X-ray imaging characterization of femoral bones in aging mice with osteopetrotic disorder

Aging mice with a rare osteopetrotic disorder in which the entire space of femoral bones are filled with trabecular bones are used as our research platform. A complete study is conducted with a micro computed tomography (CT) system to characterize the bone abnormality. Technical assessment of femoral bones includes geometric structure, biomechanical strength, bone mineral density (BMD), and bone mineral content (BMC). Normal aging mice of similar ages are included for comparisons. In our imaging work, we model the trabecular bone as a cylindrical rod and new quantitative which are not previously discussed are developed for advanced analysis, including trabecular segment length, trabecular segment radius, connecting node number, and distribution of trabecular segment radius. We then identified a geometric characteristic in which there are local maximums (0.0049, 0.0119, and 0.0147 mm) in the structure of trabecular segment radius. Our calculations show 343% higher in percent trabecular bone volume at distal-metaphysis; 38% higher in cortical thickness at mid-diaphysis; 11% higher in cortical cross-sectional moment of inertia at mid-diaphysis; 42% higher in cortical thickness at femur neck; 26% higher in cortical cross-sectional moment of inertia at femur neck; 31% and 395% higher in trabecular BMD and BMC at distal-metaphysis; 17% and 27% higher in cortical BMD and BMC at distal-metaphysis; 9% and 53% higher in cortical BMD and BMC at mid-diaphysis; 25% and 64% higher in cortical BMD and BMC at femur neck. Our new quantitative parameters and findings may be extended to evaluate the treatment response for other similar bone disorders.     

Preliminary quantitative analysis of vertebral microenvironment changes in type 2 diabetes mellitus using FOCUS IVIM-DWI and IDEAL-IQ sequences

PurposeTo explore the application of intravoxel incoherent motion diffusion-weighted imaging(IVIM-DWI) on account of field-of-view optimized and constrained undistorted single shot (FOCUS) and iteraterative decomposition of water and fat with echo asymmetry and least-squares estimation quantitation(IDEAL-IQ) sequences in evaluating the vertebral microenvironment changes of type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2DM) patients and the correlation with bone mineral density(BMD).Method128 T2DM patients (mean age 63.4 ± 5.28 years) underwent both dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) and spine MRI. The FOCUS IVIM-DWI and IDEAL-IQ derived parameters of the vertebral body(L1, L2, L3, L4)were measured on corresponding maps of the lumbar spine. The subjects were divided into 3 groups according to T-scores as follows: normal (n = 37), osteopenia (n = 43), and osteoporosis(n = 48) group.One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) were used to compare the vertebral parameters(ADC_slow, ADC_fast, f, FF, R2*) among three BMD cohorts.Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analyses and Spearman's rank correlation were performed to test the diagnostic performance and the correlation between them respectively.ResultsThere were significant differences in vertebral ADC_slow, ADC_fast, FF and R2* between the three groups (P < 0.05).Statistically, BMD was moderately negatively correlated with FF (r = −0.584, P < 0.001) and weakly positively with ADC_slow (r = 0.334, P < 0.001), meanwhile moderately positively correlated with R2*(r = 0.509, P < 0.001) and ADC_fast(0.545, P < 0.001).ADC_fast was moderately negatively correlated with FF (r = −0.417, P < 0.001), weakly positively correlated with R2*(0.359, P < 0.001).Compared with the area under the curve (AUC) of ADC_slow, ADC_fast, FF and R2*, the AUC of ADC_fast was higher in identifying between normal and abnormal(osteopenia and osteoporosis), normal from osteopenia, while the AUC of FF was higher in identifying osteopenia from osteoporosis.ConclusionsFOCUS IVIM-DWI and IDEAL-IQ of lumbar spine might be useful to evaluate the vertebral microenvironment changes of T2DM patients.     

Amplitude modulation excitation for cancellous bone evaluation using a portable ultrasonic backscatter instrumentation

The ultrasonic backscatter (UB) has the advantage of non-invasively obtaining bone density and structure, expected to be an assessment tool for early diagnosis osteoporosis. All former UB measurements were based on exciting a short single-pulse and analyzing the ultrasonic signals backscattered in bone. This study aims to examine amplitude modulation (AM) ultrasonic excitation with UB measurements for predicting bone characteristics. The AM multiple lengths excitation and backscatter measurement (AM-UB) functions were integrated into a portable ultrasonic instrument for bone characterization. The apparent integrated backscatter coefficient in the AM excitation (AIB_AM) was evaluated on the AM-UB instrumentation. The correlation coefficients of the AIB_AM estimating volume fraction (BV/TV), structure model index (SMI), and bone mineral density (BMD) were then analyzed. Significant correlations (|R| = 0.82-0.93, p < 0.05) were observed between the AIB_AM, BV/TV, SMI, and BMD. By growing the AM excitation length, the AIB_AM values exhibit more stability both in 1.0-MHz and 3.5-MHz measurements. The recommendations in AM-UB measurement were that the avoided length (T1) should be lower than AM excitation length, and the analysis length (T2) should be enough long but not more than AM excitation length. The authors conducted an AM-UB measurement for cancellous bone characterization. Increasing the AM excitation length could substantially enhance AIB_AM values stability with varying analyzed signals. The study suggests the portable AM-UB instrument with the integration of real-time analytics software that might provide a potential tool for osteoporosis early screening.     

Relationships among calcaneal backscatter, attenuation, sound speed, hip bone mineral density, and age in normal adult women

The present study was undertaken in order to investigate the use of calcaneal ultrasonic backscatter for the application of diagnosis of osteoporosis. Broadband ultrasonic attenuation (BUA), speed of sound (SOS), the average backscatter coefficient (ABC), and the hip bone mineral density (BMD) were measured in calcanea in 47 women (average age: 58 years, standard deviation: 13 years). All three ultrasound variables had comparable correlations with hip BMD (around 0.5). As reported previously by others, BUA and SOS were rather highly correlated with each other. The logarithm of the ABC was only moderately correlated with the other two. The three ultrasound parameters exhibited similar moderate negative correlations with age. These results taken collectively suggest that the ABC may carry important diagnostic information independent of that contained in BUA and SOS and, therefore, may be useful as an adjunct measurement in the diagnosis of osteoporosis.     

Bone mineral density value evaluation based on photoacoustic spectral analysis combined with deep learning method

The diagnosis of osteoporosis is eventually converted to the measurement of bone mineral density(BMD) in clinical trials.Since our previous work had proved the ability of using photoacoustic spectral analysis(PASA)to efficiently detect osteoporosis,in this contribution,we proposed a fully connected multi-layer deep neural network combined with PASA to semi-quantify BMD values corresponding to varying degrees of bone loss and to further evaluate the degree of osteoporosis.Experiments were carried out on swine femur heads,and the performance of our proposed method is satisfying for future clinical screening.     

超声背散射法评价松质骨状况的研究

超声背散射法评价松质骨状况及诊断骨质疏松症是近年来医学超声领域内的研究热点之一,现已取得了显著的进展。本文将介绍近年来超声背散射法及其参量评价松质骨状况的研究进展,并分析超声背散射相关参量频谱质心偏移量（SCS）和平均骨小梁间距（TbSp）与骨矿密度（BMD）的相关性。研究结果表明,超声背散射参量与BMD有较高的相关性。最后提出了将来研究中需要努力的方向。     

The effects of strontium on bone mineral: A review on current knowledge and microanalytical approaches

The interest in effects of strontium (Sr) on bone has greatly increased in the last decade due to the development of the promising drug strontium ranelate. This drug is used for treating osteoporosis, a major bone disease affecting hundreds of millions of people worldwide, especially postmenopausal women. The novelty of strontium ranelate compared to other treatments for osteoporosis is its unique effect on bone: it simultaneously promotes bone formation by osteoblasts and inhibits bone resorption by osteoclasts. Besides affecting bone cells, treatment with strontium ranelate also has a direct effect on the mineralized bone matrix. Due to the chemical similarities between Sr and Ca, a topic that has long been of particular interest is the incorporation of Sr into bones replacing Ca from the mineral phase, which is composed by carbonated hydroxyapatite nanocrystals. Several groups have analyzed the mineral produced during treatment; however, most analysis were done with relatively large samples containing numerous nanocrystals, resulting thus on data that represents an average of many crystalline domains. The nanoscale analysis of the bone apatite crystals containing Sr has only been described in a few studies. In this study, we review the current knowledge on the effects of Sr on bone mineral and discuss the methodological approaches that have been used in the field. In particular, we focus on the great potential that advanced microscopy and microanalytical techniques may have on the detailed analysis of the nanostructure and composition of bone apatite nanocrystals produced during treatment with strontium ranelate.     

Distribution of longitudinal wave properties in bovine cortical bone in vitro

The detailed spatial distributions of longitudinal ultrasonic velocity in cortical bone specimens obtained from three bovine femoral diaphysis were experimentally investigated using a pulse-echo system. The relationship between velocity, density, bone mineral density (BMD) and microstructure was investigated. Velocity was found to vary as a function of the direction of propagation and the location of the measured specimens in the bone diaphysis. A significant correlation was found between density and velocity, and between density and BMD. In some parts with plexiform structure, clear variations in velocity anisotropy were found despite no significant difference in density, BMD and microstructure.     

Comparison of Telomere Length of Vocal Folds With Different Tissues: A Physiological Measurement of Vocal Senescence

The objective of this article is to determine telomere length, a measure of biological age, in true vocal fold (TVF), false vocal fold (FVF), and five other tissue types, to ascertain whether there is tissue-specific telomere shortening. The study design is that of a prospective, basic science study. Tissue samples were obtained from the TVF, FVF, skin from the back of hand, skin from thigh, aorta, blood, and bone marrow from 12 patients ages 54 to 76 years. Genomic DNA was isolated from each sample, and telomere lengths were calculated with real-time polymerase chain reaction. In our small age group, age was not significantly associated with telomere length across tissue types, nor were there any linear correlations within tissue types and age. Controlling for age, significant differences were found between the following tissues: aorta and blood (P < 0.000), aorta and bone marrow (P = 0.033), aorta and FVF (P = 0.015), aorta and hand skin (P = 0.004), blood and thigh skin (P = 0.012), and blood and TVF (P = 0.048). A significant linear correlation between telomere length and tissue type without considering donor age was established between bone marrow and hand skin (P < 0.05, R2 = 0.766), thigh skin and hand skin (P < 0.01, R2 = 0.926), TVF and blood (P < 0.01, R2 = 0.836), and thigh skin and TVF (P < 0.05, R2 = 0.624). Our findings indicate that surrogate tissue for measurement of telomere length of TVF includes FVF, bone marrow, skin, and aorta. These findings have implications for understanding vocal fold aging at the cellular level.     

R'2 measured in trabecular bone in vitro: relationship to trabecular separation.

Measurement of key parameters of the microstructure of trabecular bone is critical to the study of osteoporosis and bone strength. Density based methods cannot provide this information, and give only the total amount of bone present, and not its arrangement. Magnetic resonance imaging has shown the potential to provide information related to the microarchitecture of the trabecular bone matrix. Twelve samples (8 x 8 x 8 mm3 bone cubes) were cut from sheep vertebrae such that the trabeculae ran either parallel or perpendicular to each face. Detailed measurements of the structure of these bone cubes were made by histomorphometry, and compared to R'2 and R*2 measured with a spin and gradient-echo sequence, Partially Refocused Interleaved Multiple Echo, at 1.5 Tesla. The precision of the R'2 measurement (% coefficient of variation) was 8.7+/-5.1, and 7.7+/-4.3 for R*2. Uncorrected values of R'2 and R*2 were significantly correlated to density measured by quantitative computed tomography (r = 0.87, p = 0.0005, and r = 0.90, p = 0.0002, respectively), and trabecular bone area measured by histomorphometry (r = 0.80, p = 0.002, and r = 0.83, p = 0.0008, respectively). Density correction was effected by imaging the same slice of bone in two orientations (90 degrees and 0 degrees ) to the main magnetic field. For both R'2 and R*2 there was a significant difference between measurements in the 90 degrees and 0 degrees orientations (p < 0.01). The difference between the two values was used, and termed R'2net or R*2net. The net parameters were independent of bone mass. R'2net and R*2net were significantly correlated to trabecular separation (p < 0.05) with r = -0.58 and r = -0.62, respectively. These results demonstrate the ability of magnetic resonance imaging to characterize a key measure of the trabecular microstucture. An increase in trabecular separation has important biomechanical consequences in osteoporosis. This result also strengthens the hypothesis that the sensitivity of R'2 to osteoporosis-related bone changes is due to magnetic susceptibility effects in which rapid transitions between bone and marrow create local magnetic field inhomogeneities that result in an increase in R'2 values.     

内蒙古兴和县育龄妇女头发中矿质元素分布及影响因素研究

使用电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱(ICP-AES)和原子荧光光谱法(AFS)分别对内蒙古自治区兴和县180名农村育龄妇女头发中21种矿物元素(铝,硼,钡,钙,镉,钴,铬,铜,铁,镁,锰,钼,镍,铅,硒,硅,锡,锶,钛,钒和锌)的含量及年龄、生育史及饮食习惯等对其产生的影响进行了研究。结果表明,大多数矿物元素(硼,镉,铬,钴,铜,铁,镁,锰,钼,镍,铅,硒,硅,锡,锶,钛,钒和锌)含量从青年组(18～29岁)到老年组(40～45岁)依次减少,而中年组(30～39岁)的钙,镁,锰、铅的含量最低。生育二胎的妇女钙,镁,锰,钼,镍,铅,锡,锶和锌含量最低,这可能与生育次数的增加有关,相关性分析证实钙,铅和锡与生育史有显著性相关。此外,饮食习惯也会影响头发中矿物质元素的含量。经常食用酸菜会导致锌,铁,铜,锰,锶含量水平较低,但钼,铅和硒含量水平较高。而且,锌和硒含量随肉类摄入频率增加而增加。规律性摄入蔬菜会增加硅的含量。同时,经常食用水果会增加锰,镍和钛的含量水平。因此,该研究为解决不均衡饮食习惯盛行的农村地区生育和妇女健康提供基础数据和有用的信息。     

电感耦合等离子体光谱法测定新疆奎屯氟砷中毒患者尿中的14种元素含量的研究

建立一种用电感耦合等离子体光谱法测定氟中毒,氟砷联合中毒患者尿中的K,Na,Ca,Mg,P,Zn,Al,Ba,Co,Cu,Ni,Sr,Cr,Ti 14种元素含量的方法。研究了电感耦合等离子体光谱法的操作条件及各元素的检出限,精密度和线性范围,方法的相对标准偏差为0.24%～2.47%(n=10)。平均回收率为90.4%～100.5%。与健康对照组比较,氟中毒和氟砷联合中毒患者组尿中的K,Na的含量高于健康对照组;氟砷联合中毒患者尿液中的Ba,Co,Cu,Ni,Cr的含量比氟中毒组和对照组的要高,具有统计学意义(P＜0.05)。P,Ca,Mg,Zn,Al,Ti,Sr三组间比较无统计学意义(P＞0.05)。方法灵敏,简单,重现性好,数据可靠。     

乌骨鸡与非药用鸡种矿物元素含量特征比较研究

乌骨鸡与非药用鸡种矿物质与微量元素含量特征的分析比较。乌骨鸡(BSF)是中国特有的传统药食两用鸡种,岭南黄鸡(LNYC),崇仁麻鸡(CRC)在中医药传统上一般不作药用, 但属养殖范围较广,饲养量较大的两个优质鸡种。矿物元素含量与分布特征除了和鸡种有关外,还和饲养条件尤其是饲料和水源有密切关系。因此引入上述相同条件饲养的两种非药用鸡种作为参比对照,可以消除实验误差,增强实验结果的可靠性。利用具有分析速度快,测定范围广,分析准确度和精密度高,良好的选择性和多元素同时测定等多个优点的电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱（ICP-AES）法测定两类鸡种的8种矿物质元素含量,可以更好地比较出因鸡种不同而导致的所含矿物质元素含量的差异, 更为真实地反映出乌骨鸡的营养价值。以相同的饲料、饮水、饲养环境下的两种非药用鸡种为对照,采用ICP-AES法测定乌骨鸡,岭南黄鸡﹑崇仁麻鸡在皮肤,骨骼,胸肌和腿肌组织中P,Ca,Na,K,Mg,Fe,Cu和Zn八种矿物质元素的含量。分别取其皮肤,骨骼,鸡胸肉﹑鸡腿肉作为样本（n=8）,剪碎烘干至恒重,称量。取上述各供试品平行样各三份,每份精密称取约2 g,分别加入10 mL混酸(HClO₄∶HNO₃=1∶4),加热消化。冷却后以2%HNO₃溶解定容,同时以蒸馏水为样品制备一份空白试液,在选定的工作条件下,对样品进行测定。ICP-AES法主要工作条件设置如下：射频功率1.2 kW;辅助气流量0.2 L·min-1;雾化气流量为0.8 L·min-1;等离子气流量为15 L·min-1;溶液提升量为1.5 mL·min-1;冷却气流量15 L·min-1。所有样品的测定实验重复三次。所有数据均以平均值±标准偏差(x±s)表示。显著性分析采用SPSS20.0统计软件的t检验进行评价。研究不同组的变量值采用单因素方差分析,假设显著差异为p＜0.05。实验测得标准曲线的相关系数r>0.999 54,检测限范围（0.01～3.90 μg·g-1),说明在所研究的浓度范围内,各元素浓度与吸光度均呈现良好线性关系,确保了实验的精确度和准确度。结果显示: 与非药用鸡种比较：乌骨鸡皮肤中P,Ca,Na,K,Mg,Fe,Cu和Zn八种矿物质元素含量均极显著高(p＜0.01);骨骼中Ca,Fe,Na,Zn元素含量显著高（其中Ca,Fe：p＜0.01, Na,Zn：p<0.05）;鸡胸肉中Ca,Fe元素含量显著高(其中Ca：p＜0.05, Fe：p＜0.01),Mg元素含量极显著低(p＜0.01);腿肌肉中的Fe,Cu元素的含量极显著高(p＜0.01),Na,K,Mg,Zn含量显著低(p＜0.05);两种非药用鸡种间相比较差异不大。总体而言：乌骨鸡中高含量的钙,铁元素是其区别于非药用鸡种的显著特征,尤其是,乌骨鸡富含的铁元素可能是其补血作用的物质基础之一。该研究为进一步研究开发乌骨鸡补血功能以及阐述其补血机理提供了实验依据。     

不同部位矿质元素与红外光谱数据融合对美味牛肝菌产地溯源研究

野生食用菌产地溯源研究中,采用单一有机成分或矿质元素指纹存在一定局限性。利用不同指纹分析技术的互补性与协同性,将不同部位与类型的化学信息进行融合,探讨此方法对野生食用菌产地溯源的可行性,以期为野生食用菌溯源提供新的思路与科学依据。通过测定云南7个产地、124个美味牛肝菌(菌柄、菌盖)中15种矿质元素的含量,以及子实体傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)。标准正态变换(SNV)、二阶导数(2D)等算法对原始光谱进行预处理。基于低级与中级数据融合策略,将预处理后的FTIR光谱与菌柄、菌盖矿质元素数据进行融合,结合支持向量机(SVM)分别建立菌柄、菌盖、FTIR、低级数据融合(菌柄+菌盖,菌柄+菌盖+FTIR)与中级数据融合(菌柄+菌盖+FTIR)判别模型;分析比较模型参数,确定快速甄别美味牛肝菌产地的可靠方法。结果显示：(1)菌盖中Cd,Cr,Cu,Li,Mg,Na,P和Zn元素平均含量高于菌柄,Ba,Ca,Co,Ni,Rb,Sr和V元素在菌柄中平均含量高于菌盖。美味牛肝菌中人体必需矿质元素Ca,Cu,Mg,P和Zn平均含量远高于小麦、水稻干品和新鲜蔬菜,与动物干制品含量相似;(2)FTIR光谱数据最佳预处理方法为3D+SNV,其Q2和R2Y分别为76.64%,88.91%;(3)菌柄、菌盖、FTIR、低级数据融合与中级数据融合SVM模型,c值分别为8 192,4 096,1.414 2,11.313 7,1和0.7071 1,菌柄和菌盖模型c值较大,表明采用单一菌柄或菌盖矿质元素含量数据,SVM训练存在过拟合风险,判别效果较差;(4)FTIR、低级数据融合和中级数据融合SVM模型,样品分类错误总数分别为7,9,7和0,中级数据融合(菌柄+菌盖+FTIR)模型样品分类正确率最高。表明基于中级融合策略将不同部位矿物元素和子实体FTIR光谱数据融合,可作为野生食用菌产地溯源的一种有效方法。     

微波消解-ICP-OES测定青海野生黄蘑菇中的矿质元素

经湿法微波消解制样,利用全谱直读电感耦合等离子体-发射光谱法（ICP-OES）对青海野生黄蘑菇中的矿质元素进行全面详细的分析测定。测定结果表明,野生黄蘑菇中含有K、P、S、Mg、Ca、Fe、Al、Na、Zn、Cu、Mn、Cd、Ti、B、Ba、Cr、Sr 17种矿质元素,常量矿质元素中K、P、S的含量较高,微量元素中,Fe、Zn和Cu含量丰富,同时含有一定量的Cd元素,未检出Se元素。分析方法回收率在92.2%—108.8%之间,RSD为0.79%—9.05%。该方法简单、快速、可靠、灵敏度高,且多元素可同时测定,能满足实际样品分析要求。分析结果可为青海野生黄蘑菇的开发利用研究提供参考。     

Fabric dependence of quasi-waves in anisotropic porous media

Assessment of bone loss and osteoporosis by ultrasound systems is based on the speed of sound and broadband ultrasound attenuation of a single wave. However, the existence of a second wave in cancellous bone has been reported and its existence is an unequivocal signature of poroelastic media. To account for the fact that ultrasound is sensitive to microarchitecture as well as bone mineral density (BMD), a fabric-dependent anisotropic poroelastic wave propagation theory was recently developed for pure wave modes propagating along a plane of symmetry in an anisotropic medium. Key to this development was the inclusion of the fabric tensor--a quantitative stereological measure of the degree of structural anisotropy of bone--into the linear poroelasticity theory. In the present study, this framework is extended to the propagation of mixed wave modes along an arbitrary direction in anisotropic porous media called quasi-waves. It was found that differences between phase and group velocities are due to the anisotropy of the bone microarchitecture, and that the experimental wave velocities are more accurately predicted by the poroelastic model when the fabric tensor variable is taken into account. This poroelastic wave propagation theory represents an alternative for bone quality assessment beyond BMD.     

Water proton density in human cortical bone obtained from ultrashort echo time (UTE) MRI predicts bone microstructural properties

PurposeTo investigate the correlations between cortical bone microstructural properties and total water proton density (TWPD) obtained from three-dimensional ultrashort echo time Cones (3D-UTE-Cones) magnetic resonance imaging techniques.Materials and methods135 cortical bone samples were harvested from human tibial and femoral midshafts of 37 donors (61 ± 24 years old). Samples were scanned using 3D-UTE-Cones sequences on a clinical 3T MRI and on a high-resolution micro-computed tomography (μCT) scanner. TWPD was measured using 3D-UTE-Cones MR images. Average bone porosity, pore size, and bone mineral density (BMD) were measured from μCT images at 9 μm voxel size. Pearson's correlation coefficients between TWPD and μCT-based measures were calculated.ResultsTWPD showed significant moderate correlation with both average bone porosity (R = 0.66, p < 0.01) and pore size (R = 0.57, p < 0.01). TWPD also showed significant strong correction with BMD (R = 0.71, p < 0.01).ConclusionsThe presented 3D-UTE-Cones imaging technique allows assessment of TWPD in human cortical bone. This quick UTE-MRI-based technique was capable of predicting bone microstructure differences with significant correlations. Such correlations highlight the potential of UTE-MRI-based measurement of bone water proton density to assess bone microstructure.     

核磁共振骨皮质成像关键技术研究进展

骨质量尤其是骨皮质质量的评价方法对骨病的诊断和治疗有重要意义. 随着社会快速老龄化, 如何非侵入地获得准确实用的骨质量评价指标已成为医学物理领域亟待解决的热点问题. 目前有多种骨质量评价方法, 其中双能X射线吸收法获得的骨矿密度值是评价骨质量的现行金标准, 但这个参数有明显缺陷, 如不能反映骨皮质中的有机基质、微结构、孔隙度及灌注等情况, 所以不能准确诊断骨质疏松和预测骨折等疾病. 由于骨的磁共振信号衰减极快,所以常规磁共振成像技术不能探测到骨的信号. 近年来随着理论、方法和设备的不断进步, 超短回波磁共振骨成像成为可能. 本文简要介绍超短回波磁共振骨成像的基础物理理论, 结合作者所在实验室的研究工作对各类定性及定量超短回波磁共振骨皮质成像新方法进行综述, 总结各类方法的特点、适用范围及不足, 指出进一步研究的方向、重点及步骤, 对超短回波磁共振成像在骨质量评估方面的理论研究及工程应用具有指导意义. 关键词： 超短回波 核磁共振成像 骨矿物密度 骨皮质     

The Br,Fe, Rb,Sr, and Zn contents and interrelation in intact and morphologic normal prostate tissue of adult men investigated by energy‐dispersive X‐ray fluorescent analysis

A method for radionuclide‐induced (¹⁰⁹Cd) energy‐dispersive X‐ray fluorescent (EDXRF) was used to determine Br, Fe, Rb, Sr, and Zn contents in intact and morphologic normal prostate tissues. Prostates were removed at necropsy from 64 men (mean age 36.5 years, range 13–60) who had died suddenly. All materials were divided into two parts. One part was morphologically examined, whereas chemical element contents of the other were estimated. Mean values (M ± SΕΜ) for mass fraction of Br, Fe, Rb, Sr, and Zn (mg kg^?1 on dry‐weight basis) in the intact and morphologic normal prostate tissue were 35.5 ± 4.0, 107 ± 5.4, 17.1 ± 0.8, 1.9 ± 0.3, and 850 ± 79, respectively. Mean values (M ± SΕΜ) for Zn/Fe, Zn/Rb, and Zn/Sr ratios of mass fraction were 8.72 ± 0.80, 57.4 ± 7.2, and 567 ± 82, respectively. A strongly pronounced tendency of age‐related exponential increase in Zn mass fraction as well an increase in Zn/Fe, Zn/Rb, and Zn/Sr ratios in prostate was observed. A significant positive correlation was seen between the prostatic zinc and iron contents (p ≤ 0.05, r = 0.22) and between the prostatic zinc and bromine contents (p ≤ 0.01, r = 0.43). Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Sonication enhances polyphenolic compounds,sugars, carotenoids and mineral elements of apple juice

A study was initiated with the objective of evaluating the effects of sonication treatment on quality characteristics of apple juice such as polyphenolic compounds (chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, catechin, epicatechin and phloridzin), sugars (fructose, glucose and sucrose), mineral elements (Na, K, Ca, P, Mg, Cu and Zn), total carotenoids, total anthocyanins, viscosity and electrical conductivity. The fresh apple juice samples were sonicated for 0, 30 and 60 min at 20 °C (frequency 25 kHz and amplitude 70%), respectively. As results, the contents of polyphenolic compounds and sugars significantly increased (P < 0.05) but the increases were more pronounced in juice samples sonicated for 30 min whereas, total carotenoids, mineral elements (Na, K and Ca) and viscosity significantly increased (P < 0.05) in samples treated for 60 min sonication. Losses of some mineral elements (P, Mg and Cu) also occurred. Total anthocyanins, Zn and electrical conductivity did not undergo any change in the sonicated samples. Findings of the present study suggest that sonication technique may be applied to improve phytonutrients present naturally in apple juice.