A review on bio-lubricants from non-edible oils-recent advances,chemical modifications and applications

The necessity for lubricants has increased recently, and today's chief issue is the depletion of fossil resources, which drives up the cost of lubricants made of petroleum. As a result, current research focuses on lubricants that are made from renewable resources and are therefore environmentally benign. We can use inedible plant oils as the foundation for biodegradable bio lubricants. The locally accessible seed oils have significant uses in agriculture and nutrition, but more recently, their use in biolubricants and chemical feedstocks has increased. They are favourable to mineral-based counterparts and prospective commodities because of their unique qualities, such as lubricity, biodegradability, reduced toxicity, and reduced volatility. However, while being chemically altered, they still have rather poor cold-flow and thermo-oxidative stability concerns, which restricts their use as lubricants. To get around this restriction, numerous chemical changes have been documented, including transesterification, epoxidation, and estolide ester synthesis, all of which are covered in this paper. The current state and anticipated future trends of the global lubricant market are presented in this review. The primary goal of the current study is to provide an overview of recent non-edible plant uses in biolubricant synthesis. This study contains a review of recent research literature on the utilisation of various non-edible plant oils to create biolubricants.     

Monitoring tert-Butylhydroquinone Content and Its Effect on a Biolubricant during Oxidation

The use of biolubricants as a replacement for petroleum-based products is becoming more and more important, due to the current global energy and crude oil scenario. Thus, the production of biolubricants (which could take place in biorefineries) should be as efficient as possible, obtaining high-quality products with suitable viscosity or oxidation stability values to compete with oil refineries. One of the ways to produce biolubricants is through double transesterification from vegetable oils, where the role of catalysts (usually homogeneous) is vital, as they can improve the yield of the process. However, they should be removed after the chemical reaction, which is difficult once the biolubricant is obtained. Otherwise, they could act as catalysts during oxidation, contributing to a further decrease in oxidation stability and provoking significant changes. To avoid this, antioxidant addition could be an interesting choice. The aim of this work was to assess TBHQ addition in frying oil biolubricants, monitoring properties such as viscosity, acid number, absorbance or TBHQ content (through voltammetry) during oxidation. TBHQ addition (2114 mg·L⁻¹) kept the main quality parameters during oxidation compared to control samples. In contrast, TBHQ content decreased during oxidation (to 160 mg·L⁻¹), which proved its antioxidant effect.     

Lubricants from renewable energy sources – a review

Lubricant oils are known to decrease the friction coefficient between two contacting surfaces. It is essential for the correct function of almost the totality of mechanical machinery working in the entire world. Lubricant oils consist of about 80% of oily base stocks which attributes to their properties of viscosity, stability, and pour point to the lubricant plus additives supplemented to improve these properties. Petroleum lubricants are usually environmentally unacceptable due to their low biodegradability and toxicity. These oils contaminate the air, soil, and drinking water and affect human and plant life to a great extent. Thus, the demand for environmentally acceptable lubricants is increasing along with the public concerns for a pollution-free environment. Plant oils are promising as base fluid for biolubricants because of their excellent lubricity, biodegradability, viscosity–temperature characteristics, and low volatility. The purpose of this paper is to present a survey of the current status of biolubricating oil. This research provides an overview on the synthesis, tribochemical behavior; the effect of structure on friction/wear, load-bearing capacity, resistance to rise in specimen temperature, and varying response of antiwear/extreme-pressure additives in the presence of vegetable oil/derivative structures has also been discussed. Though a significant number of papers have been published in this area, there is still much to explore. A proper selection of base oil and additives is therefore essential for an efficient synthesis of biolubricating oil.     

Lubricant properties of Moringa oil using thermal and tribological techniques

The increasing application of biobased lubricants could significantly reduce environmental pollution and contribute to the replacement of petroleum base oils. Vegetable oils are recognized as rapidly biodegradable and are thus promising candidates for use as base fluids in formulation of environment friendly lubricants. Although many vegetable oils have excellent lubricity, they often have poor oxidation and low temperature stability. Here in, we report the lubricant potential of Moringa oil, which has 74% oleic acid content and thus possess improved oxidation stability over many other natural oils. For comparison, Jatropha oil, cottonseed oil, canola oil and sunflower oil were also studied. Among these oils, Moringa oil exhibits the highest thermo-oxidative stability measured using PDSC and TG. Canola oil demonstrated superior low temperature stability as measured using cryogenic DSC, pour point and cloud point measurements. The friction and wear properties were measured using HFRR. Overall, it was concluded that Moringa oil has potential in formulation of industrial fluids for high temperature applications. Names are necessary to report factually on available data; however, the USDA neither guarantees nor warrants the standard of the product, and the use of the name by USDA implies no approval of the product to the exclusion of others that may also be suitable.     

Chemical modification of waste cooking oil for the biolubricant production through transesterification process

Concerns and restrictions around contamination and environmental pollution are developing. The production of waste cooking oil and the pollution brought on by mineral oils are two important issues. The FSSAI's new standards state that cooking oil that contains more than 25% polar compounds is inappropriate for use and should be discarded. Therefore, both issues can be resolved with the aid of chemical modifications to waste cooking oil. Waste cooking oils are an attractive alternative to mineral oils because they are biodegradable and renewable sources of lubricants. The goal of the current research work is to create an environmentally friendly lubricant through transesterification reaction. Fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) of WCO with various alcohols (1-Heptanol, 2-Ethyl-1-Hexanol & Neopentyl Glycol) with diverse branching were used to create bio lubricant. As a heterogeneous catalyst, zinc acetate was used to carry out the reaction. Complex esters, which have been produced, have the potential to be used as biodegradable lubricants in industrial lubricant applications. Using the GC-MS technique, the structure of the generated bio lubricant was examined. The structural modification of waste cooking oil resulted in improvement in both physicochemical and tribological properties. The created bio lubricant had improved flash and fire points as well as a superior viscosity index (>120). The generated bio lubricant possesses friction characteristics that are comparable to those of commercial mineral oil-based lubricants. According to the results of this study, waste cooking oil lubricant has a lot of potential for use as a base stock due to its favorable biodegradability and tribological performance.     

Waste cooking oil as a promising source for bio lubricants- A review

The development of renewable and sustainable products to replace fossil fuels is a key topic in this decade from an industrial, environmental, and scientific perspective. There is an inescapable flow of mineral-based lubricants into the environment due to the increasing use of numerous lubricant types, most of which are mineral-based. Waste cooking oil is another problem, and the disposal of this oil pollutes the environment. Making bio-based lubricant from used cooking oil can solve both of these problems. Lubricating oils that can be created from waste cooking oil are the subject of this article. Bio-lubricants are an attractive alternative to conventional petro-based lubricants because of a number of physical properties, including as biodegradability, high lubricity, and high flash points. Despite this, they are expected to displace petroleum-based lubricants in a range of applications because to their inefficient chemical structure. This allows waste oil to be used as a lubricant while still keeping its tribological and environmental properties through chemical modification. Biodegradable lubricants may benefit from lower prices for waste natural oils, which may help them compete on the market. This article provides a brief introduction of waste cooking oil and its possible use as a bio-based lubricant, as well as the many elements and trends within it.     

Acrylation of biomass: A review of synthesis process: Know-how and future application directions

Over the years, eco-friendly raw biomass is being investigated to develop novel green monomer and oligomer components for sustainable polymer materials synthesis. The use of naturally obtained biomass can reduce the dependence on petrochemical suppliers and the impact of petroleum prices. Polymer materials obtained from biomass are a competitive alternative comparing with those made from petrochemicals. Domestically and industrially used vegetable oil derivatives are considered widely available, while cellulose derivatives are the most abundant natural polymers. Biobased acrylic polymers developed from vegetable oils and cellulose are very popular nowadays. Using acrylic derivatives of vegetable oils and cellulose as naturally obtained materials leads to long-lasting biopolymers with a wide range of high exploitation properties and applications. The characteristics of vegetable oil- and cellulose-based acrylate resins of high-biorenewable carbon content are suitable for industrial application, while their role is still underestimated. A brief analysis of biomass-derived biopolymer resin compositions, properties, and applications is critically outlined herein.     

Isolation of Industrial Important Bioactive Compounds from Microalgae

Microalgae are known as a rich source of bioactive compounds which exhibit different biological activities. Increased demand for sustainable biomass for production of important bioactive components with various potential especially therapeutic applications has resulted in noticeable interest in algae. Utilisation of microalgae in multiple scopes has been growing in various industries ranging from harnessing renewable energy to exploitation of high-value products. The focuses of this review are on production and the use of value-added components obtained from microalgae with current and potential application in the pharmaceutical, nutraceutical, cosmeceutical, energy and agri-food industries, as well as for bioremediation. Moreover, this work discusses the advantage, potential new beneficial strains, applications, limitations, research gaps and future prospect of microalgae in industry.     

秸秆生产乙醇预处理关键技术

乙醇是一种很有希望替代有限石油的燃料。目前燃料乙醇已在我国部分省市得到应用。我国目前燃料乙醇生产的主要原料是陈化粮,但我国陈化粮可用于燃料乙醇生产的量十分有限。真正可大量转化乙醇的应是纤维质材料。纤维质材料转化乙醇的挑战性问题是产量偏低、成本偏高。纤维质材料的预处理是转化乙醇过程中的关键步骤,该步骤的优化可明显提高纤维素的水解率,进而降低乙醇的生产成本。本文总结了纤维质材料预处理的各种方法,对各种方法的优缺点进行了综述和分析,并对生物质预处理技术发展的前景进行了展望。     

秸秆生产乙醇预处理关键技术

乙醇是一种很有希望替代有限石油的燃料.目前燃料乙醇已在我国部分省市得到应用.我国目前燃料乙醇生产的主要原料是陈化粮,但我国陈化粮可用于燃料乙醇生产的量十分有限.真正可大量转化乙醇的应是纤维质材料.纤维质材料转化乙醇的挑战性问题是产量偏低、成本偏高.纤维质材料的预处理是转化乙醇过程中的关键步骤,该步骤的优化可明显提高纤维素的水解率,进而降低乙醇的生产成本.本文总结了纤维质材料预处理的各种方法,对各种方法的优缺点进行了综述和分析,并对生物质预处理技术发展的前景进行了展望.     

Opportunities in the industrial biobased products industry

Approximately 89 million metric to forganic chemicals and lubricants, the majority of which are fossil based, are produced annually in the United States. The development of new industrial bioproducts, for production in stand-alone facilities or biorefineries, has the potential to reduce our dependence on imported oil and improve energy security. Advances in biotechnology are enabling the optimization of feedstock composition and agronomic characteristics and the development of new and improved fermentation organisms for conversion of biomass to new end products or intermediates. This article reviews recent biotechnology efforts to develop new industrial bioproducts and improve renewable feedstocks and key market opportunities.     

Highly Valuable Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids from Microalgae: Strategies to Improve Their Yields and Their Potential Exploitation in Aquaculture

Microalgae have a great potential for the production of healthy food and feed supplements. Their ability to convert carbon into high-value compounds and to be cultured in large scale without interfering with crop cultivation makes these photosynthetic microorganisms promising for the sustainable production of lipids. In particular, microalgae represent an alternative source of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), whose consumption is related to various health benefits for humans and animals. In recent years, several strategies to improve PUFAs’ production in microalgae have been investigated. Such strategies include selecting the best performing species and strains and the optimization of culturing conditions, with special emphasis on the different cultivation systems and the effect of different abiotic factors on PUFAs’ accumulation in microalgae. Moreover, developments and results obtained through the most modern genetic and metabolic engineering techniques are described, focusing on the strategies that lead to an increased lipid production or an altered PUFAs’ profile. Additionally, we provide an overview of biotechnological applications of PUFAs derived from microalgae as safe and sustainable organisms, such as aquafeed and food ingredients, and of the main techniques (and their related issues) for PUFAs’ extraction and purification from microalgal biomass.     

Carbonaceous residues from biomass gasification as catalysts for biodiesel production

Tars and alkali ashes from biomass gasification processes currently constitute one of the major problems in biomass valorisation,generating clogging of filters and issues related with the purity of syngas production.To date,these waste residues find no useful applications and they are generally disposed upon generation in the gasification process.A detailed analysis of these residues pointed out the presence of high quantities of Ca(>30 wt%).TG experiments indicated that a treatment under air at moderate temperatures(400-800 C) decomposed the majority of carbon species,while XRD indicated the presence of a crystalline CaO phase.CaO enriched valorized materials turned out to be good heterogeneous catalysts for biodiesel production from vegetable oils,providing moderate to good activities(50%-70% after 12 h) to fatty acid methyl esters in the transesterification of sunflower oil with methanol.     

Biomass-based green chemistry: sustainable solutions for modern economies

Abstract

Biomass and renewable raw materials are the basis and driver for an even greater alignment of industry to the principles of green chemistry and sustainability. Nature provides a remarkably wide range of renewable raw materials with varying properties and differing chemical compositions. Renewable raw materials are therefore especially interesting as alternatives to fossil resources for energy generation and as starting materials for industrial chemistry. Since various forms of biomass are also essential for human nutrition and animal feed, their use as feedstocks for other purposes must be balanced. Ideally, the biomass remaining after the nutritious components are removed can serve as a feedstock. Examples of applications that use biomass as starting materials include adhesives, textile and leather, cosmetics, cleaning agents, coatings, paints, printing inks, crop protection, lubricants and dietary supplements.     

Immobilization of Eversa® Transform via CLEA Technology Converts It in a Suitable Biocatalyst for Biolubricant Production Using Waste Cooking Oil

The performance of the previously optimized magnetic cross-linked enzyme aggregate of Eversa (Eversa-mCLEA) in the enzymatic synthesis of biolubricants by transesterification of waste cooking oil (WCO) with different alcohols has been evaluated. Eversa-mCLEA showed good activities using these alcohols, reaching a transesterification activity with isoamyl alcohol around 10-fold higher than with methanol. Yields of isoamyl fatty acid ester synthesis were similar using WCO or refined oil, confirming that this biocatalyst could be utilized to transform this residue into a valuable product. The effects of WCO/isoamyl alcohol molar ratio and enzyme load on the synthesis of biolubricant were also investigated. A maximum yield of around 90 wt.% was reached after 72 h of reaction using an enzyme load of 12 esterification units/g oil and a WCO/alcohol molar ratio of 1:6 in a solvent-free system. At the same conditions, the liquid Eversa yielded a maximum ester yield of only 34%. This study demonstrated the great changes in the enzyme properties that can be derived from a proper immobilization system. Moreover, it also shows the potential of WCO as a feedstock for the production of isoamyl fatty acid esters, which are potential candidates as biolubricants.     

介孔Ni/MgO催化剂催化水蒸气重整生物质油制氢

采用水热法制备了介孔MgO作为催化剂的载体,并制备了介孔Ni/MgO催化剂。利用N₂吸附-脱附、XRD、H₂-TPR等对样品进行表征,并考察了介孔Ni/MgO催化水蒸气重整糠醛、生物质油模型物和两种商用生物质油制氢的活性。结果表明,在介孔Ni/MgO催化剂催化水蒸气重整糠醛制氢反应中,随着反应温度的提高,水蒸气重整糠醛中糠醛的转化率、氢气的产率和氢气的选择性,都呈现递增的趋势。在反应温度提高到600℃时,糠醛的转化率和氢气的产率分别达到94.9%和83.2%。Ni/MgO催化水蒸气重整二组分模拟生物质油,糠醛/乙酸、糠醛/羟基丙酮制氢的反应中,氢气的产率分别达到87.3%和86.8%,均高于水蒸气重整糠醛反应中氢气的产率。由此表明,乙酸或羟基丙酮的存在,提高了模拟生物质油中主要有机物组分糠醛的转化率,并相应地提高了氢气的产率。在水蒸气重整商用生物质油制氢反应中,随着反应物水碳比(S/C(molar ratio)=5、10、15、20、25)的提高,主要有机物的转化率、氢气的产率和选择性呈现出增加的趋势。在水碳比为20时,两种生物质油的主要有机...     

Thermal characterisation of microalgae under slow pyrolysis conditions

Aquatic microalgae have high potential for production of bio-chemicals, liquid transport fuels and charcoal. Their main advantage over existing energy crops is that they have faster growth rates and do not compete with food production. In this study six species of microalgae (Tetraselmis chui, Chlorella like, Chlorella vulgaris, Chaetocerous muelleri, Dunaliella tertiolecta and Synechococcus) were selected, presenting a broad cross-section of physical characteristics and known behaviour under cultivation. The objective of this work was to ascertain differences in thermal conversion behaviour between the microalgae species under slow pyrolysis conditions.The samples were first analysed with a Computer Aided Thermal Analysis (CATA) technique at a standard heating rate of 10 °C/min. For all species, the energy required to achieve thermal conversion was found to be approximately 1 MJ/kg. Gas chromatography was then applied to measure the evolution of biogas compounds with temperature. The heat of combustion of the biogas compounds was estimated to vary significantly between species, ranging from 1.2 to 4.8 MJ/kg.Pyrolysis oil product yields were also estimated at 500 °C. The oils produced at this temperature were collected and their molecular weight distribution assessed by Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionisation (MALDI). The species were found to produce up to 43% by volume of bio-oils. In all samples the char fraction remained above one third of total sample weight.     

Industrial Waste Utilization for Low-Cost Production of Raw Material Oil Through Microbial Fermentation

In view of ever-growing demand of biodiesel, there is an urgent need to look for inexpensive and promising renewable raw material oils for its production. In this context, the aim of this study was to evaluate the potential use of industrial wastes for low-cost production of oils through microbial fermentation. Among the strains tested, Yarrowia lipolytica grew best and produced highest lipid when grown on decanter effluent from palm oil mill. When crude glycerol by-product from a biodiesel plant was added into the effluent as a co-substrate, Y. lipolytica produced a higher biomass of 3.21 g/L and a higher amount of lipid of 2.21 g/L which was 68 % of the dry weight. The scale up and process improvement in a 5-L bioreactor increased the biomass and lipid up to 5.53 and 2.81 g/L, respectively. A semi-continuous mode of operation was an effective mode for biomass enhancement while a fed-batch mode was effective for lipid enhancement. These yeast lipids have potential to be used as biodiesel feedstocks because of their similar fatty acid composition to that of plant oil.     

Viscosity based droplet size controlling in negative pressure driven droplets generator for large‐scale particle synthesis

The poor control and regulation of droplets limit the applications of negative pressure driven droplet generator (NPDDG). Here, we present a simple method to control droplet size in NPDDG via varying the oil viscosity. Depending on the infinite intersolubility of high viscous mineral oil and low viscous hexadecane, we obtain a series of oils with kinematic viscosities linearly varied from 4.2 to 194.6 mm²/s. By using these oils as continuous phases, monodisperse droplets are fabricated with controllable size in NPDDG. This viscosity‐based droplet regulation method is effective, reliable, and compatible with scale‐up processes. Compared with droplet generator driven by positive pressure, the presented method can fabricate hydrogel particles massively, without complicated multilayer chip structure and complex fluid controlling, which may extend the potential of NPDDG in droplets based high‐throughput assay or large‐scale materials synthesis.     

松油醇的分析及其生产工艺改进的研究

 应用气相 红外光谱(GC FTIR)和气相 质谱(GC MS)对合成松油醇及其杂质成分、原料松节油、合成过程中间体粗油(红油和黄油)和天然松油醇进行了分析研究,为判断松油醇产品中杂质产生的原因及改进生产工艺提供了依据。研究结果表明,松油醇中的杂质主要为长叶烯和石竹烯,是由原料松节油带入的。天然松油醇粗油中主要成分是1,8 桉叶素、反式 4 艹守醇、p 异丙烯基甲苯、顺式 4 艹守醇、芳樟醇、樟脑、龙脑、4 松油醇、α 松油醇和黄樟素。天然松油醇中β 松油醇和γ 松油醇含量不如合成松油醇中的含量高,以此可判断松油醇是天然的还是合成的。