Functional inequalities related to Mahler’s conjecture

Extending a result of Meyer and Reisner (Monatsh Math 125:219–227, 1998), we prove that if ${g: \mathbb{R}\to \mathbb{R}_+}$ is a function which is concave on its support, then for every m > 0 and every ${z\in\mathbb{R}}$ such that g(z) > 0, one has $$ \int\limits_{\mathbb{R}} g(x)^mdx\int\limits_{\mathbb{R}} (g^{*z}(y))^m dy\ge \frac{(m+2)^{m+2}}{(m+1)^{m+3}},$$ where for ${y\in \mathbb{R}}$ , ${g^{*z}(y)=\inf_x \frac{(1-(x-z)y)_+}{g(x)}}$ . It is shown how this inequality is related to a special case of Mahler’s conjecture (or inverse Santaló inequality) for convex bodies. The same ideas are applied to give a new (and simple) proof of the exact estimate of the functional inverse Santaló inequality in dimension 1 given in Fradelizi and Meyer (Adv Math 218:1430–1452, 2008). Namely, if ${\phi:\mathbb{R}\to\mathbb{R}\cup\{+\infty\}}$ is a convex function such that ${0 < \int e^{-\phi} < +\infty}$ then, for every ${z\in\mathbb{R}}$ such that ${\phi(z) < +\infty}$ , one has $$ \int\limits_{\mathbb{R}}e^{-\phi}\int\limits_{\mathbb{R}} e^{-\mathcal{L}^z\phi}\ge e,$$ where ${\mathcal {L}^z\phi}$ is the Legendre transform of ${\phi}$ with respect to z.     

A zoo of diffeomorphism groups on \mathbb{R }^{n}

We consider the groups ${\mathrm{Diff }}_\mathcal{B }(\mathbb{R }^n)$ , ${\mathrm{Diff }}_{H^\infty }(\mathbb{R }^n)$ , and ${\mathrm{Diff }}_{\mathcal{S }}(\mathbb{R }^n)$ of smooth diffeomorphisms on $\mathbb{R }^n$ which differ from the identity by a function which is in either $\mathcal{B }$ (bounded in all derivatives), $H^\infty = \bigcap _{k\ge 0}H^k$ , or $\mathcal{S }$ (rapidly decreasing). We show that all these groups are smooth regular Lie groups.     

Some properties of a hypergeometric function which appear in an approximation problem

In this paper we consider properties and power expressions of the functions $f:(-1,1)\rightarrow \mathbb{R }$ and $f_L:(-1,1)\rightarrow \mathbb{R }$ , defined by $$\begin{aligned} f(x;\gamma )=\frac{1}{\pi }\int \limits _{-1}^1 \frac{(1+xt)^\gamma }{\sqrt{1-t^2}}\,\mathrm{d}t \quad \text{ and}\quad f_L(x;\gamma )=\frac{1}{\pi }\int \limits _{-1}^1 \frac{(1+xt)^\gamma \log (1+x t)}{\sqrt{1-t^2}}\,\mathrm{d}t, \end{aligned}$$ respectively, where $\gamma $ is a real parameter, as well as some properties of a two parametric real-valued function $D(\,\cdot \,;\alpha ,\beta ) :(-1,1) \rightarrow \mathbb{R }$ , defined by $$\begin{aligned} D(x;\alpha ,\beta )= f(x;\beta )f(x;-\alpha -1)- f(x;-\alpha )f(x;\beta -1),\quad \alpha ,\beta \in \mathbb{R }. \end{aligned}$$ The inequality of Turán type $$\begin{aligned} D(x;\alpha ,\beta )>0,\quad -1<x<1, \end{aligned}$$ for $\alpha +\beta >0$ is proved, as well as an opposite inequality if $\alpha +\beta <0$ . Finally, for the partial derivatives of $D(x;\alpha ,\beta )$ with respect to $\alpha $ or $\beta $ , respectively $A(x;\alpha ,\beta )$ and $B(x;\alpha ,\beta )$ , for which $A(x;\alpha ,\beta )=B(x;-\beta ,-\alpha )$ , some results are obtained. We mention also that some results of this paper have been successfully applied in various problems in the theory of polynomial approximation and some “truncated” quadrature formulas of Gaussian type with an exponential weight on the real semiaxis, especially in a computation of Mhaskar–Rahmanov–Saff numbers.     

On the Hall algebra of semigroup representations over \mathbb F _1

Let $\mathrm{A }$ be a finitely generated semigroup with 0. An $\mathrm{A }$ -module over $\mathbb F _1$ (also called an $\mathrm{A }$ -set), is a pointed set $(M,*)$ together with an action of $\mathrm{A }$ . We define and study the Hall algebra $\mathbb H _{\mathrm{A }}$ of the category $\mathcal C _{\mathrm{A }}$ of finite $\mathrm{A }$ -modules. $\mathbb H _{\mathrm{A }}$ is shown to be the universal enveloping algebra of a Lie algebra $\mathfrak n _{\mathrm{A }}$ , called the Hall Lie algebra of $\mathcal C _{\mathrm{A }}$ . In the case of $\langle t \rangle $ —the free monoid on one generator $\langle t \rangle $ , the Hall algebra (or more precisely the Hall algebra of the subcategory of nilpotent $\langle t \rangle $ -modules) is isomorphic to Kreimer’s Hopf algebra of rooted forests. This perspective allows us to define two new commutative operations on rooted forests. We also consider the examples when $\mathrm{A }$ is a quotient of $\langle t \rangle $ by a congruence, and the monoid $G \cup \{ 0\}$ for a finite group $G$ .     

On the Topology of Kac–Moody groups

We study the topology of spaces related to Kac–Moody groups. Given a Kac–Moody group over $\mathbb C $ , let $\text {K}$ denote the unitary form with maximal torus ${{\mathrm{T}}}$ having normalizer ${{\mathrm{N}}}({{\mathrm{T}}})$ . In this article we study the cohomology of the flag manifold $\text {K}/{{{\mathrm{T}}}}$ as a module over the Nil-Hecke algebra, as well as the (co)homology of $\text {K}$ as a Hopf algebra. In particular, if $\mathbb F $ has positive characteristic, we show that $\text {H}_*(\text {K},\mathbb F )$ is a finitely generated algebra, and that $\text {H}^*(\text {K},\mathbb F )$ is finitely generated only if $\text {K}$ is a compact Lie group . We also study the stable homotopy type of the classifying space $\text {BK}$ and show that it is a retract of the classifying space $\text {BN(T)}$ of ${{\mathrm{N}}}({{\mathrm{T}}})$ . We illustrate our results with the example of rank two Kac–Moody groups.     

Weak-strong uniqueness criterion for the \beta -generalized surface quasi-geostrophic equation

We prove that weak-strong uniqueness holds for the $\beta $ -generalized surface quasi-geostrophic equation in the regular class $\nabla \theta \in L^{q}(0,T; L^{p}(\mathbb{R }^{2}))$ with $\frac{\alpha }{q}+\frac{2}{p}=\alpha +\beta -1$ , where $\alpha \in (0,1], \beta \in [1,2)$ and $\frac{2}{\alpha +\beta -1}<p<\infty $ .     

Embeddings of Müntz Spaces: Composition Operators

Given a strictly increasing sequence ${\Lambda = (\lambda_n)}$ of nonnegative real numbers, with ${\sum_{n=1}^\infty \frac{1}{\lambda_n}<\infty}$ , the Müntz spaces ${M_\Lambda^p}$ are defined as the closure in L ^p ([0, 1]) of the monomials ${x^{\lambda_n}}$ . We discuss how properties of the embedding ${M_\Lambda^2\subset L^2(\mu)}$ , where?μ is a finite positive Borel measure on the interval [0, 1], have immediate consequences for composition operators on ${M^2_\Lambda}$ . We give criteria for composition operators to be bounded, compact, or to belong to the Schatten–von Neumann ideals.     

p-Harmonic functions in the Heisenberg group: boundary behaviour in domains well-approximated by non-characteristic hyperplanes

In this paper we study, for given $p,~1<p<\infty $ , the boundary behaviour of non-negative $p$ -harmonic functions in the Heisenberg group $\mathbb{H }^n$ , i.e., we consider weak solutions to the non-linear and potentially degenerate partial differential equation $$\begin{aligned} \sum _{i=1}^{2n}X_i(|Xu|^{p-2}\,X_i u)=0 \end{aligned}$$ where the vector fields $X_1,\ldots ,X_{2n}$ form a basis for the space of left-invariant vector fields on $\mathbb{H }^n$ . In particular, we introduce a set of domains $\Omega \subset \mathbb{H }^n$ which we refer to as domains well-approximated by non-characteristic hyperplanes and in $\Omega $ we prove, for $2\le p<\infty $ , the boundary Harnack inequality as well as the Hölder continuity for ratios of positive $p$ -harmonic functions vanishing on a portion of $\partial \Omega $ .     

On the bicanonical map of primitive varieties with q(X) = \mathrm{dim }X: the degree and the Euler number

Let $X$ be a variety of maximal Albanese dimension and of general type. Assume that $q(X) = \mathrm{dim }X$ , the Albanese variety $\mathrm {Alb} (X)$ is a simple abelian variety, and the bicanonical map is not birational. We prove that the Euler number $\chi (X, \omega _X)$ is equal to 1, and $|2K_X|$ separates two distinct points over the same general point on $\mathrm {Alb} (X)$ via $\mathrm {alb}_X$ (Theorem 1.1).     

Stochastics and thermodynamics for equilibrium measures of holomorphic endomorphisms on complex projective spaces

It was proved by Urbański and Zdunik (Fund Math 220:23–69, 2013) that for every holomorphic endomorphism $f:{{\mathbb { P}}}^k\rightarrow {{\mathbb { P}}}^k$ of a complex projective space ${{\mathbb { P}}}^k,k\ge 1$ , there exists a positive number $\kappa _f>0$ such that if $J$ is the Julia set of $f$ (i.e. the support of the maximal entropy measure) and $\phi :J\rightarrow {\mathbb R}$ is a Hölder continuous function with $\sup (\phi )-\inf (\phi )<\kappa _f$ (pressure gap), then $\phi $ admits a unique equilibrium state $\mu _\phi $ on $J$ . In this paper we prove that the dynamical system ( $f,\mu _\phi $ ) enjoys exponential decay of correlations of Hölder continuous observables as well as the Central Limit Theorem and the Law of Iterated Logarithm for the class of these variables that, in addition, satisfy a natural co-boundary condition. We also show that the topological pressure function $t\mapsto P(t\phi )$ is real-analytic throughout the open set of all parameters $t$ for which the potentials $t\phi $ have pressure gaps.     

Equilibrium measures on saddle sets of holomorphic maps on \mathbb{P }^2

We consider the case of hyperbolic basic sets $\Lambda $ of saddle type for holomorphic maps $f:{\mathbb{P }}^2{\mathbb{C }}\rightarrow {\mathbb{P }}^2{\mathbb{C }}$ . We study equilibrium measures $\mu _\phi $ associated to a class of Hölder potentials $\phi $ on $\Lambda $ , and find the measures $\mu _\phi $ of iterates of arbitrary Bowen balls. Estimates for the pointwise dimension $\delta _{\mu _\phi }$ of $\mu _\phi $ that involve Lyapunov exponents and a correction term are found, and also a formula for the Hausdorff dimension of $\mu _\phi $ in the case when the preimage counting function is constant on $\Lambda $ . For terminal/minimal saddle sets we prove that an invariant measure $\nu $ obtained as a wedge product of two positive closed currents, is in fact the measure of maximal entropy for the restriction $f|_\Lambda $ . This allows then to obtain formulas for the measure $\nu $ of arbitrary balls, and to give a formula for the pointwise dimension and the Hausdorff dimension of $\nu $ .     

Strengthening the cohomological crepant resolution conjecture for Hilbert–Chow morphisms

Given any smooth toric surface $S$ , we prove a SYM-HILB correspondence which relates the 3-point, degree zero, extended Gromov–Witten invariants of the $n$ -fold symmetric product stack $[\mathrm{Sym}^n(S)]$ of $S$ to the 3-point extremal Gromov–Witten invariants of the Hilbert scheme $\mathrm{Hilb}^n(S)$ of $n$ points on $S$ . As we do not specialize the values of the quantum parameters involved, this result proves a strengthening of Ruan’s Cohomological Crepant Resolution Conjecture for the Hilbert–Chow morphism $\mathrm{Hilb}^n(S) \rightarrow \mathrm{Sym}^n(S)$ and yields a method of reconstructing the cup product for $\mathrm{Hilb}^n(S)$ from the orbifold invariants of $[\mathrm{Sym}^n(S)]$ .     

Donsker-type theorems for nonparametric maximum likelihood estimators

Let ${\mathcal{P}}$ be a nonparametric probability model consisting of smooth probability densities and let ${\hat{p}_{n}}$ be the corresponding maximum likelihood estimator based on n independent observations each distributed according to the law ${\mathbb{P}}$ . With $\hat{\mathbb{P}}_{n}$ denoting the measure induced by the density ${\hat{p}_{n}}$ , define the stochastic process ${\hat{\nu}}_{n}: f\longmapsto \sqrt{n} \int fd({\hat{\mathbb{P}}}_{n} -\mathbb{P})$ where f ranges over some function class ${\mathcal{F}}$ . We give a general condition for Donsker classes ${\mathcal{F}}$ implying that the stochastic process $\hat{\nu}_{n}$ is asymptotically equivalent to the empirical process in the space ${\ell ^{\infty }(\mathcal{F})}$ of bounded functions on ${ \mathcal{F}}$ . This implies in particular that $\hat{\nu}_{n}$ converges in law in ${\ell ^{\infty }(\mathcal{F})}$ to a mean zero Gaussian process. We verify the general condition for a large family of Donsker classes ${\mathcal{ F}}$ . We give a number of applications: convergence of the probability measure ${\hat{\mathbb{P}}_{n}}$ to ${\mathbb{P}}$ at rate ${\sqrt{n}}$ in certain metrics metrizing the topology of weak(-star) convergence; a unified treatment of convergence rates of the MLE in a continuous scale of Sobolev-norms; ${\sqrt{n}}$ -efficient estimation of nonlinear functionals defined on ${\mathcal{P}}$ ; limit theorems at rate ${\sqrt{n}}$ for the maximum likelihood estimator of the convolution product ${\mathbb{P\ast P}}$ .     

On the largest conjugacy class length of a finite group

Let $G$ be a finite group and $\mathrm{bcl}(G)$ the largest conjugacy class length of $G$ . In this note we slightly improve He and Shi’s lower bound for $\mathrm{bcl}(G)$ , showing that $|\mathrm{bcl}(G)|\ge p^{\frac{1}{p}}(|G:O_{p}(G)|_{p})^{\frac{p-1}{p}}$ .     

On adding a variable to a Frobenius manifold and generalizations

Let $\pi :V\rightarrow M$ be a (real or holomorphic) vector bundle whose base has an almost Frobenius structure $(\circ _{M},e_{M},g_{M})$ and typical fiber has the structure of a Frobenius algebra $(\circ _{V},e_{V},g_{V})$ . Using a connection $D$ on the bundle $\pi : V{\,\rightarrow \,}M$ and a morphism $\alpha :V\rightarrow TM$ , we construct an almost Frobenius structure $(\circ , e_{V},g)$ on the manifold $V$ and we study when it is Frobenius. In particular, we describe all (real) positive definite Frobenius structures on $V$ obtained in this way, when $M$ is a semisimple Frobenius manifold with non-vanishing rotation coefficients. In the holomorphic setting, we add a real structure $k_{M}$ on $M$ and a real structure $k_{V}$ on the bundle $\pi : V \rightarrow M$ . Using $k_{M}$ , $k_{V}$ and $D$ we define a real structure $k$ on the manifold $V$ . We study when $k$ , together with an almost Frobenius structure $(\circ , e_{V}, g) $ , satisfies the tt*- equations. Along the way, we prove various properties of adding variables to a Frobenius manifold, in connection with Legendre transformations and $tt^{*}$ -geometry.