Differential scanning calorimetry of spin-oriented polyester yarn

Polyester yarn spun over a range of wind-up speeds has been characterized using differential scanning calorimetry. Samples prohibited from shrinking during the thermal analysis show slightly smaller heats of fusion and crystallization and reduced cold crystallization temperatures than samples that are free-to-shrink, particularly in the intermediate wind-up speed region. One critical observation made is that the cold crystallization temperature reaches a minimum at some relatively low overall molecular orientation (n 0.020) and fails to decrease further. A likely explanation is that crystallization continuously removes polymer from the melt in the spinline in regions where the local orientation reaches some critically high value.

---

Zusammenfassung Mit verschiedenen Aufspulgeschwindigkeiten gesponnenes Polyestergarn wurde durch DSC charackterisiert. Die während der tyermischen Analyse am Schrumpfen gehinderten Proben zeigen, besonders bei mittleren Aufspulgeschwindigkeiten, eine etwas geringere Schmelz- und Kristallisationswärme und niedrigere kalte Kristallisationstemperaturen als Proben, die ungehindert schrumpfen konnten. Die kalte Kristallisationstemperatur erreicht bei enier relativ niedrigen Gesamtmolekularorientierung (n 0.020) ein Minimum und nimmt nicht weiter ab. Wahrscheinlich ist, dass durch die Kristallisation das Polymer in den Bereichen, in denen die lokale Orientierung einen kritischen Wert erreicht, kontinuierlich aus der Schmelze entfernt wird.

---

, , . , - , , , , , , . , (n0.020) . , , .

---

---

The author appreciates the input provided by Dr. R. M. Mininni and the help of Dr. W. E. Bessey in fiber spinning and Ms. E. Fernekess in thermal analysis. The author is grateful to Celanese Corporation for allowing publication of this work.     

Differential scanning calorimetry of chloroquine sulphate exposed to sun,heat and ultraviolet radiation

Chloroquine sulphate, like the phosphate, is an antimalarial formulation widely used in the tropics. The stability of such formulations is therefore of interest in the combat against malaria. A DSC study has been made of the effects of exposure to the sun, heat and UV radiation on the stability of chloroquine sulphate, similarly as performed earlier for chloroquine phosphate. When freshly recrystallized from a water-acetone mixture, chloroquine sulphate exhibits two endothermic peaks, at 169.4° and 204.7°, for the expulsion of crystal water (one molecule) and for the melting process, respectively. The exposure of chloroquine sulphate to the sun, heat and UV radiation leads to splitting of the peak for melting.

---

Zusammenfassung Chloroquine-Sulfat ist ebenso wie das entsprechende Phosphatderivat ein in den Tropen weitverbreitet angewandtes Antimalaria-Präparat. Die Stabilität dieses Präparates hat damit Bedeutung für die Malariabekämpfung. Die vorliegende Arbeit ist eine Erweiterung einer Untersuchung über den Effekt der Einwirkung.von Sonne, Hitze und UV-Strahlen auf die Stabilität von Chloroquine-Phosphat auf Chloroquine-Sulfat. Aus Wasser-Aceton-Mischungen frisch kristallisiertes Chloroquine-Sulfat zeigt zwei endotherme Peaks bei 169,4 und 204,7 °C, die durch Abgabe von Kristallwasser (ein Molekül) bzw. durch den Schmelzvorgang bedingt sind. Wird Chloroquine-Sulfat der Sonne, Wärme oder UV-Licht ausgesetzt, so wird der dem Schmelzvorgang zuzuscheibende Peak aufgespalten.

---

, -, , . . , . , , 169,4 204,7°, , , . , .

     

DTA-controlled reactions and phase relations in the ternary system Sn-Te-I

The system Sn-Te-I was investigated by DTA and X-ray powder methods. No intermediate ternary phase exists in the respective phase diagram. Reactions of the components on pseudobinary joins are easily explained by the phase relations. Liquidus isotherms of the ternary system are given.

---

Zusammenfassung Das System Sn-Te-I wurde durch DTA- und Röntgenmethoden untersucht. In dem Phasendiagramm existiert keine intermediäre Ternärphase. Die Reaktionen der Komponenten der pseudobinären Koppelungen können durch die Phasenverhältnisse leicht erklärt werden. Flüssigkeitsisothermen des Ternärsystems werden gegeben.

---

Résumé Le système Sn-Te-I a été étudié pa ATD et rayons X sur poudre. Il n'existe pas de phase ternaire intermédiaire dans le diagramme de phases correspondant. Les réactions des composants en systèmes pseudobinaires s'expliquent facilement par les relations de phases. Les isothermes des liquidus du système ternaire sont données.

---

Sn--I. . . .

     

Preparation of palladium catalysts via thermal decomposition of supported Pd(O) complexes

Heat treatment of the Pd(O) complex of dibenzylidenacetone on carbon supports was found to afford formation of more uniform Pd particles and an equal or higher activity of samples in hydrogenation of hexene and nitrobenzene compared to conventional methods of catalyst preparation from PdCl₂.

---

, Pd(O) Pd , PdCl₂.

     

IR-spectroscopic studies of the interaction of pyridine bases with vanadium and molybdenum oxides supported on magnesia

As shown by IR-spectroscopic studies, pyridine bases interacting with V₂O₅ and MoO₃ supported on MgO form hydrogen bonds with surface hydroxyls and coordinate bonds with V and Mo ions. The interaction of 2,6-dimethylpyridine adsorbed on the surface with oxygen leads to the formation of 6-methylpyridine-2-carboxaldehyde, whose formyl group interacts with surface hydroxyls.

---

, V₂O₅ MoO₃, MgO, V Mo. 2,6- 6--2-, OH-.

     

Resonance energy transfer from Al2O3 to adsorbed N2O

Radiolysis of adsorbed N₂O is shown to occur due to both the dissociative capture of electrons and direct energy transfer from the excited states of alumina to N₂O. One excited state ensures the decomposition of three N₂O molecules.

---

, N₂O , N₂O, N₂O.

     

Photoadsorption, photooxidation and photodecomposition of simple molecules on alkali halide surfaces

Data have been obtained on the activities of 19 alkali halides in photoadsorption of O₂ and CO₂, photooxidation of H₂ and CO and photodecomposition of H₂O and CO₂.

---

19 O₂ CO₂, H₂ CO H₂O CO₂.

     

Hydrogenation of carbon monoxide catalysts prepared by pyrolysis of Co2(CO)8 on various oxide supports

Catalysts prepared by pyrolysis of Co₂(CO)₈ on oxide supports have been studied in the hydrogenation of CO. It is shown that MgO and -Al₂O₃-based catalysts are less active than those supported on SiO₂, TiO₂ and ZrO₂. The application of -Al₂O₃ as a support increases the relative yield of light hydrocarbons.

---

, Co₂(CO)₈ , CO. , MgO -Al₂O₃ SiO₂, TiO₂ ZrO₂. -Al₂O₃ .

     

A study of thermal preparation OF c-Mn2P4O12

With the application of thermogravimetry under quasi-isothermal-isobaric conditions, the reaction course of the calcination of Mn(H₂PO₄ · H₂O to give dimanganese cyclotetraphosphate has been studied. Isothermal calcination was also carried out in an electric furnace at various temperatures (200 min). The reaction products were analyzed by chromatography, IR and NMR spectrocopy, and X-ray diffraction analysis. The compositions of the calcinates were determined through extraction with various inorganic and organic solvents.

---

Zusammenfassung Der Verlauf der Dimangan-cyclotetraphosphat ergebenden Kalzinierung von Mn(H₂PO₄)₂ · H₂O wurde thermogravimetrisch unter quasi-isothermen-isobaren Bedingungen untersucht. Isotherme Kalzinierung wurde auch im elektrischen Ofen (200 min) bei verschiedenen Temperaturen ausgeführt. Die Reaktionsprodukte wurden chromatographisch, IR- und NMR-spektroskopisch sowie röntgendiffraktometrisch analysiert. Die Zusammensetzung der kalzinierten Produkte wurde via Extraktion mit verschiedenen anorganischen und organischen Lösungsmitteln bestimmt.

---

Mn(H₂PO₄ · H₂O. . . - , - - . .

     

Dispersity of oxidized and reduced palladium on Al2O3

The amount of PdO not dissolving in dilute HCl as a function of its content in palladium catalysts calcined in air has been determined. Mean size of Pd particles in the same samples has been evaluated from oxygen chemisorption. A comparison of these data indicates their correlation, which permits to determine Pd dispersity variations according to the solubility of supported PdO before reduction.

---

. . , .

     

Thermal analysis of complexes of cadmium chloride picoline

The thermal decomposition of the, and- picoline complexes of cadmium were studied by means of TG-DTG-DTA. In connection with the preparation of the complex compounds, it was established that the ligand number was influenced by the reaction medium. The thermal decomposition took place stepwise, and intermediates were formed which could be isolated with a derivatograph by the freezing-in method. The structures and properties of these previously unknown compounds were investigated by far-IR spectroscopy and X-ray powder diffraction.

---

Zusammenfassung Der thermische Zersetzungsprozess der Komplexverbindungen von Cadmiumchlorid mit-, - oder-Picolin wurde durch simultane TG-DTG-DTA im Derivatograph untersucht. Die Ligandenzahl der Komplexverbindungen wird durch das Reaktionsmedium bei der Präparation beeinflusst. Die thermische Zersetzung erfolgt stufenweise, Zwischenprodukte konnten mittels Derivatograph durch die Einfriermethode isoliert werden. Struktur und Eigenschaften dieser bisher unbekannten Verbindungen wurden durch Fern-IR-Spektroskopie und Röntgenpulverbeugung untersucht.

---

- -, -. , . , « ». .

     

Oxidative conversion of butane and pentane on superacid catalysts

Catalytic properties of AlBr₃, AlBr₃–CuCl₂ and AlBr₃–NiSO₄ in liquid-phase conversion of butane and pentane have been examined. A possibility for the oxidative condensation has been revealed due to both the stoichiometric reduction of Ni²⁺ and Cu²⁺ ions entering into the composition of superacid catalysts, and the catalytic oxidation in the presence of bromine as an oxidant. Nature of the centers responsible for the oxidative condensation of lower paraffins is discussed.

---

AlBr₃; AlBr₃–CuCl₂; AlBr₃–NiSO₄ . , Ni²⁺, Cu²⁺, , . , .

     

Kinetics of decomposition of hydrogen peroxide on Fe(III)?Al(III) hydroxide-oxide systems

The kinetics of decomposition of hydrogen peroxide have been studied on mixed Fe(III)–Al(III) hydroxide and oxide catalysts. While iron hydroxide possesses considerable catalytic activity, aluminium hydroxide has very little activity. The rate of decomposition on mixed hydroxides increases with increasing concentration of aluminium hydroxide up to about 1.5 mol% and decreases thereafter. The mixed oxides possess negligible activity compared to the corresponding hydroxides. The energy of activation, as calculated from the Arrhenius equation, is 10.1 kcal/mol for sample S4, containing 1.52 mol% of alumina. The rate of decomposition of S4 increases with increasing pH up to 6.8 and decreases thereafter. The rate is first order in all these cases. A suitable mechanism is suggested.

---

Fe(III)–Al(III). , . , 1,5 , . . , , 10,1 / S4, 1,52 . S4 pH 6,8, . . .

     

On the mechanism of propylene oxidation over gallium-molybdenum oxide catalysts

The products of selective oxidation are shown to be formed via a stepwise mechanism with participation of surface allylic complexes. A successive transformation of -allyl to -allyl and further to acrolein is possible. The products of complete oxidation may be formed through surface carbonate-carboxylate complexes via either a stepwise mechanism involving the catalyst's oxygen, or a concerted mechanism with the participation of molecular oxygen.

---

, . - -, . - , .

     

Interaction of PM12?nVnO40?(3+n) (M=Mo, W) heteropoly complexes with nitrogen oxide

In aqueous solution, PM_12–nV_nO₄₀ ^–(3+n) (M=Mo,W) hetero-polyanions provide a much faster oxidation of NO than mononuclear VO ₂ ⁺ ions, yielding HNO₂, NO ₃ ^– and reduced HPA.

---

, PM_12–nV_nO₄₀ ^–(3+n) (M=Mo,W) , VO ₂ ⁺ , NO HNO₂ NO ₃ ^– .

     

Kinetic conversion of complex hydrocarbon mixtures in reforming on platinum/alumina catalysts

General forms of the kinetic equations for the conversion of various hydrocarbons in reforming of multicomponent gasoline fractions on platinum/alumina catalysts have been confirmed experimentally by using a gradientless method.

---

.

     

Effect of the activation conditions on the catalytic properties of Pt/Al2O3 catalysts

The effect of the activation conditions of Pt/Al₂O₃ catalysts has been investigated in the hydrogenation of benzene and in the hydrogenolysis of ethane. Whatever the conditions of calcination or reduction, specific activities of all catalysts for benzene hydrogenation remain constant. On the other hand, for identical dispersities, the cacination in a wet argon flow increases the specific activity of platinum for hydrogenolysis of ethane, pointing out the role of wet pretreatment on defect building or on the faceting of supported metallic catalysts.

---

Pt/Al₂O₃ . , . , , . .

     

Calorimetric measurement of structural relaxation in chalcogenide and metallic glasses

Some special characteristics of the structural relaxation (SR) in chalcogenide and metallic glasses are presented and the current theories dealing with the physical nature of the SR are recalled. The type of experiments used to measure SR by differential scanning calorimetry are reviewed and some rules to be taken into account when measuring calorimetrically the SR are stressed.

---

Zusammenfassung Es werden einige spezielle Charakteristiken der Strukturrelaxation (SR) von Chalkogeniden und Metallgläsern vorgestellt und die gegenwärtigen Theorien über die physikalische Natur der SR zitiert. Die Art von Experimenten zur Messung von SR mittels DSC wurden kritisch besprochen und einige inbetrachtzuziehende Regeln für die kalorimetrische Bestimmung der SR hervorgehoben.

---

. , . , . , .

---

---

This work was supported by the Comisión Interministerial de Ciencia y Tecnología (CICYT) project MAT88-0439.     

Effect of hydrogen pressure on the selectivity of 2-butene-1-al hydrogenation

The effect of hydrogen pressure on the selectivity of hydrogenation of 2-butene-1-al at the carbonyl group in the presence of Ru and Ru–ZnO catalysts indicates that the selectivity on the modified ruthenium catalyst in the pressure range of 0.51–8.08 MPa is a maximum at .

---

-2--І Ru Ru–ZnO-. , 0,51–8,08 , .