Rotational isomerism of ethylamine in the region of the amino group stretching vibrations

Infrared spectra of C₂H₅NHD and C₂H₅ND₂ in the region of the amino group stretching vibrations show clearly recognizable splittings due to the presence of the rotamers. In the neat liquid and concentrated carbon tetrachloride solutions of C₂H₅ND₂, the intensity change of two components of the symmetric ND₂ stretching vibration with decrease of temperature can be explained by transition of associated molecules in the gauche to such in the trans form. In crystallized C₂H₅ND₂ and C₂H₅NH₂, the reduction of the gauche constituent of the symmetric stretching mode to a weak shoulder confirms the practically exclusive presence of the trans form.     

C-I stretching vibrations in iodobenzenes

Comparison of the calculated and experimental IR and Raman spectra of a series of iodobenzenes showed that the C-I stretching vibrations for these compounds correspond to a very highly polarized Raman band at 150–270 cm^–1 (=0.1). The position of this band depends on the mass of the para substituent and relative position of the fluorine and iodine atoms in the molecule. The UV absorption spectral data indicate an interaction of the iodine atom and para substituents through the -system. Opposite substituent effects on the change in intensity of the B-band in the UV spectra of iodobenzenes and tetrafluoroiodobenzenes were noted.Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 11, pp. 2637–2639, November, 1991.     

Theoretical studies on the substitution effect of fluorine on ethylene

The substitution effect of fluorine on ethylene is investigated by means of studyingthe properties of the charge distribution at the bond critical points with the theory of atomsin molecules.It is found that fluorine atom acts not only as a σ electron acceptor,but also asa π electron donor,and these double effects are reflected in the quantity of ellipticity,Lap-lacian and the charge density of charge distribution at the bond critical points.For C—C,C—Fbonds,the major axis of elliptical contours is perpendicular to the molecular plane,but forC—H bond,it is parallel to the molecular plane.Other effects originating from the substi-tution have also been discussed.     

Effect of fluorine substitution on the OH-radical-induced electron-transfer reaction in aqueous solutions of fluorinated alkyl iodides

The transient optical absorption bands formed at λ_max=340 and 435 nm, on reaction of ^√OH radicals in aerated acidic aqueous solutions of 1,1,1-trifluoro-2-iodoethane at low and high solute concentration, have been assigned to monomer and dimer radical cations, respectively. The deprotonation of the solute radical cations is the rate-determining step for the decay of the dimer radical cations. The stability constant for the dimer radical cation is determined to be 50 dm³ mol⁻¹ at 25°C. The dimer radical cation is a strong one-electron oxidant. Quantum chemical calculations and experimental results confirm that fluorine reduces the electron density at iodine and the ^√OH-radical-induced oxidation of fluoroiodoalkanes becomes a difficult process compared to iodoalkanes.     

Structural effects of fluorine substitution in proteins

The consequences of substitution of fluorine for the para hydrogen of a phenylalanine residue in ribonuclease-S were investigated by conformational energy calculations using the AMBER force field. Both the fluorine-containing protein and the corresponding nonfluorinated material were subjected to conformational adjustment through energy minimization and the minimum energy structures so defined were compared. Fluorine substitution leads to small alterations in many atomic positions in the protein, with adjustments at at sites more than 0.5 nm from the fluorine appearing to be somewhat larger than those within the immediate vicinity of the fluorine. Several atoms proximate to the fluorine atom were observed to move toward the fluorine while others in the same vicinity move away. The greater bulk of the fluorine atom and the strongly different electronic properties of fluorine compared to hydrogen thus appear to be insufficient to cause a consistent, unidirectional change in nearest-neighbor interactions upon introduction of a fluorine atom into a protein structure. Virtually all changes in atomic positions that are predicted by these calculations would be barely detectable by a crystallographic study with a resolution of 0.2 nm.     

Thermal effect on C-H stretching vibrations of the imidazolium ring in ionic liquids

We have studied temperature dependent IR spectra of the C-H stretching modes of the imidazolium ring in [bmim][PF(6)], [bmim][Tf(2)N], [emim][Tf(2)N], [hmim][Tf(2)N], and [bmim][BF(4)]. Temperatures in this study are from 278 to 348 K at an interval of 10 K. Spectra of the C-H stretching modes have been deconvoluted using our previous computer program of the Voigt-lineshape function. Frequency shifts, Lorentzian spectral widths, and band absorbance were examined as a function of temperature. In order to interpret the observed behaviors, we have developed a simple mechanical model as well as a chemical equilibrium model. The model analyses suggest that enthalpy changes for the cluster and/or ion-pair breaking reactions in the liquid state are several kJ mol(-1) endothermic, and the degree of dissociations of ion pairs or hydrogen bonded clusters is in the range from 0.3 to 0.9 with different magnitudes for the five ionic liquids.     

Regioselectivity of fluorine substitution by alkoxides on unsymmetrical difluoroarenes

An efficient approach to unsymmetrical halogenated resorcinol diethers has been developed. This synthesis consists of two subsequent nucleophilic aromatic substitutions (S_NAr) of unsymmetrical difluoroarenes by alkoxides. The novelty of this approach is its control of regioselectivity during the first S_NAr, which occurs at room temperature. Interestingly, the reactivity of competing fluorines was correlated to their chemical shift in ¹⁹F NMR.     

The effect of fluorine substitution on the zero-field splittings of naphthalene

Zero-field splitting parameters of 1-fluoro- and 2-fluoronaphthalene in single crystal hosts of durene and biphenyl have been measured in experiments near zero magnetic field. Disagreements with previous reports concerning the effect of fluorine on the ZFS parameters are discussed and are shown to arise due to crystal field effects.     

Effects of fluorine substitution on the edge-to-face interaction of the benzene dimer

To gain some insight into the effects of fluorination on the aromatic-aromatic interactions found in protein-ligand complexes, like those observed in the set of N-(4-sulfamylbenzoyl)benzylamine (SBB) inhibitors bound to Human Carbonic Anhydrase II (HCAII), we have produced potential energy curves for the edge-to-face interactions of a set of fluorinated benzene dimer compounds. All calculations were carried out at the MP2/aug-cc-pVDZ level of theory using the counterpoise method of Boys and Bernardi (Boys, S. F.; Bernardi, F. Mol. Phys. 1970, 19, 553) to account for the basis set superposition error. Fluorine substitutions are made onto the face molecule of the edge-to-face benzene dimer. As one might expect, the substitution of additional fluorines into this system generally resulted in a decrease of the binding energy. It was also found that the positioning of the fluorine substituents on isosubstituted compounds has a large effect on the total binding energy of these types of systems. More specifically, complexes with fluorines that are substituted closer to the hydrogen atoms of the edge benzene will tend to be stabilized by an electrostatic interaction between the partially negative fluorine atoms and the partially positive hydrogen atoms. However, our findings do not explain the recent crystallographic findings for the SBB-HCAII protein-ligand complex, where increased fluorination resulted in closer edge-to-face contacts, which suggests that there are factors, other than edge-to-face aromatic interactions, influencing this system's behavior.     

Blue shifts of the C-H stretching vibrations in hydrogen-bonded and protonated trimethylamine. Effect of hyperconjugation on bond properties

The optimized geometry of isolated trimethylamine (TMA), its hydrogen bond complexes with phenol derivatives and protonated TMA is calculated at the B3LYP/6-31++G(d,p) level. A natural bond orbital (NBO) analysis on these systems is carried out at the same level of theory. In isolated TMA, one of the C-H bond in each of the three CH(3) groups is more elongated than the two other ones. As revealed by the NBO data, this results from a hyperconjugative interaction from the N lone pair to the sigma*(C-H) orbitals of the C-H bonds being in a transoid position with respect to the N lone pair. The formation of an intermolecular OH...N hydrogen bond with phenols results in a decrease of the lone pair effect. A linear correlation is found between the decrease in occupation of the sigma*(C-H) orbitals and the decrease in the hyperconjugative interaction energy in the complexes and isolated TMA. Complex formation with phenols results in a blue shift of 55-74 cm(-1) of the C-H stretching vibrations involved in the lone pair effect. Smaller blue shifts between 14 and 23 cm(-1) are predicted for the other C-H bonds. In these complexes, a linear correlation is found between the frequency shifts and the elongation of the C-H bonds. Protonation of TMA results in a nearly equalization of all the C-H distances and a blue shift of 180 cm(-1) of the C-H bonds involved in hyperconjugation with the N lone pair.     

Effect of fluorine substitution in calix[4]pyrrole: A DFT study

Using density functional theory we investigate the ground-state geometries and electronic structures of calix[4]pyrrole (C4P) and its fluorine analogue (F-C4P). The HOMO–LUMO energy gap of C4P is 5.9 eV and remains nearly the same upon H-by-F replacement (5.7 eV). Fluorine substitution increases both the vertical and adiabatic ionization potentials of C4P by 0.8 eV while the electron affinity of either macrocycle is negative thus indicating that the corresponding radical anion in the gas-phase is thermodynamically unstable. It is shown that the topology of the LUMOs of both C4P and F-C4P have important implications for the spherical recognition of halide anions. The simulated IR, NMR, and electronic spectra display important fingerprints for the characterization of these macrocycles.     

Crystallinity and fluorine substitution effects on the proton conductivity of porous hydroxyapatites

Porous calcium hydroxyapatite (p-HAp) was prepared by wet chemical methods. The poorly crystalline structure and the high surface specific area (235 m²/g) of this hydroxyapatite have effects on the variation of the electrical properties. Good linearity of logarithm of conductivity versus the relative humidity in the range from 19% to 88% (RH) was observed using the complex impedance spectroscopy. The proton conduction was affected by the relative humidity related to H₂O adsorption on the material surfaces. The fluorine substitution in p-HAp also modifies the crystalline and the proton conduction properties.     

Carbon—hydrogen stretching vibrations in fluorocyclohexanes

For perfluorocyclohexane derivatives in which not more than one fluorine at each carbon atom is replaced by a hydrogen atom, it is established that C---H groups with an axial hydrogen show infra-red absorption at 2980 cm⁻¹ and with equatorial hydrogen at 2974 cm⁻¹. With 1H/2H-, 1H:2H/- and 1H:3H/-decafluorocyclohexane the frequencies are reduced somewhat. When the C---H groups are adjacent to a double bond the absorption is at 2961 cm⁻¹, while olefinic C---H groups absorb near 3095 cm⁻¹ in the fluorocarbon series. The C---H absorption is at 3102 cm⁻¹ in pentafluorobenzene.     

The effects of vinylic and allylic fluorine substitution in iso-butylene

Molecular orbital calculations using the 3-21G basis set have been performed for iso-butylene (IB; 2-methyl-1-propene), difluoro-iso-butylene (DFIB; 1,1-difluoro-2-methyl-1-propene), hexafluoro-iso-butylene (HFIB; 3,3,3-trifluoro-2-(trifluoromethyl)-1-propene), and perfluoro-iso-butylene (PFIB; 1,1,3,3,3-pentafluoro-2-(trifluoromethyl)-1-propene). The effects of fluorine substitution were studied by comparison of several calculated quantities of the fluorinated compounds with those of IB. Through an analysis of the computed electron density distributions, it is suggested that a vinylic fluorine acts as a π acceptor, by electron transfer into the C? F bond, and a π repeller, by polarization of the adjacent π electrons. An allylic fluorine acts as a π attractor through electrostatic effects, although in HFIB a minor contribution from hyperconjugation was evident. Finally, electrostatic potentials for the molecules were calculated. These show that fluorine substitution has large effects on the electrostatic potential associated with the π electrons. These effects change the sign of the calculated electrostatic potential in the plane containing the π bond to such an extent that PFIB is quite susceptible to nucleophilic attack.     

Selective reduction of the nitro group in the presence of the azoxy group. Synthesis of 2-(alkyl-NNO-azoxy)anilines

Tin(ii) chloride selectively reduces the aromatic nitro group to the amino group, the azoxy group remaining intact. This allows the preparation of 2-(R-NNO-azoxy)anilines from 2-(R-NNO-azoxy)nitrobenzenes bearing electron-donating or weak electron-withdrawing substituents (Me or Br) in the benzene ring and alkyl substituents at the distal N atom of the azoxy group. The presence of electron-withdrawing substituents at the azoxy group (for example, CO₂Et) leads to a change in the direction of the reaction resulting in selective reduction of the azoxy group to the hydrazo group.