SNS与SINIS结阵制作工艺的比较

国家电压基准是基于约瑟夫森量子化效应的。传统的SIS结阵具有不能快速选择特定的台阶,相位锁定时间短的问题。I-V曲线无回滞的约瑟夫森结阵,其I-V曲线单值,电压台阶宽,解决了SIS结阵的问题。美国标准技术研究院的Hamilton提出并制作高度阻尼的可编程SNS约瑟夫森结阵电压标准;德国物理技术研究院则选择SINIS结来制作可编程约瑟夫森结阵电压基准。从结构、性能和制作方法等方面对SNS和SINIS可编程约瑟夫森结阵进行了比较。     

Study of inverse a.c. Josephson effect in Y–Ba–Cu–O and Y–8a–Sr–Cu–O

Microwave induced d.c. voltage due to inverse a.c. Josephson effect has been observed across bulk samples of Y-Ba-Cu-O and Y-Ba-Sr-Cu-O. The d.c. voltage is found to vary with microwave power, frequency and also with small external magnetic fields. Although the resistivity curve of Y-Ba-Cu-O does not show any appreciable resistance drop around 230 K, the microwave induced d.c. voltage due to the inverse a.c. Josephson effect has been found to exist upto 230 K. The resistivity behaviour of Y-Ba-Sr-Cu-O shows a sharp resistivity drop above 230 K. In this sample the inverse Josephson effect is found to exist upto +26 °C, indicating the presence of a phase having a superconducting onset around this temperature.     

脉冲高电压幅值测量的不确定度分析

 在脉冲高电压幅值测量的不确定度评定中,从测量和标定溯源的角度出发将不确定度来源分为示波器测量不确定度和探头不确定度。以初级实验平台单路样机三板线入口电压的测量为例,按照探头不确定度的来源分别分析了三板线电压测量随机效应产生的不确定度,D-dot探头和电阻分压器标定时的系统效应和随机效应产生的不确定度,示波器和衰减器的校准不确定度,示波器的分辨力不确定度。同时进行了测试和标定系统的频率响应分析,以证明被测信号在测试系统的频率响应范围之内。以相关实验数据为基础计算了各个不确定度分量、合成标准不确定度以及扩展不确定度。按工程测量要求取包含因子为2,可得三板线入口电压测量值为1.89 MV,扩展不确定度为3.9％。     

用于精密测量玻尔兹曼常数的量子电压噪声源芯片研制

量子噪声温度计系统可通过比较导体中电子运动的热噪声和量子电压参考噪声精密测量玻尔兹曼常数,其中量子电压噪声源所合成的量子电压参考噪声由一组超导约瑟夫森结阵产生.本文详细介绍了基于Nb/Nb_xSi_(1-x)/Nb约瑟夫森结的量子电压噪声源芯片的设计、制备及测试;采用脉冲驱动模式,合成了具有量子精度的100 kHz交流量子电压信号.结果表明:本文所研制的噪声温度计核心芯片已具备了合成交流电压的功能,可为后续玻尔兹曼常数精密定值、重新定义及复现热力学温度研究提供核心器件.     

Observation of inverse a.c. Josephson effect in bulk Y-Ba-Cu-O possessing highT c

Microwave-induced d.c. voltage due to inverse a.c. Josephson effect has been observed across bulk samples of Y-Ba-Cu-O. Variation of the d.c. voltage with small external magnetic field and temperature has been investigated. Our results indicate that weakly coupled superconducting grains exist up to 230 K.     

Neue elektrische Quantenmaße mit weltweiter Gültigkeit ab 01. 01. 1990

New Electrical Quantum Measures with Worldwide Validity after 01. 01. 1990 After 01. 01. 1990, new and uniform quantum measures will be internationally valid for maintaining and disseminating the units of electrical voltage, the volt, and of electrical resistance, the ohm. This means that the Josephson voltage standard and the von-Klitzing Standard will finally supersede the highest-order standards of classical physics. The paper describes the new situation and discusses the advantages and disadvantages of quantum measures, their relation to the fundamental constants and the International System of Units.     

液氮温区的小型高频信号检测系统

研究了高温超导约瑟夫逊结的高频信号辐照响应;建立了简便的小型液氮制冷设备,提供79K的工作温度;研究了GPIB仪器控制技术,编写了数据采集软件,利用带有GPIB接口卡的个人电脑以及两个型号为HP34401A的惠普数字多用表,建成一个自动化快速测量系统;利用自动化测量系统测量并研究了高温超导约瑟夫逊结在79K下的直流电流-电压特性曲线以及98GHz高频信号辐照的电压响应和相应的频谱特性。     

YBCO step-edge SQUIDs by magnetron sputtering technique

Summary YBCO step-edge junction d.c. SQUIDs have been realized by using the Inverted Cylindrical Magnetron Sputtering (ICMS) technique. This last represents a novel technology for high-T _c Josephson junctions (HTSC). Steps are obtained by standard ion milling procedure on LaAlO₃ (100) substrates using Nb-masks patterned by reactive ion etching. Measurements of currentvs. voltage, maximum d.c. Josephson currentvs. magnetic field and SQUID voltage response measurements have been performed, also as a function of the temperature. Operating temperature as high as 77K has been achieved. At 4.2K the SQUIDs show a maximum voltage of flux transfer function (∂V/∂ϕ)_max=870 μV/Ф₀ and a good periodicity of theV-ϕ modulation up to 20Ф₀ without any sign of hysteresis. The ratio between the step height (h) and the film thickness (d) seems to play a fundamental role in determining Josephson properties of the bridges, these conditions being more severe with respect to most of the data available in literature. Paper presented at the ?VII Congresso SATT?, Torino, 4–7 October 1994.     

Resistance metrology based on the quantum Hall effect

The Quantum Hall effect (QHE), a macroscopic effect of solid state physics, provides a universal representation of the unit of resistance which depends on the elementary charge e and the Planck constant h only. If implemented according to specific technical guidelines, the quantum resistance standard can be reproduced with a relative uncertainty below one part in 10⁹. Calibrations of wire resistors in terms of the QHE can be carried out with similarly low uncertainties by using resistance bridges equipped with cryogenic current comparators, the performance of which relies on the magnetic flux sensitivity of superconducting quantum interference devices (SQUID). Using a special connection technique, the fundamental properties of the QHE allow the fabrication of arrays combining a large number of single Hall bars connected in series or in parallel and which demonstrate quantum accuracy. Similar to the case of voltage metrology with Josephson array voltage standards, an improvement of resistance metrology is expected from the availability of quantum Hall array resistance standards (QHARS). The QHE Wheatstone bridge, which is another application of the same connection technique, opens the way to new universality tests of the QHE with a relative uncertainty below one part in 10¹¹. At frequencies in the kilohertz range, the recent progress in the application of coaxial bridges to the QHE allows metrologists to operate a quantum resistance standard with alternating current reaching an accuracy of some parts in 10⁸. Finally, the discovery of the QHE in graphene opens new horizons for the resistance metrology.     

Dynamics of a SQUID with topologically nontrivial barriers

The phase dynamics of a SQUID consisting of Josephson junctions with topologically nontrivial barriers has been studied. Its comparative analysis with the dynamics of a conventional SQUID has been performed. The current–voltage characteristics have been calculated. The dependence of the return current on the magnetic field has been found. It has been shown that the branch of the current–voltage characteristic corresponding to the resonance frequency in the case of the SQUID with nontrivial barriers is displaced by \(\sqrt 2 \) over voltage. This effect can be used for the detection of Majorana fermions.     

脉冲高电压测量不确定度评定

为开展脉冲高电压测量不确定度评定,分析了应用黑箱概念建立测量不确定度模型的方法,给出了脉冲分压器测量与标定的不确定度模型。依照不确定度传播率,对完善后的模型进行不确定度合成,并与通常采用的按照方差进行相对不确定分量合成的结果进行比较。计算结果表明:当不确定度模型中仅仅存在不同变量的乘除形式,或虽然存在加减项,但是其数学期望值为0,相对不确定度合成可以得到正确的结果。对通过测量2个电压间接计算电位差的方法以及用分贝表示衰减的不确定度合成开展分析,验证了相对不确定度合成的适用范围。在分压器标定实验中,为了减小信号源输出值的分散性对评定结果的影响,对电压比值开展A类不确定度评定,合成后得到分压比不确定度。     

The characterization of capacitive micromachined ultrasonic transducers in air

Surface micromachined, capacitive ultrasonic transducers have been fabricated using a low thermal budget, CMOS-compatible process. They exhibit interesting properties for transduction in air at frequencies in excess of 1 MHz, when driven from a standard ultrasonic voltage source. Experiments are described using 1 mm square devices in air, operating in both pitch-catch and pulse-echo modes. The dependence on d.c. bias voltage is examined, together with calibration measurements using 1/8 in. microphones. The radiated beam profile, and the farfield directivity pattern, have been measured for both broad bandwidth and one-burst excitation, using a scanned miniature receiver. A 16 element square array is also presented, which has been used to measure the beam cross-sections from a focussed source.     

Millimeter-wave band microwave signal spectrum measurement on the basis of the Hilbert transform of Josephson junction function response

Theory and the canonical algorithm for the Hilbert-spectroscopy of microwave signals based on of the AC Josephson effect are propoused. The spectrum analyzer microwave unit using the Josephson junction as a measuring sensor is described.     

Terahertz phonon spectroscopy of doped superconducting cuprates

Facts are presented evidencing a strong electron-phonon interaction in doped BSCCO superconductors. A pronounced fine structure in dI/dV characteristics of Josephson junctions has been observed which is caused by interaction of AC Josephson current with Raman-active optical phonon modes. “Quantization” of the “gap” voltage for natural nanosteps on the cryogenically cleaved surfaces of BSCCO proves the existence of the intrinsic Josephson effect. A sharp extra structure in the current-voltage characteristics of nanosteps is attributed to the presence of the extended van Hove singularity.     

An experimental study of Josephson effect in bulk YBaCUO

We have observed Josephson effect in bulk YBaCuO. The size of bulk is 7.5×2.2×0.3 mm and the microwave frequency is 9.82 GHz in our experiment. Several microwave induced steps can easily be observed. When an external magnetic field is applied to the bulk, the critical supercurrent at zero voltage is suppressed significantly. It has been demonstrated that YBaCuO bulk can be seen as a network of Josephson junctions. An experimental study of Josephson effect in bulk YBaCuO at millimeter wave frquency is in progress.     

Determination of the Planck constant by means of a watt balance

The kilogram is the only base unit of the Système International d’unités (SI) still defined by a material artefact. Regarding the past evolution of the SI and the poor knowledge of the stability of the international prototype, its definition is not satisfactory. In the long term, it would be better to move to a definition based either on atomic properties or on fundamental constants. Among the various researches in progress in metrology laboratories, one of the most promising ways seems to be the watt balance. Its principle consists in comparing a mechanical power to an electromagnetic power. This comparison results from a measurement performed in two steps: a static measurement during which the Laplace force acting on a coil driven by a DC current and subjected to an induction field is compared to the weight of a standard mass, and a dynamic measurement where the induced voltage at the terminals of the same coil is determined when it is moved in the same field at a known velocity. The measurement of electrical quantities in terms of the Josephson and the quantum Hall effects then allows the mass unit be linked to the Planck constant. Although the principle of the experiment remains simple and direct, obtaining sufficiently low uncertainty ( 10^-8) implies that devices relevant of various fields of physics must be implemented at their best level. In this paper, a review of the present developments at international level is presented.     

Developing Josephson junction array chips for microvolt applications

Josephson junction array chips for microvolt applications have been designed and fabricated. A voltage step as small as 1 μV has been observed for a single junction in the array when it is driven by 483.59 MHz microwave. By selecting different parts of the array, it can output a voltage from 1 μV to 256 μV. The flat region of the voltage steps is over 200 μA.This kind of array is useful for potential microvolt applications.     

Observation of inverse a. c. Josephson effect in bulk Y-Ba-Sr-Cu-O up to room temperature

Microwave induced d.c. voltage due to inverse a.c. Josephson effect has been observed across bulk samples of multiphase Y₂BaSrCu₃O₈. Results indicate that weakly coupled superconducting grains probably exist up to 26°C.     

Current-influenced voltage noise in bulk polycrystalline high-Tc superconductors

The 1/f voltage noise in bulk polycrystalline high-temperature superconductors (HTSC) under bias current and magnetic field has its origin in the noise current-dependence of the grain boundary junctions (GBJs), due in turn to the correlated effects of junction critical current and normal resistance fluctuations. The analogy between the results obtained by varying the bias current through the specimen and those performed with temperature as variable is evidenced. The noise maxima obtained in both sets of measurements turn out to be caused by the junction critical current fluctuations, which dominate when the currents flowing through the GBJs are close to the Josephson critical current. The anti-phase correlation between the normal resistance and the critical current fluctuations is responsible for the monotonical decrease of the noise at constant bias current, with the temperature exceeding the value corresponding to the noise maximum. In contrast, varying the bias current at fixed temperature, the voltage noise exhibits a local minimum followed by an increasing tendency after passing through the maximum.