Application of flow-injection analysis in the on-line monitoring of sugars,lactic acid,protein and biomass during lactic acid fermentations

A laboratory system for the on-line monitoring of important lactic acid fermentation variables is described. The system contains flow-injection analysers for glucose, lactose, galactose, lactate and protein and a continuous-flow analyser for the biomass concentration. The sugar and lactate analysers are based on enzymatic reactions involving oxidases followed by chemiluminescence detection of the hydrogen peroxide formed. The protein analyser is based on the biuret reaction. The system has been used to monitor many fermentation experiments, and some results are presented as examples.     

Atmospheric monitoring of volatile organic compounds using programmed temperature vaporization injection

A method has been developed for the automated determination of C₅ C₁₀ and C₂ C₆ volatile organic compounds in urban and rural air, using programmed temperature vaporization injection from a sorbent tube trap. A single activated charcoal sorbent tube was repeatedly used to collect samples of air with trapped VOCs being subsequently desorbed onto either a wide bore dimethyl polysiloxane (C₅ C₁₀) or porous layer open tubular (C₂ C₆) gas chromatography column without use of intermediate cryogenic refocussing. The high flow rates of helium used during the analysis resulted in the sample tube being cleaned and ready to reuse following the analytical separation. Examples of analysis of aromatic VOCs in urban air, and biogenic emissions in rural air, collected in a Sitka Spruce forest are presented. Using this method it is possible to quasi-continuously monitor concentrations of VOCs in locations where high sensitivity in situ analysis is required, but where cryogenic coolants may not be readily available or desirable.     

Development and validation of an automated monitoring system for oxygenated volatile organic compounds and nitrile compounds in ambient air

Few studies were conducted on oxygenated volatile organic compounds (OVOC) because of problems encountered during the sampling/analyzing steps induced by water in sampled air. Consequently, there is a lack of knowledge of their spatial and temporal trends and their origins in ambient air. In this study, an analyzer consisted of a thermal desorber (TD) interfaced with a gas chromatograph (GC) and a flame ionization detector (FID) was developed for online measurements of 18 OVOC in ambient air including 4 alcohols, 6 aldehydes, 3 ketones, 3 ethers, 2 esters and 4 nitriles. The main difficulty was to overcome the humidity effect without loss of compounds. Water amount in the sampled air was reduced by the trap composition (two hydrophobic graphitized carbons—Carbopack B:Carbopack X), the trap temperature (held at 12.5 °C), by diluting (50:50) the sample with dry air before the preconcentration step and a trap purge with helium. Humidity management allowed the use of a polar CP-Lowox column in order to separate the polar compounds from the hydrocarbon/aromatic matrix. The safe sampling volume for the dual-sorbent trap 75 mg Carbopack X:5 mg Carbopack B was found to 405 mL for ethanol by analyzing a standard mixture at a relative humidity of 80%. Detection limits ranging from 10 ppt for ETBE to 90 ppt for ethanol were obtained for 18 compounds for a sampling volume of 405 mL. Good repeatabilities were obtained at two levels of concentration (relative standard deviation <5%). The calibration (ranging from 0.5 to 10 ppb) was set up at three different levels of relative humidity to test the humidity effect on the response coefficients. Results showed that the response coefficients of all compounds were less affected by humidity except for those of ethanol and acetonitrile (decrease respectively of 30% and 20%). The target compounds analysis shows good reproducibility with response coefficient variability of less then 10% of the mean initial value of calibration for all the compounds. Hourly ambient air measurements were conducted in an urban site in order to test this method. On the basis of these measurements, ethanol, acetone and acetaldehyde have shown the highest concentration levels with an average of 2.10, 1.75 and 1.37 ppb respectively. The daily evolution of some OVOC, namely ethanol and acetaldehyde, was attributed to emissions from motor vehicles while acetone has a different temporal evolution that can be probably associated with remote sources.     

Role of chromatography in the analysis of sugars, carboxylic acids and amino acids in food

An overview is presented of chromatographic methods currently in use to determine sugars, carboxylic acids and amino acids in foods: high-performance liquid chromatography, gas chromatography and capillary electrophoresis. As a basis of selection the following approaches can be distinguished: quantitation of constituents of several food matrices, without derivatization and in the form of different derivatives, in the presence of the matrix, or subsequently to various work-up procedures.     

Optimization of analytical quality control for long-term monitoring of metals and volatile organic compounds in groundwater

Statistical analysis of historical results for matrix spikes (MS), matrix spike duplicates (MSD), and laboratory control samples (LCS) from aqueous samples analyzed for metals and volatile organic compounds was performed to determine whether the MS/MSD provided substantive information apart from that provided by the LCS. The statistical analysis showed that the mean recovery of all analytes from MS/MSD closely approximated the mean recovery of all analytes from the LCS. Average bias, skewness, and kurtosis were also assessed for both data sets. The evaluation provided strong evidence for the use of LCS recoveries as performance indicators of probable MS/MSD recoveries of metals and volatile organic compounds from groundwater.     

Air monitoring of volatile aromatic compounds by means of long-term exposure diffusive samplers

Results obtained by using "Analyst", a long-term diffusive sampler, in some monitoring campaigns, performed for the determination of benzene and the volatile aromatic pollutants, in five cities of the Italian Umbria Region and at the city of Forlì, are presented and discussed. First results of an inter comparison between the "Analyst" and "radial-type" diffusive samplers, carried out by the Regional Agency for the Ambient Protection (ARPA) of Forlì, point out substantial advantages with the long-time sampling devices.     

Simultaneous GC derivatization and quantification of acids and sugars

Summary N-methoxy-N,O-bistrimethylsilyl carbamate (BSMOC) has been introduced as a one step derivatizing agent to determine nonvolatile acids and sugars in a single injection by gas-liquid chromatography. A systematic study has been carried out to optimize the derivatization conditions. Reproducibility data showed that>0.04 g of acids in the presence of<6 g of sugars can be measured with a relative standard error (R.S.E.) of 6.5% or less. After a simple preparation of fresh apple sample, sugars were converted to their methoximetrimethylsilyl and the acids to their trimethylsilyl derivatives, with BSMOC, simultaneously.     

糖类化学催化转化为氨基酸（英文）

在著名的1953年米勒实验中,甲烷、氨气、氢气和水在持续电火花的作用下被转换成一系列天然氨基酸混合物,包括甘氨酸、丙氨酸、天冬氨酸和α-氨基丁酸等等.这种化学转化过程奠定了现代人们对地球生命起源的认知基础.氨基酸作为蛋白质的基本组成成分,在生产生活中有广泛的应用,扮演着不可或缺的角色.目前,微生物发酵过程是氨基酸的主要生产途径,其生产受到许多限制.通过高效的催化方法将氨气和丰富的可再生碳资源直接转化成一系列氨基酸的化学路径尚未实现.近日,新加坡国立大学颜宁教授课题组与厦门大学王野教授课题组等数个国内外研究小组合作,开辟了一种用化学方法将木质生物质转化成一系列氨基酸的新路径.转化策略分两步:首先将纤维素、葡萄糖等转化为α-羟基酸,再将α-羟基酸在氨水和氢气作用下制备对应的氨基酸.第二步是核心步骤,可以被看作是一种改进版的米勒实验:即采用特定的木质生物质衍生物替代甲烷作为底物,而负载的钌催化剂则取代电火花实现定向高效转化.该系统已经成功用于6种氨基酸制备,包括丙氨酸、亮氨酸、缬氨酸、天冬氨酸和苯丙氨酸等.将α-羟基酸转化成氨基酸的反应遵循先脱氢再还原胺化途径,其中脱氢是速率控制步骤.在该反应中,碳纳米管上负载的钌催化剂比其他贵金属催化剂表现出显著优异的活性.这主要得益于氨分子对钌纳米颗粒的配位作用增强了钌脱氢反应的活性.基于新开发的催化体系,葡萄糖经由两步化学反应转化成43%丙氨酸,产率与微生物发酵过程相当.文章作者还使用膜蒸馏作为产物分离提纯技术,完成了概念性工艺设计,并用实验加以验证.考虑到氨基酸的高价值,这项报道不仅代表了近年来生物质催化转化的一项重要学术突破,在进一步开发和优化后还具有很好的应用潜力.     

张裕XO级白兰地挥发性成分的提取分离与鉴定

建立了一套对白兰地挥发性物质进行预处理的方法,并采用气相色谱-质谱法(GC-MS)较全面地鉴定了白兰地的挥发性成分。实验先采用液-液萃取方法提取张裕XO级白兰地的挥发性成分,然后将酸性成分与碱性和中性成分分离,再采用柱色谱分离手段将其分离为若干个级分并浓缩,采用气相色谱-质谱、标准品比对、保留指数(RI)值比较等方法对分离得到的各级分中的成分进行了鉴定,在白兰地中共鉴定出302种挥发性成分,包括醇30种、醛酮类35种、酸类20种、酯类104种、苯同系物及其衍生物24种、酚类14种、缩醛14种、呋喃类16种、萜烯类22种和其他物质23种。结果表明,采用这套预处理方法能将白兰地的挥发性成分较有效地分组和浓缩。     

Semiquantitative determination of short-chain fatty acids in cane and beet sugars

Some sugars, specifically white beet sugar and raw cane sugars, possess off-flavors and off-odors. Although not necessarily the source, the presence of short-chain fatty acids serves as an indicator of an off-odor problem in sugar. Solid-phase microextraction (SPME) is used to collect the volatile compounds from the headspace of sugar. The temperature, moisture, and type of SPME fiber are varied to optimize recovery. Sugars analyzed in the absence of water using an incubation temperature of 70 degrees C with a divinylbenzene-carboxen-polydimethylsiloxane fiber yield the most reproducible results. Data from depletion analyses report a recovery level of 38% for the first injection. The semiquantitative analysis of butyric acid is accomplished using injected standards to develop a calibration curve.     

蛇油的挥发性成分分析和脱腥

采用水蒸汽蒸馏、黏土吸附、乙醇-乙酸乙酯共沸的方法除去蛇油的腥味,运用顶空固相微萃取(SPME)-气相色谱(GC)-质谱(MS)联用技术分析脱腥前后蛇油中挥发性成分的变化,并运用GC-MS联用技术分析脱腥后的蛇油中的脂肪酸.结果表明水蒸汽蒸馏是效果最佳的脱腥方法,它可使蛇油挥发性成分的量降至脱腥前的38%,使腥味的主要成分减少60%～100%,同时较大程度地保留了多不饱和脂肪酸.     

Condensation of al-forms of sugars with thiobarbituric and iminobarbituric acids

Fully acetylated al-D-glucose, al-D-galactose, and al-d-mannose condense with thiobarbituric acid in ethanol to give di-products, with deacetylation of the sugar portion, which latter, in the cases of the diproducts from glucose and galactose, is a (2, 6) anhydro ring. Condensation of al-D-glucose and al-D galactose with iminobarbituric acid in glacial acetic acid is of the crotonoid type, and gives acetylated monoproducts, while al-D mannose gives a di-product.     

Conformation and hydration of sugars and related compounds in dilute aqueous solution

The effect of hydroxyl substitution on the nature of the hydration of an alkane chain has been studied by calorimetric techniques. Static permittivities (₀) of a range of monosaccharides and related compounds in aqueous solution have also been determined. The (₀) data, suitably processed, have provided information about the solute dipole moments. In conjunction with earlier results from volumetric, compressibility, and relaxation studies, the specific hydration model is further developed and the relationships between solute molecular conformations and solute-water interactions are discussed.This paper was presented at the symposium, The Physical Chemistry of Aqueous Systems, held at the University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, June 12–14, 1972, in honor of the 70th birthday of Professor H. S. Frank.     

Prediction of phenolic compounds in red wine fermentations by visible and near infrared spectroscopy

Near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy was used to simultaneously predict the concentrations of malvidin-3-glucoside (M3G), pigmented polymers (PP) and tannins (T) in red wine. A total of 495 samples from 32 commercial scale red wine fermentations over two vintages using two grape varieties (Cabernet Sauvignon and Shiraz), and also including as additional variables two types of fermenters, two different yeasts, and three fermentation temperatures were used. Samples were scanned in transmission mode (400-2500 nm) using a monochromator instrument (NIRSystems6500). Calibration equations were developed from high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and NIR data using partial least squares (PLS) regression with internal cross validation. Using PLS regression, very good calibration statistics (R_cal²>0.80) were obtained for the prediction of M3G, PP and T with standard deviation (S.D.)/standard error in cross validation (SECV) ratio (residual predictive deviation, RPD)) ranging from 1.8 to 5.8. It was concluded that near infrared spectroscopy could be used as rapid alternative method for the prediction of the concentration of phenolic compounds in red wine fermentations.     

Ultramicro detection of formic,acetic and some other volatile organic acids

Summary Ultramicro procedures for the detection of formic, acetic, propionic, butyric, valeric and monochloracetic acid are proposed. Formic, acetic and monochloracetic acids may be specifically identified, but no distinction of the rest is possible.

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Zusammenfassung Ultramikroverfahren zum Nachweis von Ameisensäure, Essigsäure, Propionsäure, Buttersäure, Valeriansäure und Monochloressigsäure wurden vorgeschlagen. Ameisen-, Essig- und Monochloressigsäure lassen sich spezifisch nachweisen, die anderen aber nicht voneinander unterscheiden.