exendin-4 Encapsulated Chitosan Nanospheres for Sustained Therapeutic Efficacy in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2D) is a chronic, obesity-related, and inflammatory disorder characterize by insulin resistance, inadequate insulin secretion, hyperglycemia, and excessive glucagon secretion. Exendin-4 (EX), a clinically established antidiabetic medication that acts as a glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist, is effective in lowering glucose levels and stimulating insulin secretion while significantly reducing hunger. However, the requirement for multiple daily injections due to EX's short half-life is a significant limitation in its clinical application, leading to high treatment costs and patient inconvenience. To address this issue, an injectable hydrogel system is developed that can provide sustained EX release at the injection site, reducing the need for daily injections. In this study, the electrospray technique is examine to form EX@CS nanospheres by electrostatic interaction between cationic chitosan (CS) and negatively charged EX. These nanospheres are uniformly dispersed in a pH-temperature responsive pentablock copolymer, which forms micelles and undergoes sol-to-gel transition at physiological conditions. Following injection, the hydrogel gradually degraded, exhibiting excellent biocompatibility. The EX@CS nanospheres are subsequently released, maintaining therapeutic levels for over 72 h compared to free EX solution. The findings demonstrate that the pH-temperature responsive hydrogel system containing EX@CS nanospheres can be a promising platform for the treatment of T2D.     

Discovery of Novel and Selective G-Protein Coupled Receptor 120 (GPR120) Agonists for the Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Diabetes mellitus (DM), a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by high blood glucose, not only poses a serious threat to human life and health, but also places an economic burden on society. Currently available antidiabetic pharmacological agents have some adverse effects, which have stimulated researchers to explore novel antidiabetic agents with different mechanisms of action. G-protein Coupled Receptor 120 (GPR120), also known as free fatty acid receptor 4 (FFAR4), which is activated by medium-chain and long-chain fatty acids, has emerged as an interesting potential target for the treatment of metabolic disorders. Herein, we designed and synthesized a series of novel GPR120 agonists based on the structure of TUG-891, which is susceptible to β-oxidation and loses its GPR120 agonistic activity in vivo. Among the designed compounds, 14d showed excellent agonistic activity and selectivity and could improve glucose tolerance in normal mice in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, the compound 14d displayed good antidiabetic effects in diet-induced obese (DIO) mice and elevated insulin levels. Molecular simulations illustrated that compound 14d could enter the active site of GPR120 and interact with ARG99, which plays an important role in GPR120 activation. Based on these observations, compound 14d may be a promising lead compound deserving of further biological evaluation and structural modifications.     

Validation of a Microwave-Assisted Derivatization Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry Method for the Quantification of 2-Hydroxybutyrate in Human Serum as an Early Marker of Diabetes Mellitus

Circulating levels of 2-hydroxybutyrate (2HB) are highly related to glycemic status in different metabolomic studies. According to recent evidence, 2HB is an early biomarker of the future development of dysglycemia and type 2 diabetes mellitus and may be causally related to the progression of normal subjects to impaired fasting glucose or insulin resistance. In the present study, we developed and validated a simple, specific and sensitive gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) method specifically intended to quantify serum levels of 2HB. Liquid–liquid extraction with ethyl acetate was followed by 2 min of microwave-assisted derivatization. The method presented acceptable accuracy, precision and recovery, and the limit of quantification was 5 µM. Levels of 2HB were found to be stable in serum after three freeze-thaw cycles, and at ambient temperature and at a temperature of 4 °C for up to 24 h. Extracts derivatized under microwave irradiation were stable for up to 96 h. No differences were found in 2HB concentrations measured in serum or plasma EDTA samples. In summary, the method is useful for a rapid, precise and accurate quantification of 2HB in serum samples assessed for the evaluation of dysglycemia and diabetes mellitus.     

Natural Ingredients from Medicine Food Homology as Chemopreventive Reagents against Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus by Modulating Gut Microbiota Homoeostasis

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a noteworthy worldwide public health problem. It represents a complex metabolic disorder, mainly characterized as hyperglycemia and lipid dysfunction. The gut microbiota dysbiosis has been proposed to play a role in the development of diabetes. Recently, there has been considerable interest in the use of medicine food homology (MFH) and functional food herbs (FF) to ameliorate diabetes and lead to a natural and healthy life. Hence, this review compiles some reports and findings to demonstrate that the practical use of the MFH/FF can modulate the homoeostasis of gut microbiota, thereby ameliorating the development of T2DM. The results provided useful data to support further investigation of the functional basis and application of MFH/FF to treat T2DM through maintaining intestinal homeostasis.     

Lycopene: A Potent Antioxidant for the Amelioration of Type II Diabetes Mellitus

Nutrition is of utmost importance in chronic disease management and has often been described as the cornerstone of a variety of non-communicable diseases. In particular, type II diabetes mellitus (T2DM) represents a prevalent and global public health crisis. Lycopene, a bright red carotenoid hydrocarbon found in tomatoes and other red fruits and vegetables, has been extensively studied for its biological activities and treatment efficiency in diabetes care. Epidemiological investigations indicate that lycopene has potential antioxidant properties, is capable of scavenging reactive species, and alleviates oxidative stress in T2DM patients. This review aims to summarize the characteristics and mechanisms of action of lycopene as a potent antioxidant for T2DM. In addition, the evidence demonstrating the effects of lycopene on glycemic control and oxidative stress biomarkers in T2DM are also highlighted using animal and human studies as literature approach.