针对高压物质密度诊断的激光X射线照相优化设计

激光驱动冲击波能提供高压的物质状态, 是状态方程研究的重要工具. 超短超强激光与固体靶相互作用产生的X射线源, 具有短脉冲、微焦点、高产额、能量可调的特点, 是高压物质密度测量的首选背光源. 本文基于蒙特卡罗程序Geant4建立了X射线照相模型, 客体密度分布由流体力学程序Multi-1D模拟激光冲击加载高压物质获得. 在一维长方体形密度客体情况下, 定义了均方根、峰值偏差与上升沿斜率比三种指标, 对照相图像求解的密度结果进行评价, 开展了照相结果信噪比、分辨率与对比度等参数优化. 并开展了一维圆柱形密度客体的照相模拟, 建立了基于Radon逆变换法的Abel反演算法. 反演结果与模拟设计密度分布符合良好, 要求X射线源半径在5 μm以内; 反演结果与模拟设计密度分布较为一致, 要求X射线源半径在15 μm以内.     

干涉法诊断由纳秒激光诱导产生的大气等离子体的电子密度

通过改进的马赫-曾德尔干涉仪获得了高质量的Nd:YAG激光诱导大气等离子体干涉条纹图.利用快速傅里叶变换（FFT）分析法恢复了干涉图波面,通过Abel逆变换进行密度反演,重建了不同时刻激光等离子体电子密度的三维分布,并得到了激光等离子体膨胀速度与延迟时间的关系.结果显示,纳秒激光诱导大气击穿形成的等离子体具有等离子体通道结构,等离子体膨胀速度的迅速衰减,对等离子体通道的塌陷起到了促进作用,等离子体形状的离心率在大约48 ns时达到最大值,然后开始向圆形演变. 关键词： 激光等离子体电子密度 干涉测量 Abel逆变换     

剪切干涉测量电缆枪等离子体电子密度

用剪切干涉仪测量了电缆枪产生的等离子体电子密度分布.在实验中获得了激光波前通过等离子体后的干涉图样,测出等离子体沿轴向的平均运动速度约为2 cm/μs.对干涉图进行了二维波前重建,计算了电子线积分密度,给出了直观的等离子体分布图像,并计算了自由电子总数.根据等离子体的圆柱对称关系,利用Abel积分变换算出了局部电子密度沿径向的分布曲线.     

基于光纤Mach-Zehnder干涉仪多普勒激光雷达鉴频器的校准及风速探测(英文)

分析了光纤Mach-Zehnder干涉仪作为鉴频器的多普勒激光雷达风速探测灵敏度及动态范围与光程差的关系.当光纤Mach-Zehnder干涉仪光程差从0.1 m变化到1.5 m时,对应风速探测范围从±199.5m/s变化到±13.3m/s.光程差为0.45m时,风速变化1m/s对应的最高灵敏度为2.15%.光程差误差将导致风速反演误差.当光程差为0.145 9m和1.088 9m时,1nm的光程差误差将导致反演风速误差分别为1.028m/s和0.138m/s.应用激光波长调谐的方法得到光纤Mach-Zehnder干涉仪的透过率曲线,由自由光谱范围精确确定了光程差的值.应用此干涉仪作为鉴频器的激光雷达完成了实际风速探测,反演风速与相干探测风速具有较好的一致性,证明了校准探测的正确性.     

基于Abel逆变换的辐射驱动内爆壳层密度分布研究

给出了一种利用Abel逆变换反演壳层压缩密度分布的方法. 使用微焦点X射线光源对直径1 mm、 密度已知的空心CH球壳进行了透射照相, 通过Abel逆变换反演得到了空心CH球壳的壳层密度, 反演密度与实际密度符合, 表明通过Abel逆变换反演壳层密度的有效性. 对16分幅相机记录的辐射驱动内爆靶球图像进行Abel逆变换, 得到了不同时刻壳层压缩密度分布.定性分析了背光空间分布、 针孔成像系统和壳层厚度变化对密度反演的影响.     

等离子体中X射线激光传输与电子密度诊断的理论及数值比较

通过数值模拟描述X射线激光在等离子体介质中传输的傍轴偏微分方程,分析了等离子体电子密度诊断中折射率测量法(如Abel变换方法)的成立条件及适用范围.同时分析了由Schrdinger形式理论得到的电子密度诊断的修正项的效果,并给出了修正后的电子密度诊断算法. 关键词： 等离子体 电子密度 X射线激光 Abel变换     

BeH，BeD，BeT分子基态(X2Σ+)的结构与势能函数

采用量子力学从头算方法，运用二次组态相互作用QCISD(T)/aug-cc-pVTZ和电子相关单双耦合簇CCSD(T)/6-311++G(3df，2pd)研究了BeH，BeD，BeT分子基态的结构与势能函数，计算出了这些分子的光谱数据(ω_e，ω_eχ_e，B_e，α_e，D_e)，结果与实验光谱数据吻合较好.这表明上述分子基态的势能函数可用经修正的Murrell-Sorbie+c₆函数来表示. 关键词： BeH BeD BeT分子基态 分子结构 势能函数     

HL-2M 装置 CO2 色散干涉仪研制

研制了一套新型 CO₂ 激光色散干涉仪用于 HL-2M 装置初始放电期间的电子密度测量。该系统采用 基于激光倍频的色散测量原理,能够消除机械振动产生的相位误差。该系统使用全新的调相式信号调制,研发了 相应的数据采集/处理/上传系统。根据实验测量结果表明,CO₂ 激光色散干涉仪和微波干涉仪测量曲线基本一致, 色散干涉仪系统的测量精度约为 2×10¹⁷m⁻³,密度测量上限能达到 10²¹m⁻³。     

超新星爆发环境核素56,57,59,60Co的电子俘获

基于壳模型与Random Phase Approximation理论, 利用Shell-Model Monte Carlo方法, 研究了超新星爆发环境核素^56,57,59,60Co的电子俘获与电子丰度变化率. 我们的结果与利用Aufderheide方法计算的结果进行了误差对比. 结果表明: 电子俘获率受温度和密度的影响大大增加, 甚至增加达6个数量级以上(如在ρ₇=0.43, Y_e=0.48核素^57,59,60Co). 另一方面, 随着温度和密度的增大, 电子丰度变化率大大降低, 甚至减小达5个数量级以上(如在ρ₇=5.86, Y_e=0.47核素⁵⁹Co). 通过对误差因子的分析表明, 在低温低密度环境二种结果误差较大; 而在高温高密度环境, 二种结果误差相对较小. 关键词： 电子俘获 超新星     

Na5, Na6和Na7团簇光学吸收谱的理论研究

以含时密度泛函理论为基础，结合从头赝势方法运用含时局域密度近似计算了Na₅，Na₆和Na₇团簇的动力学极化强度，并通过傅里叶变换得出了团簇的光学吸收谱.研究表明，计算结果可以较好地再现实验谱，而且Na₆和Na₇团簇的结果和组态相互作用的结果符合较好.二维结构和三维结构的Na₆团簇的计算结果表明，只有二维结构可出现低于2 eV以下的峰，而且二维结构光谱的计算结果与实验结果符合较好. 关键词： 光吸收谱 Na团簇 含时局域密度近似     

Atomic Model Calculations of Gain Saturation in the 46.9 nm Line of Ne‐like Ar

The gain saturation in the 46.9 nm line of the Ar⁺⁸ laser is analyzed using an atomic kinetics code. The dependence of the gain (G) on the electron kinetic temperature (T_e) in the region (50 ‐150 eV) is calculated in the quasi steady‐state approximation for the different values of the electron density (N_e) and the plasma radius (r_pl). The influence of radiat on trapping, ion random and mean velocities, Stark line broadening and refraction losses on the gain saturation is taken into consideration. For r_pl = 150‐600 μm, the amplplication (G > 0 cm^‐1) exists in the large temperature/density domain (T_e = 60‐150 eV, N_e = 0.5‐10 × 10¹⁸ cm^‐3). However, the value G_s ∼ 1.4 cm^‐1 required for the gain saturation at the typical plasma length L_pl ∼ 15 cm is reached in the extremely narrow density regions at the high temperatures. The saturation is reached for r_pl = 600 μm at T^s_e = 150 eV in the region N^s_e = 1.8‐2 × 10¹⁸ cm ^‐3, for r_pl = 300 μm at T^s_e = 125 eV and N^s_e = 2.5‐3 × 10¹⁸ cm^‐3, and for r_pl = 150 μm at T^s_e = 110 eV and N^s_e = 3‐4 × 10¹⁸ cm^‐3. The broadest density region (N^s_e = 2 ‐8 × 10¹⁸ cm^‐3) is predicted for the narrowest column (r_pl = 150 μm) at the highest temperature (T^s_e = 150 eV). The operation in the broadest density region N^s_e, should make easier achievement of the gain saturation in the experiments.     

Critical points of density distribution of rapidly rotating superdense Newtonian polytropes

An analytical representation of the density distribution of rapidly rotating superdense Newtonian polytropes is obtained in terms of polynomials in powers of flatness parameters e and the polytropic index approximating it with an error of 10⁻³. A scheme of the determination of critical points in the configuration density distribution is constructed. If n = 1.4, the values of the parameters characterizing an analytical representation of density near the critical points are obtained. The dynamics of critical points depending on the parameter e is studied. The formation of A ₂- and A ₃-type catastrophes is demonstrated. It is proven that a bubble domain in the shape of an elliptical torus is formed in the density distribution near the point e = 0.3503.     

Electronic structure of silicon nitride according to ab initio quantum-chemical calculations and experimental data

Charge transfer ΔQ = 0.35e at the Si-N bond in silicon nitride is determined experimentally using photoelectron spectroscopy, and the ionic formula of silicon nitride Si₃^+1.4N₄^−1.05 is derived. The electronic structure of α-Si₃N₄ is studied ab initio using the density functional method. The results of calculations (partial density of states) are compared with experimental data on X-ray emission spectroscopy of amorphous Si₃N₄. The electronic structure of the valence band of amorphous Si₃N₄ is studied using synchrotron radiation at different excitation energies. The electron and hole effective masses m _e ^* ≈ m _h ^* ≈ 0.5m _e are estimated theoretically. The calculated values correspond to experimental results on injection of electrons and holes into silicon nitride.     

A laser interferometer for measuring electron densities in an arc plasma

A Michelson interferometer working simultaneously at two wavelengths is used to follow the decay of the electron density n_e along the axis of a short-circuited dc-argon arc. Using optical isolation, compensating mirrors and quadrature signal detection results in a random error of 1% for n_e=5×10¹⁶ cm^-3.     

Untersuchungen zum Existenzbereich einer BOLTZMANN-Verteilung im Argonbogenplasma

Using as plasma source a wall stabilized argon arc working within a restricted parameter range (inner tube diameter = 7 mm, pressure = 30–120 Torr, current = 5-20 A)) the existence of a Boltzmann equilibrium between spectral energy levels is checked by comparing measured occupation number densities of higher excited levels (N_{m, exp}) with the corresponding number densities calculated under the assumption of Boltzmann equilibrium (N_{m, calc}). The methods for determination of the quantities N_{m, exp'} T_g (2300–5405°K), T_e (7170–9950°K) and N_e (0.33 – 2.4 × 10¹⁵ cm^?3) needed for this comparison are described. It can be shown within the limit of experimental error that a Boltzmann equilibrium exists at least for electron densities of N_e > 3 · 10¹⁴ cm^?3. The problem of energy balance of that type of arcs used in these experiments is discussed.     

SiO2 surface defect centers studied by AES

A theoretical model is proposed on how a Si dangling bond associated with an oxygen vacancy on a SiO₂ surface (E_s′ center) should be observed by Auger electron spectroscopy (AES). The Auger electron distribution N_A(E) for the L₂₃VV transition band is calculated for a stoichiometric SiO₂ surface, and for a SiO_x surface containing Si-(e^?O₃) coordinations. The latter is characterized by an additional L₂₃VD transition band, where D is the energy level of the unpaired electron e^?. The theoretical N_A(E) spectra are compared with experimental N(E) spectra for a pristine, and for an electron radiation damaged quartz surface. Agreement with the theoretical model is obtained if D is assumed to lie ≈2 eV below the conduction band edge. This result shows that AES is uniquely useful in revealing the absolute energy level of localized, occupied surface defect states. As the L₂₃VD transition band (main peak at 86 eV) cannot unambiguously be distinguished from a SiSi₄ coordination L₂₃VV spectrum (main peak at 88 eV), supporting evidence is presented as to why we exclude a SiSi₄ coordination for our particular experimental example. Application of the Si-(e^?O₃) model to the interpretation of SiO₂Si interface Auger spectra is also discussed.     

Effect of atmospheric pressure pulsed discharge spatial inhomogeneity on Ar I and H I lines: Electron number density study

The spatial inhomogeneity of pulsed atmospheric pressure discharge in argon is investigated using the electron number density N_e diagnostics procedure applied to asymmetrically broadened Ar I lines. A dedicated fitting procedure is used for describing Ar I 703.0 nm line shape recorded from argon gas discharge and H I (at 486.13 and 656.28 nm) lines recorded from Ar-H₂ gas mixture discharge. The results revealed the change in N_e in both axial and radial directions. The additional Ar I lines at 614.5, 710.7, 731.2, and 731.6 nm, recorded from integral spatial radiation, are analysed as well to confirm the results from the plasma column region. The possibility of using AlO (B²∑⁺–X²∑⁺) and CN (B²∑⁺–X²∑⁺) molecular bands for gas temperature T_g measurements in this type of gas discharge source is demonstrated and T_g used as an input parameter for the N_e diagnostics procedure. For the proper identification of molecular band spectral lines, the Fortrat parabolas are constructed. The results obtained from Ar I 703.0 nm line indicate three different N_e values, with N_e1 ≈ 0.6 × 10¹⁶ cm⁻³, N_e2 ≈ 3.6 × 10¹⁶ cm⁻³, and N_e3 ≈ 19 × 10¹⁶ cm⁻³ measured from the plasma column. These N_e values increase in the cathode and anode region.     

Spectroscopical Observation of a Relaxing High Speed Nitrogen Plasma Jet

A near sonic nitrogen plasma jet operating at pressures between 100 Torr and 1 atm has been investigated spectroscopically. From the absolute emission coefficient of a NI spectral line, local values for the electron temperature T_e have been derived. For pressures above 200 Torr, T_g was found to coincide within the limits of experimental error with the gas temperature T_g. The latter quantity has been determined via the relative emission coefficient of selected rotational line components of the N₂⁺ molecular band at 3914 Å. The results of these measurements together with control data for the electron density derived from the continuous emission coefficient indicate that at pressures above 200 Torr the existence of a thermal equilibrium between the degrees of freedom corresponding to particle translation, electron excitation, and ionization can be accepted, at least for the inner zone of the plasma jet. To the contrary, the data for the absolute emission coefficient of N₂⁺ molecular band lines show that the degree of dissociation in the plasma jet is much in excess of that corresponding to equilibrium. This phenomenon can be explained as a result of the rapid temperature decay in the plasma from initially 13000 K in the arc heating zone to T ≦ 9000 K in the plasma jet zone proceeding in a time interval of 10^?5 s which is much shorter than the time necessary for adjustment of dissociation equilibrium. In the outer cool zone of the plasma jet, an unusual high intensity of the N₂⁺ radiation was found thus indicating the existence of a nonequilibrium excitation mechanism typical for a decaying nitrogen plasma. From the supernormal high degree of dissociation in the high-speed subatmospheric nitrogen plasma jet, conclusions are drawn with respect to its applicability as source of reactive particles in plasma-chemical experiments.     

多模复共轭虚偶相干态光场的等阶N次方Y压缩与等阶N次方H压缩

本文利用新近建立的多模压缩态理论,详细研究了一种新型的多模复共轭虚偶相干态光场|Ψ_i,e^*(2)>_q的广义非线性等阶N次方Y压缩与等阶N次方H压缩特性.结果发现:1)当压缩阶数N为奇数时,态Ψ_i,e^*(2)>_q在一定条件下总可呈现出周期性变化的、任意阶的等阶N次方Y压缩效应;当腔模总数q与压缩阶数N两者之乘积q·N为奇数时,则在一定条件下态|Ψ_i,e^*(2)>_q又可呈现出周期性变化的、任意阶的等阶N次方H压缩效应.2)态|Ψ_i,e^*(2)>_q与多模偶相干态光场|Ψ_i,e^*(2)>_q与多模虚偶相干态光场|Ψ_i,e⁽²⁾>_q的压缩幅度、压缩条件和压缩特征等完全相同.这一结果再次从理论上证实了多模压缩光中的确存在着“相反压缩”和“压缩简并”这两类新的物理现象.