Thin-layer chromatographic separation of scandium, yttrium, the rare earths, thorium and uraniuin(VI)

The Chromatographic behaviour of scandium, yttrium, the rare earths, thorium and uranium(VI) in dioxan-hydrochloric acid and dioxan-nitric acid media on a plain cellulose thin layer has been investigated. The following separations are possible: scandium-yttrium-lanthanum, scandium-samarium-thorium, scandium-lanthanum-lutetium, yttrium-lanthanum-thorium, and lutetium-thorium-uranium(VI) with dioxan-12M hydrochloric acid (7:3) and scandium-samarium-thorium, scandium-yttrium-uranium(VI), lutetium-thorium, and scandium-lanthanum-thorium with dioxan-14M nitric acid (7:3). A single chromogenic spray (Arsenazo III) has been used for the detection of all the metal ions studied.     

Application of liquid chromatography to the simultaneous determination of acetylsalicylic acid, caffeine, codeine, paracetamol, pyridoxine, and thiamine in pharmaceutical preparations.

This paper describes a rapid reversed-phase liquid chromatographic method, with UV detection, for the simultaneous determination of acetylsalicylic acid, caffeine, codeine, paracetamol, pyridoxine, and thiamine in pharmaceutical preparations. A reversed-phase C18 Nucleosil column is used. The mobile phase consists of 2 successive eluants: water (5 min) and acetonitrile-water (75 + 25, v/v; 9 min), both adjusted to pH 2.1 with phosphoric acid. Before determination acetylsalicylic acid is completely converted to salicylic acid by alkaline hydrolysis. Salicylic acid, caffeine, paracetamol, pyridoxine, and thiamine are all detected at 285 nm, whereas codeine is detected at 240 nm. Calibration curves were linear for salicylic acid, caffeine, paracetamol, and pyridoxine in the range of 50-500 mg/L, and for codeine and thiamine in the range of 50-1000 mg/L. The method was applied to the analysis of 13 fortified commercial pharmaceutical preparations. Recoveries ranged from 92.6 to 105.5%, with relative standard deviations of 1.1-5.8%.     

基于纳米结构的电化学传感器用于伏安法测定苄丝肼、尿酸和叶酸(英文)

A carbon paste electrode modified with carbon nanotubes and ferrocene was fabricated.An electrochemical study of the modified electrode and an investigation into its efficiency for the electrocatalytic oxidation of benserazide,uric acid and folic acid were undertaken.The electrode was also used to study the electrocatalytic oxidation of benserazide using cyclic voltammetry,chronoamperometry,and square wave voltammetry(SWV).We found that the oxidation of benserazide at the surface of the modified electrode occurs at a potential about 285 mV lower than that of unmodified carbon paste electrode.SWV gave a linear dynamic range from 8.0×10-7 to 7.0×10 4 mol/L.The detection limit was 1.0×10-7 mol/L for benserazide.This modified electrode was used for the determination of benserazide,uric acid,and folic acid in an urine sample.     

On the acidity of saponite materials: a combined HRTEM, FTIR, and solid-state NMR study

Acid clays were prepared by exchanging a synthetic saponite in HCl solutions of different concentration (0.01 and 1M, respectively). A combined experimental approach (XRD, HRTEM, N2 physisorption, solid-state MAS NMR, and TGA) was used to investigate on the structural, morphological, and textural features of the samples treated under mild and strong acid conditions. FTIR spectroscopy of adsorbed probe molecules with different basicity (e.g., CO and NH3) was used to monitor the surface acid properties and acid site distribution. XRD and SS-MAS NMR indicated that the activation under mild acid conditions does not alter the clay structure, while a deep modification of the saponite framework occurred after ion exchange in 1 M HCl solution. The presence of porous amorphous silica phase after treatment under strong acid conditions was confirmed by TEM inspection augmented by SS-MAS NMR and FTIR spectroscopy. N2 and Ar physisorption measurements suggested that cavitation phenomena occurred in saponite structure. N2 physisorption confirmed that the porosity and surface area of the samples are strongly modified upon strong acid treatment. FTIR spectroscopy of adsorbed NH3 pointed out that the H-exchange in mild conditions increased the number of surface Br?nsted acid sites. Conversely, these sites are significantly depleted after treatment under strong acid conditions. The use of CO as a FTIR probe molecule, which is applied for the first time to study synthetic acid clays, allowed to monitor distribution and strength of Br?nsted acid sites, whose acidity is similar to that of strong acid zeolites. The Al-OH sites with medium acidity are also found in acid-activated saponites. The distribution of strong and medium acid sites is strictly dependent on the acid conditions adopted.     

All-cis-1, 2, 3, 4-Cyclopentanetetracarboxylic acid for the gravimetric determination of zirconium

1, 2, 3, 4-Cyclopentanetetracarboxylic acid (CPTA) may be used for the gravimetric determination of zirconium. The procedure is simple and relatively free from interference.     

Polyphenolic Profiling,Antioxidant, and Antimicrobial Activities Revealed the Quality and Adaptive Behavior of Viola Species,a Dietary Spice in the Himalayas

Background: Himalayan Viola species (Banksha) are traditionally important herbs with versatile therapeutic benefits such as antitussive, analgesic, antipyretic, antimalarial, anti-inflammatory, and anticancerous ones. The current investigation was focused on exploring polyphenolic profiles, antioxidant, and antimicrobial potentials of wild viola species at 15 gradient locations (375–1829 m). Methods: Morphological, physiochemical, and proximate analyses were carried out as per WHO guidelines for plant drug standardization. Total polyphenolic and flavonoid content were carried out using gallic acid and rutin equivalent. UPLC-DAD was used to profile the targeted polyphenols (gallic acid, vanillic acid, syringic acid, p-coumaric acid, ferulic acid, rutin, quercetin, luteolin, caffeic acid, and epicatechin). Similarly, all samples were screened for antioxidant and antimicrobial activity. Statistical analysis was used to correlate polyphenolic and targeted activities to assess Viola species adaptation behavior patterns. Results: Viola canescens (V. canescens) and Viola pilosa (V. pilosa) were found abundantly at their respective sites. Among flowers and leaves, flowers of V. canescens and V. pilosa showed higher total polyphenolic and flavonoid content (51.4 ± 1.13 mg GAE/g and 65.05 ± 0.85 mg RE/g, and 33.26 ± 0.62 mg GAE/g and 36.10 ± 1.41 mg RE/g, respectively). Furthermore, UPLC-DAD showed the uppermost content of p-coumaric acid in flowers and ferulic acid in leaves, while rutin was significant in both the tissues. Conclusions: The adaptive behavior of Viola species showed variability in morphological characters with the altitudes, while targeted polyphenols and activities were significant at mid-altitudes. This research helps in the selection of right chemotype for agrotechnological interventions and the development of nutraceutical products.     

Phase diagram of a system of adipic,glutaric, and sebacic acids

Adipic acid–glutaric acid, glutaric acid–sebacic acid, and adipic acid–sebacic acid binary systems are studied, along with an adipic acid–glutaric acid–sebacic acid ternary system. It is shown all of these systems are eutectic. Phase equilibria for the diagram elements of the binary systems and the ternary system are described. It is concluded that the above low-melting compounds can be recommended for use as working bodies in heat accumulators, and for preparing electrolytes used in the thin-layer anodic oxidation of aluminum alloys.     

Luminescence studies of the conformational behaviour of hydrophobically-modified,water-soluble polymers

A range of hydrophobically-modified water-soluble polymers, based upon acrylic acid and methacrylic acid as hydrophilic components, has been studied using various luminescence techniques. Time-resolved anisotropy measurements, on fluorescently labelled macromolecules, have been used to quantify the extent to which the conformational behaviour of a given polyelectrolyte affects its segmental mobility, and to gauge how such behaviour can be controlled by hydrophobic modification. Room-temperature stabilized phosphorescence from the labels and/or occluded guests and energy transfer experiments have been used to investigate the nature of the hydrophobic domains formed in these polymers. Hydrophobic modification of polyelectrolytes can be used to enhance the scope of water-soluble macromolecules as solubilizing media for photochemical and spectroscopic applications.     

Study of the protein-bound fraction of calcium,iron, magnesium and zinc in bovine milk

Two approaches were used to study the interaction of Ca, Fe, Mg and Zn with bovine milk proteins by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICPOES). Selective separations in bovine milk samples were accomplished employing an acid protein precipitation using 100 g l⁻¹ trichloroacetic acid (TCA), and an enzymatic protein hydrolysis using 50 g l⁻¹ pepsin (PEP) solution, respectively. The results were compared with total mineral contents determined after microwave-assisted acid digestion. The results obtained by enzymatic and acid precipitation evidenced the different interaction forms of Ca, Fe, Mg and Zn in the system formed by milk components. Iron was not solubilized by the TCA treatment, but was recovered completely after the enzymatic treatment. Quantitative recoveries of Ca, Mg and Zn were obtained using both approaches, showing that these analytes were bound to milk compounds affected by either treatment. Calcium, Mg and Zn are mainly associated with colloidal calcium phosphate and Fe is bound to the backbone of the casein polypeptide chain, cleaved by pepsin enzyme. The proposed approaches could be used to assess the complexity of these chemical interactions.     

MCM-41-SO3H: an efficient,reusable, heterogeneous catalyst for the one-pot,three-component synthesis of pyrano[3,2-b]pyrans

Research on Chemical Intermediates - MCM-41-SO3H, ordered mesoporous silica material MCM-41 with covalently anchored sulfonic acid groups, was used as a solid acid catalyst for the convenient,...     

电感耦合等离子体质谱法(ICP-MS)测定稀土矿中钇、镧、铈、镨、钕、钐、铕、钆、铽、镝、钬、铒、铥、镱、镥和钪量

通过用四酸与微波消解法溶解样品对比,建立了用硝酸、盐酸、氢氟酸、高氯酸分解样品,采用电感耦合等离子体质谱法(ICP-MS)测定稀土矿中16种元素含量。方法采用_¹⁰³Rh作为内标消除干扰,确定了最优测定条件,16种稀土元素检出限为0.0029-0.0099ng/mL,测定范围为0.0005-0.020%。精密度试验、加标回收试验及标准物质检测,结果验证了方法的可行性及准确性。该方法简单易操作,结果可靠,能满足实验分析要求。     

Betulonic Acid,as One of the Active Components of the Celastrus orbiculatus Extract,Inhibits the Invasion and Metastasis of Gastric Cancer Cells by Mediating Cytoskeleton Rearrangement In Vitro

Gastric cancer is a type of malignant tumor that seriously threatens human life and health. Invasion and metastasis present difficulties in the treatment of gastric cancer, and the remodeling of the tumor cytoskeleton plays an important role in mediating the ability of tumor cells to achieve invasion and metastasis. Previous experimental results suggest that Celastrus orbiculatus extract can regulate cytoskeletal remodeling in gastric cancer, but the active component has not been determined. Betulonic acid, as an effective component of COE, inhibits the invasion and metastasis of gastric cancer cells by regulating cytoskeletal remodeling in vitro; its specific mechanisms have been studied here. After betulonic acid was dissolved, it was diluted to various working concentrations in RPMI-1640 medium and added to AGS, HGC-27 and GES-1 cell lines. Cell viability was assessed by CCK-8 and colony formation assays. Cytoskeleton staining was used to detect changes in cytoskeleton morphology. Functional assays including wound healing assays and transwell assays were used to detect the invasion and migration of cells. The effect of betulonic acid on cell invasion and migration was clearly and precisely observed by high-content imaging technology. Western blotting was used to detect the regulation of matrix metalloproteinase-related proteins and epithelial–mesenchymal transformation-related proteins. We found that betulonic acid inhibited the migration and invasion of gastric cancer cells. Therefore, betulonic acid inhibits the invasion and metastasis of gastric cancer cells by mediating cytoskeletal remodeling and regulating epithelial mesenchymal transformation.     

Investigation of the solvent extraction of californium, fermium and mendelevium

The extraction constants for the systems di-(2-ethylhexyl)-orthophosphoric acid/toluene/hydrochloric acid and americium, curium californium and fermium have been determined. They have been used to select the best conditions for the separation of californium, fermium and mendelevium by extraction chromatography. The separation factors are much higher than the corresponding ion-exchange methods.     

Behavior of thorium,zirconium, and vanadium as chemical modifiers in the determination of arsenic by electrothermal atomization atomic absorption spectrometry

The comparative effect of thorium, zirconium and vanadium used as chemical modifiers in wall and platform atomization of arsenic using two sample introduction modes (aerosol vs. liquid drop) was studied. The effect of proton concentration (as hydrochloric acid and nitric acid) on the behavior of these modifiers was also tested. A beneficial effect on the stabilization of arsenic from all the chemical modifiers was essentially derived in the presence of nitric acid mainly for the aerosol introduction mode. Nonetheless, the highest sensitivity and the best stabilization of arsenic were obtained using zirconium and thorium as a chemical modifier, because pyrolysis temperatures as high as ∼1500°C can be used. The mechanistic action of the chemical modifiers used is also studied, resulting in the formation of a mixture of oxides stabilized at high temperatures.     

Scalable Biosynthesis of the Seaweed Neurochemical,Kainic Acid

Kainic acid, the flagship member of the kainoid family of natural neurochemicals, is a widely used neuropharmacological agent that helped unravel the key role of ionotropic glutamate receptors, including the kainate receptor, in the central nervous system. Worldwide shortages of this seaweed natural product in the year 2000 prompted numerous chemical syntheses, including scalable preparations with as few as six‐steps. Herein we report the discovery and characterization of the concise two‐enzyme biosynthetic pathway to kainic acid from l ‐glutamic acid and dimethylallyl pyrophosphate in red macroalgae and show that the biosynthetic genes are co‐clustered in genomes of Digenea simplex and Palmaria palmata. Moreover, we applied a key biosynthetic α‐ketoglutarate‐dependent dioxygenase enzyme in a biotransformation methodology to efficiently construct kainic acid on the gram scale. This study establishes both the feasibility of mining seaweed genomes for their biotechnological prowess.     

Scalable Biosynthesis of the Seaweed Neurochemical,Kainic Acid

Kainic acid, the flagship member of the kainoid family of natural neurochemicals, is a widely used neuropharmacological agent that helped unravel the key role of ionotropic glutamate receptors, including the kainate receptor, in the central nervous system. Worldwide shortages of this seaweed natural product in the year 2000 prompted numerous chemical syntheses, including scalable preparations with as few as six‐steps. Herein we report the discovery and characterization of the concise two‐enzyme biosynthetic pathway to kainic acid from l ‐glutamic acid and dimethylallyl pyrophosphate in red macroalgae and show that the biosynthetic genes are co‐clustered in genomes of Digenea simplex and Palmaria palmata. Moreover, we applied a key biosynthetic α‐ketoglutarate‐dependent dioxygenase enzyme in a biotransformation methodology to efficiently construct kainic acid on the gram scale. This study establishes both the feasibility of mining seaweed genomes for their biotechnological prowess.     

Modeling of the influence of conformation,isotopic substitution,and aqueous environment on the vibrational spectrum of L-glutamic acid

Quantum-mechanical calculations of optimized structures, harmonic force fields, and vibrational spectra were performed for 10 L-glutamic acid conformers. The vibrational spectra were interpreted using B3LYP/6-31+G** calculations for the stablest conformer. Satisfactory agreement between the experimental and theoretical data was obtained. Vibrational frequency shifts caused by isotopic substitution of various types in the L-glutamic acid molecule were analyzed taking into account the conformational structure and the influence of water medium and molecule ionization. Isotopic tags are suggested that can be used in biochemical studies taking into account their special characteristics.     

Interactions of Ascorbic Acid, 5-Caffeoylquinic Acid,and Quercetin-3-Rutinoside in the Presence and Absence of Iron during Thermal Processing and the Influence on Antioxidant Activity

Bioactive compounds in fruit and vegetables influence each other’s antioxidant activity. Pure standards, and mixtures of the common plant compounds, namely ascorbic acid, 5-caffeoylquinic acid, and quercetin-3-rutinoside (sum 0.3 mM), in the presence and absence of iron, were analyzed pre- and post-thermal processing in an aqueous solution. Antioxidant activity was measured by total phenolic content (TPC), 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), and 2,2′-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (TEAC) radical-scavenging assays. Ionic ferrous iron (Fe²⁺) and ferric iron (Fe³⁺) were measured photometrically. For qualification and quantification of reaction products, HPLC was used. Results showed that thermal processing does not necessarily lead to a decreased antioxidant activity, even if the compound concentrations decreased, as then degradation products themselves have an antioxidant activity. In all used antioxidant assays the 2:1 ratio of ascorbic acid and 5-caffeoylquinic acid in the presence of iron had strong synergistic effects, while the 1:2 ratio had strong antagonistic effects. The pro-oxidant iron positively influenced the antioxidant activity in combination with the used antioxidants, while ferrous iron itself interacted with common in vitro assays for total antioxidant activity. These results indicate that the antioxidant activity of compounds is influenced by factors such as interaction with other molecules, temperature, and the minerals present.     

Evaluation of the Antinociceptive,Antiallodynic, Antihyperalgesic and Anti-Inflammatory Effect of Polyalthic Acid

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are very commonly used, but their adverse effects warrant investigating new therapeutic alternatives. Polyalthic acid, a labdane-type diterpenoid, is known to produce gastroprotection, tracheal smooth muscle relaxation, and antitumoral, antiparasitic and antibacterial activity. This study aimed to evaluate the antinociceptive, antiallodynic, antihyperalgesic and anti-inflammatory effect of polyalthic acid on rats. Moreover, the effectiveness of treating hyperalgesia with a combination of polyalthic acid and naproxen was analyzed, as well as the type of drug–drug interaction involved. Nociception was examined by injecting 1% formalin into the right hind paw and thermal hyperalgesia and inflammation by injecting a 1% carrageenan solution into the left hind paw of rats. Allodynia was assessed on an L5/L6 spinal nerve ligation model. Polyalthic acid generated significant antinociceptive (56–320 mg/kg), antiallodynic (100–562 mg/kg), and antihyperalgesic and anti-inflammatory (10–178 mg/kg) effects. Antinociception mechanisms were explored by pretreating the rats with naltrexone, ODQ and methiothepin, finding the effect blocked by the former two compounds, which indicates the participation of opioid receptors and guanylate cyclase. An isobolographic analysis suggests synergism between polyalthic acid and naproxen in the combined treatment of hyperalgesia.     

石墨炉原子吸收法测定土壤中铅、镉、钴、锑、铍

建立石墨炉原子吸收法测定土壤中铅、镉、钴、锑、铍含量的方法。优化了石墨炉原子吸收光谱法测定条件,在最佳实验条件下,采用硝酸-盐酸-氢氟酸-双氧水混合酸体系微波消解土壤样品,选用抗坏血酸-硝酸镁混合溶液为基体改进剂。铅、镉、钴、锑、铍的质量浓度在各自的范围内与吸光度成良好的线性关系,相关系数均大于0.999,各元素的检出限为0.008~0.06 μg/g。样品加标回收率为90.5%~104.0%,测定结果的相对标准偏差均小于2.5%(n=6)。该方法样品前处理简便,灵敏度高,检出限低,测定结果准确、可靠,可用于土壤中铅、镉、钴、锑、铍的测定。