First Observation of Hyperfine Structure in K(2)

The hyperfine structure of the (v'-v") = (27-0) band of the b(3)Pi(u0(+)) <-- X(1)Sigma(+)(g) transition has been observed by laser excitation spectroscopy in a highly collimated molecular beam. Hyperfine parameters for magnetic dipole and electric quadrupole interaction are derived from least-squares fitting of the hyperfine pattern and deperturbation between A(1)Sigma(+)(u) and b(3)Pi(u0(+)). Copyright 2000 Academic Press.     

High-Resolution Infrared Study of the nu(7), nu(8), and nu(15) Bands and Millimeter-Wave Investigation of the v(8) = 1 State of CF(2)Cl-CH(3)

High-resolution (Deltavarsigma = 2.3 and 2.9 x 10(-3) cm(-1)) FTIR spectra of natural and (35)Cl monoisotopic CH(3)CF(2)Cl have been recorded at -70 degrees C in the 600-1400 cm(-1) range. The bands nu(7), nu(8), and nu(15) have been rotationally analyzed for both isotopic varieties. With the help of predictions based on nu(8) parameters, the millimeter-wave spectrum of the (35)Cl species in the v(8) = 1 state has been observed and jointly fitted with the IR data. Only a small number of local perturbations have been detected in the spectra. Altogether more than 8000 IR transitions have been fitted with an experimental precision of ca. 3 x 10(-4) cm(-1). Copyright 2000 Academic Press.     

Remeasurement of the absolute intensities of CFC11 (CFCl3) and CFC12 (CF2Cl2)

The absolute intensities of the strong absorption bands of CFC11 (CFCl₃) and CFC12 (CF₂Cl₂) have been remeasured at 300 K in view of their importance in global climatic impact and ozone depletion studies. For CFC11, our new values are 1718 ± 17 cm⁻² atm⁻¹ (846 cm⁻¹ band) and 671 ± 8 cm⁻² atm⁻¹ (1085 cm⁻¹ band). The values we have now obtained for the CFC12 intensities are 1421 ± 12 cm⁻² atm⁻¹ (923 cm⁻¹ band), 1129 ± 11 cm⁻² atm⁻¹ (1102 cm⁻¹ band), and 717 ± 14 cm⁻² atm⁻¹ (1161 cm⁻¹ band).     

Infrared and Millimeter-Wave Study of the Four Lowest Torsional States of CH(3)CF(3)

An investigation of the torsion-rotation Hamiltonian of CH(3)CF(3) in the ground vibrational state has been carried out using infrared and mm-wave spectroscopy. With infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy, the weak, torsional overtone (v(6) = 2 <-- 0) has been studied leading to the measurement of 382 frequencies between 405 and 440 cm(-1) at a resolution of 0.005 cm(-1). Torsional splittings on the order of 0.03 cm(-1) were observed. With mm-wave methods, a total of 669 rotational transitions between 50 and 360 GHz have been measured at Doppler-limited resolution in the four lowest torsional states v(6) = 0, 1, 2, 3. The experimental uncertainty attained for an isolated line was better than 10 kHz below 150 GHz, and somewhat larger at higher frequencies. For v(6) = 3, torsional splittings as large as 8.7 MHz were observed. The global data set consisted of the current frequency determinations and the 443 measurements with molecular beam, microwave, and mm-wave methods analyzed by I. Ozier, J. Schroderus, S.-X. Wang, G. A. McRae, M. C. L. Gerry, B. Vogelsanger, and A. Bauder [J. Mol. Spectrosc. 190, 324-340 (1998)]. The observation of mm-wave R-branch transitions for v(6) = 1 led to a change in the J-assignment of the forbidden (Deltak = +/-3) transitions reported earlier for this torsional state. A good fit was obtained by varying 24 parameters in a Hamiltonian that represented both the torsional effects and the sextic splittings. In the earlier work, the large reduced barrier height led to high correlations among several of the torsional distortion constants. With the current measurements, many of these correlations are substantially reduced. Improved effective values were determined for the height V(3) of the hindering barrier and the first-order correction V(6) in the Fourier expansion of the potential function. The dipole function which characterizes the transition moment of the torsional overtone (v(6) = 2 <-- 0) can be written as the product of a single effective dipole constant μ(T)(0,eff) and the appropriate off-diagonal matrix element of (1 - cos 3alpha)/2, where alpha is the torsional angle. From an intensity analysis of the infrared spectrum, it has been determined that |μ(T)(0,eff)| = 85.3(62) mD. A novel approach based on a simple regrouping of angular momentum operators is introduced for decoupling the torsional and rotational degrees of freedom. Copyright 2001 Academic Press.     

CO2-laser-induced multiphoton absorption of CF2Cl2

Energy absorption by CF₂Cl₂ from an intense TEA CO₂ laser pulse is measured as a function of the pressure of CF₂Cl₂ and the pressure of Ar bath gas for different laser energy fluences. The fraction of the molecules excited by the laser field and the average energy of the molecular ensemble are determined by a simple experimental method.     

CF3Cl，CF2Cl2 和CFCl3分子外价壳层轨道特性的电子动量谱学研究

通过比较相同电子成分轨道的实验和DFT-B3LYP/6-311+G*理论的电子动量分布,系统研究了CF3Cl,CF2Cl2 和CFCl3分子外价壳层的轨道特性.研究结果表明CF3Cl,CF2Cl2 和CFCl3分子的Cl（3p）孤对电子轨道随着Cl原子个数增多,分子内相互作用逐渐增强,Cl原子3p轨道电子动量分布的特征逐渐淹没;F孤对电子轨道和的电子动量分布在高动量区出现了一个弱结构,且随Cl原子个数增多和F原子个数减少逐渐消失,这可能是由于部分轨道C-Cl 键电子成分的贡献;除3a1轨道外,C-F成键轨道和的理论的电子动量分布均在低动量端低于实验结果,可能是由于“d-like” 轨道低动量端的扭曲波效应;3a1轨道理论的电子动量分布均在 范围内低于实验结果,可能是由于扭曲波效应和电子关联等效应的影响.     

Zeeman Effect of the Rovibronic Ground State of I~(35)Cl at Hyperfine Level

Zeeman effect at the hyperfine level of the rovibronic ground state of I~(35) Cl are determined on the basis of|I_1 JF_1 I_2 FM_F) via an effective Hamiltonian matrix diagonalization method. Perturbations of the Zeeman sublevels are observed and the perturbation selection rules are summarized as well. Several potential applications of such Zeeman effect are suggested.     

Rotational Spectrum, Hyperfine Structure, and Internal Rotation of Methyl Carbamate

Methyl carbamate, an isomer of glycine, is a possible candidate for interstellar detection. It might be more abundant than glycine and its dipole moment is much larger. Furthermore, using high-level quantum chemical calculations, it is shown that syn methyl carbamate has a lower energy than glycine. The quadrupole hyperfine structure due to ¹⁴N has been measured using microwave Fourier transform spectroscopy. The rotational spectrum of the ground vibrational state has been measured from 8 to 240 GHz and accurate spectroscopic constants have been determined for the A internal rotation components of the rotational lines. Finally, the internal rotation splittings have been analyzed.     

High-resolution spectroscopy of CF2Cl2 in a molecular jet

Absorption spectra of CF₂Cl₂ were recorded around 923 cm^–1, with a resolution of 50 MHz. The application of the molecular jet technique considerably simplifies the spectra as compared to room-temperature experiments. Rotational and vibrational temperatures were measured for CF₂Cl₂ pure and seeded in Ar or He. Molecular constants were obtained for thev ₆ vibrational band of the two most abundant chlorine isotopic species, as well as vibrational band origines for thev ₆±v ₄ and thev ₆±v ₅ hot-bands of the CF₂ ³⁵Cl₂ isotope.Guest     

DFT study of self-coupling reaction of CF2(ads) coadsorbed on Cu(111) surface for forming CF2=CF2(g)

Total energy calculations based on the density functional theory (DFT) with ultrasoft pseudopotential, generalized gradient spin-polarized approximation and the partial structural constraint path minimization (PSCPM) method were carried out to establish the energetically more favorable reaction pathways for the self-coupling reaction of coadsorbed CF_2(ads) leading to the formation of CF₂=CF_2(ads) on the Cu(111) surface. In addition, the calculated electronic properties, namely partial density of states (PDOS), suggest that the initial breaking of the Cu(111)–CF_2(ads) bond associating with the electron delocalization on the Cu(111) surface and the electron transfer from Cu(111) to both units of CF_2(ads) are factors controlling the energy barrier for self-coupling reaction. Finally, the calculated energy barrier (0.310 eV) for the self-coupling reaction of CF_2(ads) coadsorbed on the Cu(111) surface in comparison with that (0.204 eV) for the single α-fluoride elimination of adsorbed CF_3(ads) on the Cu(111) surface qualitatively manifests that the formation of CF₂ = CF_2(g) at 250 K is limited by the self-coupling reaction of coadsorbed CF_2(ads) instead of the single α-fluoride elimination of adsorbed CF_3(ads).     

Isomeric Cl(2)O(2)(+) and Cl(2)O(2)(-) ions

Charged species structurally related to several isomers of Cl(2)O(2), of considerable importance in atmospheric chemistry, were obtained by chemical ionization (CI) and characterized by collisionally activated dissociation (CAD) mass spectrometry. The ClOClO(+) and [Cl(2)-O(2)](+) species were prepared by positive ion Cl(2)/CI of ClO(2) and O(2), respectively, whereas the ClClO(2)(+) isomer proved an elusive species of considerably lower stability. The ClClO(2)(-) anion was obtained from the negative ion Cl(2)/CI of ClO(2). The formation process, structure and stability of the ions are discussed in connection with available theoretical results and related to the recent preparation of (Cl(2)O(2))(+)SbF(6)(-) and (Cl(2)O(2))(+)Sb(2)F(11)(-) salts in the solid phase. Copyright 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

2-三氟甲基吡啶的转动光谱及分子结构研究

本文测定了2-三氟甲基吡啶在2∽20 GHz频率范围内的高分辨转动光谱. 测定了转动常数、¹⁴N核四极耦合常数及离心畸变常数等一系列光谱参数. 同时还在自然丰度下测定了5个¹³C和1个¹⁴N单取代同位素异数体的光谱数据. 实验结果结合从头算准确地推导出2-三氟甲基吡啶的骨架结构. 实验测得同位素异数体的平面转动惯量P_cc数值均为44.46 u?²,表明此分子具有C_s对称性. 此外,本文计算了吡啶、2-氟吡啶、2-甲基吡啶和2-三氟甲基吡啶的分子表面静电势,以此分析了三氟甲基的取代对电子分布的影响.     

The Rotational Spectrum of SO(2) and the Determination of the Hyperfine Constants and Nuclear Magnetic Shielding Tensors of (33)SO(2) and SO(17)O

Rotational analyses of the B(2)Sigma(+)(u) --> X(2)Sigma(+)(g) system of the (14)N(+)(2) molecule have been extended to include the vibrational levels up to v' = 4. Spectral data from 20 bands obtained from high-resolution Fourier transform spectrometry of a hollow-cathode and a Pointolite lamp were included in the analysis. A global deperturbation yielded molecular parameters of the highly perturbed B(2)Sigma state and interaction parameters A(2)Pi(u) approximately B(2)Sigma(u) with a standard deviation of 0.011 cm(-1). Rotational term values of the B(2)Sigma(+) state were also determined. New perturbations in the B(2)Sigma(+) (v = 0) level have been observed at N approximately 85 and N approximately 96. Copyright 2000 Academic Press.     

Homotopic Classification of Yang–Mills Vacua Taking into Account Causality

Existence of θ-vacuum states in Yang–Mills theories defined over asymptotically flat space-times examined taking into account not only the topology but the complicated causal structure of these space-times, too. By a result of Galloway apparently causality makes all vacuum states, seen by a distant observer, homotopically equivalent making the introduction of θ-terms unnecessary. But a more careful analysis shows that certain twisted classical vacuum states survive even in this case eventually leading to the conclusion that the concept of “θ-vacua” is meaningful in the case of general Yang–Mills theories. We give a classification of these vacuum states based on Isham’s results showing that the Yang–Mills vacuum has the same complexity as in the flat Minkowskian case hence the general CP-problem is not more complicated than the well-known flat one. We also construct the θ vacua rigorously via geometric quantization. PACS numbers: 11.15, 11.30.E, 04.20.G, 04.70     

Isotope fractionation in aqua-gas systems: Cl(2)-HCl-Cl(-), Br(2)-HBr-Br(-) and H(2)S-S(2-)

We report calculated values of isotope fractionation factors between chlorine, bromine and sulphide hydrated anions and respective gaseous compounds: hydrogen chloride, hydrogen bromide, molecular chlorine and bromine and hydrogen sulphide. For the calculation of the reduced partition function ratios (β-factors) of hydrated Cl(-), Br(-) and S(2-) anions, we used a model of a cluster composed of the considered ion surrounded by two shells of H(2)O molecules. Only the electrostatic interaction between ion and water molecules treated as electric dipoles was taken into account. The β-factors for the gaseous compounds (HCl, Cl(2), HBr, Br(2) and H(2)S) were calculated from vibrational frequencies reported by Urey and Greiff [Isotopic Exchange Equilibria, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 57, 321 (1935)] and Schauble et al. [Theoretical Estimates Equilibrium Chlorine-Isotope Fractionation, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 67, 3267 (2003)]. Low-temperature isotope fractionation between chlorine-hydrated anion and hydrogen chloride attains 1.55-1.68‰ (this work), which is in good agreement with experimental data (1.4-1.8‰) [Z.D. Sharp, J.D. Barnes, T.P. Fischer and M. Halick, An Experimental Determination of Chlorine Isotope Fractionation in Acid Systems and Applications to Volcanic Fumaroles, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 74, 264 (2010)]. The predicted isotope fractionations for hydrated bromine and HBr, Br(2) gases are very small, 1000?ln α, do not exceed 0.8‰; thus, the expected variations of bromine isotope composition in aqua-gas systems will require enhanced precision for their detection. In contrast, the sulphur isotope fractionation between H(2)S( gas ) and S(2-) attains 6.0‰ at room temperature and drops nearly linearly to 3.1‰ at 350°C.     

Hyperfine Structure of the Configuration lll

The matrix elements for the hyperfine structure of the configuration lll in SL-Kopplung are expressed as linear combinations of the electron coupling constants α_li(10), α_li(01), α_li(12).