Gasdynamic laser power at high pressure

The problem of relaxing mixture flow in a carbon dioxide gasdynamic laser is solved. Infrared radiation-power density generated is calculated for gas pressures at the nozzle input of 25 and 100 atm. An increase in power with increase in initial pressure is observed for suitable selection of mixture composition and initial temperature.     

虚拟质量力对酸性气体-钻井液两相流波速的影响

基于两流体模型、酸性气体和钻井液状态方程,考虑酸性气体与钻井液相间虚拟质量力、粘性剪切力、相间动量交换及狭义相间阻力等条件,建立酸性气体与钻井液两相中压力波传播速度的数学模型,依据小扰动原理,对波速模型求解,得到关于波数K的波速方程。结果表明,在一定范围内,随空隙率、频率的增大,虚拟质量力对波速的影响显著增强;在高空隙率下,压强增大,虚拟质量力对波速的影响减弱;增大流体的密度或不可压缩性,均可使两相压力波速增大;延长气液交换时间或减小波动频率使相间有足够时间进行动量交换,两相压力波波速随之减小。     

Special characteristics of the breakup of liquid drops with a high gas pressure

In a majority of power plants, the conversion of a liquid fuel into combustion products takes place at high pressure and with a high velocity of the motion of the gas. It is natural that in the choice of the working scheme of the process account must be taken of the effect of possible changes in the characteristics of the atomization process of a liquid fuel, connected with a change in the density of the gas. Of particular importance is the effect of perturbations of the pressure and the velocity on the behavior of liquid drops in a high-density gas flow. The number of communications in which such questions are discussed is very limited, since an overwhelming number of experiments were made at atmospheric pressure [1–7]. Only articles [8, 9] give qualitative concepts with respect to the effect of perturbations of the pressure on the breakup of drops with a gas pressure up to 30 atm. From the information given in [8, 9] it is difficult to form a judgment with respect to the change in the critical conditions and the time parameters of the process of the breakup of drops with a rise in the initial pressure (density) of the gas.     

Heat transfer through rarefied gases between coaxial cylindrical surfaces with arbitrary temperature difference

The problem of nonlinear heat transfer through a rarefied gas confined between concentric cylinders maintained at different temperatures is investigated. The formulation is based on the nonlinear Shakhov kinetic model subject to Cercignani–Lampis boundary conditions, while molecular interaction is modelled by the inverse power law. The detailed behaviour of the radial heat flow, density, temperature and pressure distributions in terms of the normalized temperature difference between the cylindrical walls, the ratio of the two cylindrical radii and the gas rarefaction is investigated and certain interesting characteristics are revealed. The study includes small, moderate and large temperature differences and various radius ratios and is extended in the whole range of the Knudsen number. It is verified that the type of molecular interaction plays an important role when the heat transfer configuration becomes strongly nonlinear, while the influence of the gas–surface scattering law has similar effects both in linear and nonlinear conditions. By comparing linear and nonlinear results corresponding to the same conditions, it is concluded that linearized analysis can capture the correct behaviour of the heat flow configuration not only for infinitesimally small but also for finite temperature differences and that its range of applicability is wider than expected.     

COUPLED ANALYSIS FOR THE HARVESTING STRUCTURE AND THE MODULATING CIRCUIT IN A PIEZOELECTRIC BIMORPH ENERGY HARVESTER

The authors analyze a piezoelectric energy harvester as an electro-mechanically coupled system. The energy harvester consists of a piezoelectric bimorph with a concentrated mass attached at one end, called the harvesting structure, an electric circuit for energy storage, and a rectifier that converts the AC output of the harvesting structure into a DC input for the storage circuit. The piezoelectric bimorph is assumed to be driven into flexural vibration by an ambient acoustic source to convert the mechanical energies into electric energies. The analysis indicates that the performance of this harvester, measured by the power density, is characterized by three important non-dimensional parameters, i.e., the non-dimensional inductance of the storage circuit, the non-dimensional aspect ratio （length/thickness） and the non-dimensional end mass of the harvesting structure. The numerical results show that： （1） the power density can be optimized by varying the non-dimensional inductance for each fixed non-dimensional aspect ratio with a fixed non-dimensional end mass; and （2） for a fixed non-dimensional inductance, the power density is maximized if the non-dimensional aspect ratio and the non-dimensional end mass are so chosen that the harvesting structure, consisting of both the piezoelectric bimorph and the end mass attached, resonates at the frequency of the ambient acoustic source.     

振动激发对高超声速气动力/热影响

随着飞行马赫数的不断提高,空气的高温气体效应越来越明显,对高超声速飞行器的气动力/热特性产生重要影响.高温气体效应对气动力/热的影响机理复杂,影响参数众多,迄今为止国内外尚未完全研究清楚.发生高温气体效应时,多个非线性物理过程耦合在一起,地面试验和数值模拟无法将这些过程解耦,无法给出关键物理机理.为了解决这一问题,文章提出一种理论分析与数值模拟相结合的两步渐进新方法:先通过牛顿迭代法得到发生振动激发过程的斜激波无黏解;再将该无黏解的结果作为边界条件,求解边界层的黏性解.利用该方法研究了振动激发过程对二维斜劈的气动力/热特性的影响规律.研究结果表明,振动激发过程对斜激波后的温度、密度、马赫数、雷诺数和斜激波角影响较大,而对压力和速度影响较小.斜激波波后的无黏流动与边界层流动是耦合在一起的.发生振动激发后,斜激波波后雷诺数的增大会导致边界层厚度减小,结合多个物理量的变化,如速度增大和温度减小,共同对边界层内的摩擦阻力和气动热产生影响.对比完全气体的结果发现,振动激发使壁面摩阻升高,而使壁面热流降低.分别通过影响激波层和边界层,振动激发对摩阻的影响是弱耦合的,而对热流的影响则是强耦合的.     

On the coupled system performance of transcritical CO2 heat pump and rankine cycle

As one of the natural refrigerants, CO₂ is a potential substitute for synthesized refrigerants with favorable environmental properties. In order to improve the performance of rankine cycle (RankC), the coupled system cycle (CSC) was designed and the performance was analyzed in this paper, which the CSC is combined by the RankC and the transcritical CO₂ heat pump cycle with an expander. Based on thermodynamic principles, the performance analysis platform was designed and the performance analysis was employed. The results show that the average efficiency of the RankC is about 30 %, and the extraction cycle is about 32 %, while the CSC is about 39 %, and the last one is better than the others at the same parameters. With increasing of the boiler feed water temperature, the efficiencies of the three kinds of cycles show increasing trend. With increasing of pressure in conderser–evaporator or outlet temperature of gas cooler, the efficiency of the CSC shows a downward trend. Some fundamental data were obtained for increasing the RankC efficiency by waste heat recovery, and play an active role in improvement the efficiency of power plants.     

Numerical study of condensing a small concentration of vapour inside a vertical tube

The purpose of this study is to analyse the combined heat and mass transfer of liquid film condensation from a small steam–air mixtures flowing downward along a vertical tube. Both liquid and gas stream are approached by two coupled laminar boundary layer. An implicit finite difference method is employed to solve the coupled governing equations for liquid film and gas flow together with the interfacial matching conditions. The effects of a wide range of changes of three independent variables (inlet pressure, inlet Reynolds number and wall temperature) on the concentration at exit tube, local Nusselt and Sherwood numbers, film thickness, accumulated condensate rate and temperature are carefully examined. The numerical results indicate that in the case of condensing a small concentration of vapours from a mixture, the resistance to heat and mass transfer by non-condensable gas becomes very intense. The comparisons of average Nusselt number and local condensate heat transfer coefficient with the literature results are in good agreement.     

Development of localized arc filament RF plasma actuators for high-speed and high Reynolds number flow control

Recently developed localized arc filament plasma actuators (LAFPAs) have shown tremendous control authority in high-speed and high Reynolds number flow for mixing enhancement and noise mitigation. Previously, these actuators were powered by a high-voltage pulsed DC plasma generator with low energy coupling efficiency of 5–10%. In the present work, a new custom-designed 8-channel pulsed radio frequency (RF) plasma generator has been developed to power up to 8 plasma actuators operated over a wide range of forcing frequencies (up to 50 kHz) and duty cycles (1–50%), and at high energy coupling efficiency (up to 80–85%). This reduces input electrical power requirements by approximately an order of magnitude, down to 12 W per actuator operating at 10% duty cycle. The new pulsed RF plasma generator is scalable to a system with a large number of channels. Performance of pulsed RF plasma actuators used for flow control was studied in a Mach 0.9 circular jet with a Reynolds number of about 623,000 and compared with that of pulsed DC actuators. Eight actuators were distributed uniformly on the perimeter of a 2.54-cm diameter circular nozzle extension. Both types of actuators coupled approximately the same amount of power to the flow, but with drastically different electrical inputs to the power supplies. Particle image velocimetry measurements showed that jet centerline Mach number decay produced by DC and RF actuators operating at the same forcing frequencies and duty cycles is very similar. At a forcing Strouhal number near 0.3, close to the jet column instability frequency, well-organized periodic structures, with similar patterns and dimensions, were generated in the jets forced by both DC and RF actuators. Far-field acoustic measurements demonstrated similar trends in the overall sound pressure level (OASPL) change produced by both types of actuators, resulting in OASPL reduction up to 1.2–1.5 dB in both cases. We conclude that pulsed RF actuators demonstrate flow control authority similar to pulsed DC actuators, with a significantly reduced power budget.     

Spheroidal wave solutions for sound radiation problems in the near-field of planar structures

Current research in active noise control and in the reconstruction of vibrating sources often requires knowledge of the independent source–field components that best represent the complex acoustical transfer paths observed between a radiating structure and a given control or observation domain. In this paper, closed-form solutions are provided for the singular value expansion of the radiation operator that maps the boundary velocity of a baffled rectangular structure onto the acoustic pressure observed in the half-space domain over a hemi-spheroidal surface located at an arbitrary separation distance from the radiator, including in the near-field zone. Independent contributions of the evanescent and propagating wave components to the complex power are examined for a baffled beam when varying the frequency and the source–field distance parameter. It is shown that the reactive-to-active power ratio induced by each singular mode follows an inverse power law that scales on the product between the reduced frequency and the source–field distance parameter. A transitional region is defined in the space-frequency domain within which the reactive power components are preponderant and should be accounted for when controlling or imaging the near-field zone of a planar radiator. The optimality of the singular source modes is found to be of interest to actively reduce the active and reactive power components in the near-field zone of a radiator with a limited number of independent control channels.     

填充床中气体渗流与化学波耦合问题的研究

研究等温和显著气固反应条件下填充床内反应气体浓度(物质)波推进与混合气体渗流的相互作用,指出化学反应对流动的影响包括两个方面,反应过程中混合气体质量的变化和密度的变化。混合气体流动将反过来影响反应进程。分析表明,按耦合模型和非耦合模型得到的速度场完全不同;按耦合模型,反应气体的浓度(物质)波阵面的推进对混合气体的流场有显著影响,因此按耦合模型计算的混合气体流场强烈地依赖于时间;忽略化学反应引起的混合气体密度变化的耦合模型,将导致一个质量消失的汇(或质量生成的源),因此将引起混合气体渗流速度的明显变化,并可能导致物理上不合理的结果;按耦合模型和非耦合模型计算的浓度场也有很大差别;当反应气体与惰性气体摩尔质量相差较大时,不能忽略反应过程中混合气体密度的变化;研究表明对于显著气固反应不能忽略化学反应与气体渗流的相互作用。     

Asymptotic theory of the Boltzmann system,for a steady flow of a slightly rarefied gas with a finite Mach number: General theory

A steady rarefied gas flow with Mach number of the order of unity around a body or bodies is considered. The general behaviour of the gas for small Knudsen numbers is studied by asymptotic analysis of the boundary-value problem of the Boltzmann equation for a general domain. The effect of gas rarefaction (or Knudsen number) is expressed as a power series of the square root of the Knudsen number of the system. A series of fluid-dynamic type equations and their associated boundary conditions that determine the component functions of the expansion of the density, flow velocity, and temperature of the gas is obtained by the analysis. The equations up to the order of the square root of the Knudsen number do not contain non-Navier–Stokes stress and heat flow, which differs from the claim by Darrozes (in Rarefied Gas Dynamics, Academic Press, New York, 1969). The contributions up to this order, except in the Knudsen layer, are included in the system of the Navier–Stokes equations and the slip boundary conditions consisting of tangential velocity slip due to the shear of flow and temperature jump due to the temperature gradient normal to the boundary.     

Multi-Field Coupled Dynamics for a Micro Beam

This paper proposes a multi-field coupled dynamics equation for a micro beam. The natural frequencies and the amplitude–frequency relationship of the micro beam in the coupled fields are investigated. Changes in the natural frequencies of the micro beam along with time, bias voltage, and dynamic viscosity of gas are discussed. The effects of the system parameters on the amplitude–frequency relationship are investigated. A number of useful results are obtained. These results are useful in the sensitivity design of resonant micro gas sensors excited by the electrostatic force.     

热-力联合作用下柱壳结构变形的计算分析

本文研究了激光连续加热和恒内压作用下柱壳结构的变形规律。以4340钢材料作为研究对象，其本构方程选用热粘塑性本构模型（Johnson-Cook模型）；选取某一应变率为临界值（本文中临界应变率取为1s^-1)。考察了激光功率密度，预载荷大小，激光作用时间等对结构变形规律的影响。主要结论有：结构失稳是导致激光辐照下充内压柱壳破坏的重要原因；激光功率密度和内压越高，结构破坏时间越短；根据辐照时间的长短，预测到了结构急速破坏，延迟破坏和不破坏三种模式。本工作对于深入认识激光作用下预载结构的热－力联合破坏有一定意义。     

Enhancement of channel wall vibration due to acoustic excitation of an internal bubbly flow

The effect of an internal turbulent bubbly flow on vibrations of a channel wall is investigated experimentally and theoretically. Our objective is to determine the spectrum and attenuation rate of sound propagating through a bubbly liquid flow in a channel, and connect these features with the vibrations of the channel wall and associated pressure fluctuations. Vibrations of an isolated channel wall and associated wall pressure fluctuations are measured using several accelerometers and pressure transducers at various gas void fractions and characteristic bubble diameters. A waveguide-theory-based model, consisting of a solution to the three-dimensional Helmholtz equation in an infinitely long channel with the effective physical properties of a bubbly liquid is developed to predict the spectral frequencies of the wall vibrations and pressure fluctuations, the corresponding attenuation coefficients and propagation phase speeds. Results show that the presence of bubbles substantially enhances the power spectral density of the channel wall vibrations and wall pressure fluctuations in the 250–1200 Hz range by up to 27 and 26 dB, respectively, and increases their overall rms values by up to 14.1 and 12.7 times, respectively. In the same frequency range, both vibrations and spectral frequencies increase substantially with increasing void fraction and slightly with increasing bubble diameter. Several weaker spectral peaks above that range are also observed. Trends of the frequency and attenuation coefficients of spectral peaks, as well as the phase velocities are well predicted by the model. This agreement confirms that the origin of enhanced vibrations and pressure fluctuations is the excitation of streamwise propagating pressure waves, which are created by the initial acoustic energy generated during bubble formation.     

Determination of density and concentration from fluorescent images of a gas flow

A fluorescence image analysis procedure to determine the distribution of species concentration and density in a gas flow is proposed. The fluorescent emission is due to the excitation of atoms/molecules of a gas that is intercepted by an electron sheet. The intensity of the fluorescent light is proportional to the local number density of the gas. When the gas flow is a mixture of different species, this proportionality can be used to extract the contribution associated with the species from the spectral superposition acquired by a digital camera. In particular, the fact is exploited such that the ratio between a pair of color intensities takes different values for different gases and that different linear superpositions of different color intensities yield a ratio that varies with the species concentration. This leads to a method that simultaneously reveals species concentrations and mass density of the mixture. For the proper working of a continuous electron gun in a gas, the procedure can be applied to gas flow where the pressure is below the thresholds of 200∼300 Pa and the number density is no greater than 10²³ m⁻³. To maintain the constancy of the emission coefficients, the temperature variation in the flow should be inside the range 75–900 K (above the temperature where the probability to meet disequilibrium phenomena due to rarefaction is low, below the temperature where visible thermal emission is present). The overall accuracy of the measurement method is approximately 10%. The uncertainty can vary locally in the range from 5 to 15% for the concentration and from 5 to 20% for the density depending on the local signal-to-noise ratio. The procedure is applied to two under-expanded sonic jets discharged into a different gas ambient—Helium into Argon and Argon into Helium—to measure the concentration and density distribution along the jet axis and across it. A comparison with experimental and numerical results obtained by other authors when observing under-expanded jets at different Mach numbers is made with the density distribution along the axis of the jet. This density distribution appears to be self-similar.     

Vortices in bubbly two-phase flow

The properties of a von Kármán vortex street are examined theoretically for bubbly flow around a rectangular obstacle. The time-dependent, two-dimensional Navier-Stokes equations describing each field are coupled through local pressure equilibration, a phenomenological momentum exchange term and a new representation of the virtual mass acceleration terms. Bubble fragmentation and coalescence are represented by the effect of relaxation to local Weber number equilibrium in a transport equation for the time and space variations of bubble-number density. Turbulence is represented by an eddy viscosity model. High-speed computer results for an air-water system agree well with published data for downstream gas accumulation in the vortices. Variations in Strouhal frequency with upstream void fraction are discussed in terms of bubble sublayer growth along the sides of the obstacle and the resulting movement of the flow separation streamline. Satellite eddy formation is observed, and the alteration of street characteristics by bubble migration is examined.     

Recovery of Methane From Gas Hydrates in a Porous Medium by Injection of Carbon Dioxide

This paper presents a mathematical model for methane hydrate–carbon dioxide replacement by injection of carbon dioxide gas into a porous medium rich in methane and its gas hydrate. Numerical solutions describing the pressure and temperature variation in a reservoir of finite length are obtained. It is shown that the replacement process is accompanied by a decrease in pressure and an increase in temperature of the porous medium. It is established that during the time of complete replacement of methane from a reservoir decreases with increasing permeability of the porous medium and the pressure of the injected gas.     

Vibroacoustic responses of a heavy fluid loaded cylindrical shell excited by a turbulent boundary layer

A fully coupled structural–acoustic model of a cylindrical shell under external turbulent boundary layer excitation is herein developed. The numerical process requires computation of the wall pressure cross spectral density function as well as sensitivity functions for the fluid-loaded cylindrical shell. A semi-empirical model from literature is used to describe the wall pressure field induced by the turbulent boundary layer in the wavenumber–frequency domain. An analytical expression of the wall pressure field for a flat surface is adapted to describe the wall pressure field for a cylindrical surface. Circumferential sensitivity functions are derived using a wavenumber-point reciprocity principle. Results for the near-field and far-field acoustic pressure spectra are presented. Contributions of individual circumferential modes to the acoustic pressure spectra are examined, showing distinct trends below and above the ring frequency. The proposed method is computationally efficient and provides an effective approach to investigate vibroacoustic responses for maritime platforms.