Experimental study on the heat transfer coefficient of water flow boiling in mini/microchannels

The heat transfer coefficients of the evaporative water flow in mini/microchannels are studied experimentally to explore the novel heat dissipation for high power electronics. Two sets of parallel channels which are 61 channels with hydraulic diameter of 0.293 mm and 20 channels with hydraulic diameter of 1.2 mm are investigated respectively. The inlet and outlet temperatures of fluids, and the temperatures beneath the channels are measured to calculate the heat dissipation of the evaporative water in channels. The experiments are carried out with the mass flow rates range from 11.09 kg/(m² s) to 44.36 kg/(m² s) for minichannels and 49.59 kg/(m² s) to 198.37 kg/(m² s) for microchannels. The effective heat flux range from 5 W/cm² to 50 W/cm², and the resulted outlet vapor qualities range from 0 to 0.8. The relations of the heat transfer coefficient with heat flux and vapor quality are analyzed according to the results. The experimental heat transfer coefficients are compared with the prediction of latest developed correlations. A new correlation takes the effect of Bond number is proposed, and be verified that it is effective to predict the heat transfer coefficient of both minichannels and microchannels in a large range of vapor qualities.     

Single-test determination of the friction coefficient and stress-strain curve for application in metal-forming analyses

The compression test of a ring is customarily used to determine the friction coefficient in metal-forming problems. The aim of this paper is to describe a procedure to obtain, for metals in the large deformation range, the stress-strain curve and friction coefficient through the same test. The friction coefficient is evaluated by comparing curves obtained by a finite element code with the experimental curves. The stress-strain curve is obtained by inverting an analytical solution, calculated by a lower-upper-bound approach. Good results in terms of accuracy are obtained.     

Size-scale effects on the friction coefficient

An overview of the classical friction laws holding at the macro-scale and the new developments at the nano-level are proposed. Furthermore, two opposite phenomena are addressed: the former concerning the apparent weakness of the San Andreas fault, the latter regarding the strong frictional behavior which appears at the nano-scale. An interpretation of these size effects on the friction coefficient is attempted making use of the renormalization group procedure which allows to explain the frictional phenomena over all the scales.     

On the skin friction coefficient in viscoelastic wall-bounded flows

Analysis of the skin friction coefficient for wall bounded viscoelastic flows is performed by utilizing available direct numerical simulation (DNS) results for viscoelastic turbulent channel flow. The Oldroyd-B, FENE-P and Giesekus constitutive models are used. First, we analyze the friction coefficient in viscous, viscoelastic and inertial stress contributions, as these arise from suitable momentum balances, for the flow in channels and pipes. Following Fukagata et al. (Phys. Fluids, 14, p. L73, 2002) and Yu et al. (Int. J. Heat. Fluid Flow, 25, p. 961, 2004) these three contributions are evaluated averaging available numerical results, and presented for selected values of flow and rheological parameters. Second, based on DNS results, we develop a universal function for the relative drag reduction as a function of the friction Weissenberg number. This leads to a closed-form approximate expression for the inverse of the square root of the skin friction coefficient for viscoelastic turbulent pipe flow as a function of the friction Reynolds number involving two primary material parameters, and a secondary one which also depends on the flow. The primary parameters are the zero shear-rate elasticity number, El₀, and the limiting value for the drag reduction at high Weissenberg number, LDR, while the secondary one is the relative wall viscosity, μ_w. The predictions reproduce both types A and B of drag reduction, as first introduced by Virk (Nature, 253, p. 109, 1975), corresponding to partially and fully extended polymer molecules, respectively. Comparison of the results for the skin friction coefficient against experimental data shows good agreement for low and moderate drag reduction which is the region covered by the simulations.     

摩擦力对两个恢复系数公式等价性条件的影响

文章讨论两个作一般运动的刚体在考虑摩擦力的情况下碰撞(不受外力作用)．首先由欧勒动力学方程和质心运动定理导出在碰撞的压缩阶段和恢复阶段二碰撞点沿公法线的相对速度的变化量, 然后给出两个恢复系数公式的等价性条件与刚体之间摩擦力的关系．     

滚动摩擦力计算中弹性滞后系数的确定

采用两种材料碰撞时的恢复系数κ解决滚动摩擦力计算公式中ε的粗略确定问题．同时介绍弹性滞后系数的较精确的测定方法．     

Experimental determination of the dynamic stress-intensity factor using caustics and photoelasticity

The methods of photoelasticity and caustics were used in conjunction with high-speed photography to determine the dynamic stress field near a moving crack. The photographs were analyzed to extract information on crack speed and the dynamic stress-intensity factor. The stress-intensity-factor histories obtained from both techniques were compared to determine the reliability of the two techniques.     

滚动问题中摩擦力的判断

刚体滚动时摩擦力的判断是工程力学中极易引起学生困惑的问题. 在对摩擦力产生原因进行分析的基础上, 确定了刚体纯滚动时静摩擦力的计算公式和判定方法. 刚体作纯滚动时静摩擦力所作总功为零, 仅实现刚体平动动能和转动动能之间的相互转化, 其方向总是阻碍主动力引起的物体运动趋势并使其向另一种运动转化; 刚体作有滑滚动时滑动摩擦力所作总功为负, 其方向与刚体滑动方向相反, 并实现刚体平动动能和转动动能之间的相互转化.     

Experimental,numerical and analytical studies of abrasive wear: correlation between wear mechanisms and friction coefficient

The transport of granular material often generates severe damage. Understanding the correlation between the friction coefficient, particle geometry and wear mechanisms is of primary importance for materials undergoing abrasive wear. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of particle geometry on wear mechanisms and the friction coefficient. Numerical and analytical simulations and experimental results have been compared. The process to be studied is the scratch made by a rigid cone with different attack angles on a 5xxx aluminium alloy (Al–Mg) flat surface. A scratch test was used and the wear mechanisms were observed for different attack angles. A numerical study with a finite element code was made in order to understand the effect of attack angle on the friction coefficient. The contact surface and the friction coefficient were also studied, and the results compared to the Bowden and Tabor model. The superposition of the numerical, analytical and experimental results showed a better correlation between the wear mechanisms and the friction coefficient. It also showed the importance of the model hypothesis used to simulate the scratch phenomenon. To cite this article: S. Mezlini et al., C. R. Mecanique 333 (2005).     

Experimental studies of adiabatic flow boiling in fractal-like branching microchannels

Experimental results of adiabatic boiling of water flowing through a fractal-like branching microchannel network are presented and compared to numerical model simulations. The goal is to assess the ability of current pressure loss models applied to a bifurcating flow geometry. The fractal-like branching channel network is based on channel length and width ratios between adjacent branching levels of 2^−1/2. There are four branching sections for a total flow length of 18 mm, a channel height of 150 μm and a terminal channel width of 100 μm. The channels were Deep Reactive Ion Etched (DRIE) into a silicon disk. A Pyrex disk was anodically bonded to the silicon to form the channel top to allow visualization of the flow within the channels. The flow rates ranged from 100 to 225 g/min and the inlet subcooling levels varied from 0.5 to 6 °C. Pressure drop along the flow network and time averaged void fraction in each branching level were measured for each of the test conditions. The measured pressure drop ranged from 20 to 90 kPa, and the measured void fraction ranged from 0.3 to 0.9. The measured pressure drop results agree well with separated flow model predictions accounting for the varying flow geometry. The measured void fraction results followed the same trends as the model; however, the scatter in the experimental results is rather large.     

Integral form of the skin friction coefficient suitable for experimental data

An integral method to evaluate skin friction coefficient for turbulent boundary layer flow is presented. The method replaces streamwise gradients with total stress gradients in the wall-normal direction and is therefore useful in cases when measurements at multiple streamwise locations are not available or feasible. It is also shown to be especially useful for experimental data with typical noisy shear stress profiles such as rough-wall boundary layer flows for which there are limited ways by which skin friction can be determined.     

Experimental investigation of high-speed fluid friction

The experimental investigation of the laws of friction at high relative speeds involves difficulties associated with ensuring that the experimental apparatus provides a sufficiently long slide path. In this paper an automated experimental apparatus is described. This makes it possible to study in a compact fashion the laws of fluid friction at speeds of approximately 150 m/sec under widely variable load and external pressure. The experimental relations for the friction moment coefficient for water in the laminar and turbulent regimes are compared with calculations made by the integral relations method of boundary layer theory. The results of series of experimental and theoretical studies of high-speed friction against ice in the developed fusion layer regime are presented. Questions of the effectiveness of using polymer additives to reduce friction at high speeds are considered. The experimental method described can be used to investigate friction problems involving pastes, emulsions, and other rheologically complex continuous media, in which under conditions of high velocity gradients (strain rates) qualitatively new effects are to be expected.Moscow. Translated from Izvestiya Rossiiskoi Akademii Nauk, Mekhanika Zhidkosti i Gaza, No. 3, pp. 74–82, May–June, 1994.     

Effects of coefficient of friction and coefficient of restitution on static packing characteristics of polydisperse spherical pebble bed

The effects of the coefficient of friction and coefficient of restitution on the static packing characteristics of a polydisperse spherical pebble bed are numer...     

结合面静摩擦因数分形模型的建立与仿真

提出一个确定分形维数和分形粗糙度参数(G')的分形函数,并用分形函数逼近结合面的表面粗糙度.根据分形理论和改进后的尺寸分布,推导了静摩擦因数f的解析解.数字仿真结果表明,f随量纲为一的总法向载荷(P')增加而增加.当D较小或较大时,f与(P')之间存在不同的微凸和微凹弧非线性关系,D=1.2时f与(P')的关系基本上是线性的;当D较小时,f随D增加而增加;当D较大时,f随D增加而减小;f随分形粗糙度参数(G')增加而减小,随相关系数K增加而增加,随材料特性(φ)增加而增加.     

Experimental study of high-speed friction on ice

Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Mekhanika Zhidkosti i Gaza, No. 1, pp. 175–177, January–February, 1991.     

动滑动摩擦因数的测试与应用

导出动滑动摩擦因数的计算公式,用自制的动态智能测试仪,可测试各种物料之间的动滑动摩擦因数. 以不同的衬衫面料与不同的西装夹里之间的动滑动摩擦因数的测试为例,介绍其测试原理、测试仪器和测试方法.