一般形式的共振轨道研究

为了利用较小的推力使航天器的轨道产生较大的变化,可以利用共振原理来研究航天器的运动,称这样一类非开普勒轨道为共振轨道.将圆频率作为变量,通过合理地选择轨道描述参数、时间尺度和推力描述方式建立了一般形式的共振轨道模型,并基于仿真分析研究了共振轨道圆频率对共振轨道的影响.通过对地球-火星共振转移轨道的算例进行仿真分析,初步研究了共振轨道在星际探测轨道设计中应用的效果.研究结果表明:圆频率改变将对推力峰值产生影响;共振轨道在星际探测中的应用是可行的,并且在能量消耗方面优于Lambert轨道.     

GENERAL FORM RESONANCE ORBITS

为了利用较小的推力使航天器的轨道产生较大的变化,可以利用共振原理来研究航天器的运动,称这样一类非开普勒轨道为共振轨道。将圆频率作为变量,通过合理地选择轨道描述参数、时间尺度和推力描述方式建立了一般形式的共振轨道模型,并基于仿真分析研究了共振轨道圆频率对共振轨道的影响。通过对地球——火星共振转移轨道的算例进行仿真分析,初步研究了共振轨道在星际探测轨道设计中应用的效果。研究结果表明：圆频率改变将对推力峰值产生影响;共振轨道在星际探测中的应用是可行的,并且在能量消耗方面优于Lambert 轨道。     

基于虚拟中心引力场方法的航天器转移轨道设计

空间机动技术是实现空间操作任务的基础,具有重要的研究价值. 研究了连续推力作用下航天器转移轨道设计问题,提出了一种基于虚拟中心引力场的轨道设计方法. 该方法有两大特点:(1) 能够将机动轨道设计问题转化为虚拟中心引力场参数的优化问题,简化了设计过程;(2) 对轨道形状或推力方向、大小不做任何假定,能够应用于一般情况下的机动轨道设计. 将该方法应用于航天器二维和三维的转移轨道设计,并和形状方法进行了对比分析. 仿真结果分析表明,采用该方法简化了轨道设计过程,为航天器快速轨道设计提供了新思路.      

电火箭在卫星控制中的应用

1968年,美空军战术通讯卫星 LES-6首次使用电火箭控制卫星姿态,在地球同步轨道上运行五年,顺利地通过了试验,标志着电火箭开始跨入航天火箭俱乐部.与化学火箭不同,电火箭喷出带电的高速气流,因而具有高"比冲"、长寿命、小推力、高精度的特点.化学火箭依靠热力膨胀,喷气速度仅有几公里/秒;电火箭依靠电磁加速,喷气速度却能大到几十公里/秒到几百公里/秒.因此,电火箭的比冲很高,能达数千到数万秒,比化学火箭高 ...     

COLLINEAR LIBRATION POINTS WITH CONTINUOUS LOW THRUST

研究了圆型限制性三体问题的平动点在连续小推力作用下的具体位置和动力学特征的变化. 研究表明,随着小推力方向在空间中的变化,平动点的具体位置也会发生相应的变化,文章详细阐述了这些变化的特征.针对航天任务中应用较多的共线平动点L1和L2,研究了其附近运动的稳定性状态,给出了线性条件稳定解,并在此基础上,构造了条件稳定解的高阶形式,将其结果与数值积分轨道进行了比对,两者符合得很好. 最后,进一步研究了共线平动点附近周期轨道族的演化状态,由于连续小推力引入的非对称性,周期轨道族会发生分岔现象.     

面向空间运输任务的液体/固体工质电推进技术展望

随着月球基地、同步轨道大型空间平台等航天任务的提出,高载荷比空间运输成为其中的一个重要需求,高比冲长寿命的电推进技术成为空间推进的首选.目前广泛应用的空间电推进主流技术是采用稀有气体氙为工质的离子推进和霍尔推进,但随着电推进产品应用量的日益增加,氙工质的资源稀有性导致其价格日益飞涨,推进剂成本成为制约其在大总冲的空间运输中使用的不可逾越的难题;另外气体储存需要高压储箱,也导致大总冲任务的推进剂高压储存供给设备重量占比很大,拉低了推进系统的有效比冲.最适配空间运输任务的4种大功率电推进技术被首先介绍,通过阐明其工作原理的方式来说明它们需要具备何种特性的工质.之后回顾了各类电推进工质优化选择的历史过程,结合这4类电推进的物理特点,面向空间运输任务论述了采取新型液体或固体工质作为电推进工质的合理性和可行性,以期大幅度降低电推进的工质储存代价和工质成本,为远距离高载荷比空间运输提供空间动力新方案.     

强激光水下爆炸推进的物理机制

对激光水下聚焦爆炸推进的作用机理开展了实验测量和数值模拟研究. 实验观察到激光水下聚焦爆炸推进分为两个物理过程: (1) 强激光与铝膜相互作用诱导等离子体演化, 产生短脉冲、高幅值的等离子体压力, 并对航行体做功; (2) 激光爆炸产物气泡脉动, 对航行体继续提供推力. 另外, 实验还对不同介质中的激光推进效率以及气泡与约束壁面/自由水面相互作用的物理机制进行了研究. 发现在高阻抗环境介质、气泡受约束脉动以及近自由水面条件下, 激光爆炸推进的效率更高. 在实验的基础上, 建立了激光水下聚焦爆炸推进的物理模型, 发展了相应的耦合数值计算方法. 计算得到的气泡脉动规律及航行体运动规律与实验测量结果一致, 验证了计算的模型和方法, 为强激光水下聚焦爆炸推进机理的研究提供了一种有效的方法.      

陀螺进动与强迫进动轨道

陀螺进动与轨道进动现象的相似性归因于二者的动力学相似性. 通过类比二者的动力学模型,提出了一类强迫进动轨道. 若以圆轨道为初始轨道,通过施加常值法向力可以实现一种特殊的悬浮型强迫进动轨道. 采用四元数建模方法求解了这种强迫进动轨道的进动规律,给出了解析表达式,据此分析了这种轨道的性质. 分析结果表明这种强迫进动轨道与初始圆轨道在同一球面上,且与初始位置相切. 其角速度为进动角速度与初始轨道角速度的合成,是一种悬浮轨道,即属于非开普勒轨道. 悬浮轨道在地球观测、行星际科学、天文观测、无线电通讯以及地球工程等领域具有潜在应用前景. 从强迫进动的角度出发所作的分析为悬浮轨道的实现提供了一种新途径.     

中国电测理论和应用技术发展十年

电测是实验力学的一个大的分支.十年来,在理论和应用技术研究方面都得到了很大的发展,这篇综述包括了四个方面:(1)电测理论研究的进展;(2)电测元件及应用技术的发展;(3)当前电测工程应用有发展前途的几个方面;(4)电测未来发展的展望.文中力图给出中国有关上述标题内容研究的概貌.     

第三届深空轨道设计竞赛冠军团队方法与结果

介绍了2011年第3届全国深空轨道设计竞赛冠军团队中科院空间应用工程与技术中心（筹）的设计方法与结果.设计方法包括总体设计思路、小推力转移轨道优化方法、小推力轨道简化模型、行星引力辅助序列设计、小行星搜索方法等.给出了具体设计步骤以及初步和最终的设计结果.最后,总结了从此次设计过程中获得的若干经验与启示.     

Optimization of constant- and variable-thrust propulsion systems

The problem of the transfer of a spacecraft with maximum payload from a fixed circular orbit to a given noncoplanar circular orbit in a spherical gravity field is solved. The spacecraft is equipped with constant-power electric propulsion and energy storage. The cases of variable-thrust and constant-thrust propulsion are considered. The increase in the payload mass due to the energy storage is estimated in both cases. The optimal time dependence of controls and the optimal relations between the mass parameters of the propulsion system are established. The ranges of these parameters where it makes sense to store energy are identified     

RESISTANCE EFFECT OF ELECTRIC DOUBLE LAYER ON LIQUID FLOW IN MICROCHANNEL

Poisson-Boltzrnann equation for EDL (electric double layer) and Navier-Stokes equation for liquid flows were numerically solved to investigate resistance effect of electric double layer on liquid flow in microchannel. The dimension analysis indicates that the resistance effect of electric double layer can be estimated by an electric resistance number, which is proportional to the square of the liquid dielectric constant and the solid surface zeta potential, and inverse-proportional to the liquid dynamic viscosity, electric conductivity and the square of the channel width. An "electric current density balancing" (ECDB) condition was proposed to evaluate the flow-induced streaming potential, instead of conventional "electric current balancing" (ECB) condition which may induce spurious local backflow in neighborhood of the solid wall of the microchannel. The numerical results of the flow rate loss ratio and velocity profile are also given to demonstrate the resistance effect of electric double layer in microchannel.     

Numerical computations of supersonic inlet flow

Air‐breathing propulsion systems for high‐speed space travel applications are studied. Ramjets and scramjets have been identified as potential candidates. The flow inlets of such systems are modelled with a simulation that can predict all complex inlet flow features, including shock due to forebody, multiple shock reflections, normal shock, shock–boundary layer interaction and associated separation for two‐dimensional and axisymmetric inlets. Computed values are in good agreement with experimental data. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Seismoelectric Fluid/Porous-Medium Interface Response Model and Measurements

Coupled seismic and electromagnetic (EM) wave effects in fluid-saturated porous media are measured since decades. However, direct comparisons between theoretical seismoelectric wavefields and measurements are scarce. A seismoelectric full-waveform numerical model is developed, which predicts both the fluid pressure and the electric wavefields in a fluid in which a porous disc is embedded. An experimental setup, in which pressure and electric signals in the fluid are simultaneously measured, is presented. The setup allows the detection of the EM field that is generated when an acoustic wave crosses the interface between the fluid and the thin porous disc, without interference of electrical fields that are present within seismic body waves. The predicted pressure wavefield agrees well with the measurements in terms of acoustic wave travel times, waveforms, and amplitudes. The electric wavefield predictions agree with the recordings in terms of travel times, waveforms, and spatial amplitude decay. A discrepancy in amplitude of the converted EM signal is observed. Theoretical amplitudes that are smaller than the measurements were also reported in previous literature. These results seem to validate seismoelectric theory.     

超空泡技术现状、问题与应用

超空泡技术可以使运动体在水中的阻力降低90{\%}左右, 辅以先进的推进技术, 运动体在水中将可以实现超高速的``飞行'. 超空泡减阻技术对海战武器的研制产生了巨大的影响,目前, 俄罗斯已经研制成功了速度达100\,m/s的``暴风'超空泡鱼雷; 美、德、法等国都正在进行超空泡减阻技术的基础与应用研究; 我国也于近年开展了超空泡技术的基础研究. 本文综述了超空泡技术研究的现状、问题与应用. 介绍了空化的基本原理、超空泡概念及其减阻机理; 总结了空化器设计、通气超空泡的生成与控制技术、空泡稳定性及超空泡航行体稳定性技术等若干关键技术; 回顾了国内外超空泡技术试验与数值模拟研究进展等. 最后分析了大型超空泡武器研究的技术难点, 并对超空泡技术领域的研究方向进行了展望.      

SPONTANEOUS POLARIZATION AND THE DISTRIBUTION OF INTERNAL STRESS ANDELECTRIC FIELDS AROUND A TRIPLE POINT

In this article, distributions of internal stress and internal electric fields around a triple point of ferroelectric polycrystals generated by the spontaneous deformation and spontaneous polarization were investigated. It was found that when all three grains consist of a single domain, the internal stresses and the internal electric fields do not vanish. Though it may be determined according to the principle of energy, the spontaneous configuration will not be unique without involving other conditions due to the symmetry of the crystal structure. Sponsored by National Natural Science Foundation of China(No. 19672053) and Special Funds for Doctoral Programs (No. 96061305).     

Water structures inside and outside single-walled carbon nanotubes under perpendicular electric field

The structures of water inside and outside(6,6),(8,8), and(10,10) singlewalled carbon nanotubes(SWCNTs) under an electric field perpendicular to the tube axis are investigated by molecular dynamics simulations. The results show that dipole reorientation induced by electric field plays a significant role on the structures of confined water inside and outside SWCNTs. Inside SWCNTs, the average water occupancy and the average number of hydrogen bonds(H-bonds) per water molecule decrease as the electric intensity increases. Because the field intensity is sufciently strong, the initial water structures inside the SWCNTs are destroyed, and the isolated water clusters are found. Outside SWCNTs, the azimuthal distributions of the density and the average number of H-bonds per water molecule around the solid walls become more and more asymmetric as the electric intensity increases. The percentages of water molecules involved in 0–5 H-bonds for all the three types of SWCNTs under diferent field intensities are displayed. The results show that those water molecules involved with most H-bonds are the most important to hold the original structures. When the electric field direction is parallel with the original preferred orientation, the density and the H-bond connections in water will be increased; when the electric field direction is perpendicular to the original preferred orientation, the density and the H-bond connections in water will be decreased.     

Periodical streaming potential and electro-viscous effects in microchannel flow

This paper presents an analytical solution to periodical streaming potential, flow-induced electric field and velocity of periodical pressure-driven flows in twodimensional uniform microchannel based on the Poisson-Boltzmann equations for electric double layer and Navier-Stokes equation for liquid flow. Dimensional analysis indicates that electric-viscous force depends on three factors： （1） Electric-viscous number representing a ratio between maximum of electric-viscous force and pressure gradient in a steady state, （2） profile function describing the distribution profile of electro-viscous force in channel section, and （3） coupling coefficient reflecting behavior of arnplitude damping and phase offset of electro-viscous force. Analytical results indicate that flow-induced electric field and flow velocity depend on frequency Reynolds number （Re = wh^2/v）. Flow-induced electric field varies very slowly with Re when Re 〈 1, and rapidly decreases when Re 〉 1. Electro-viscous effect on flow-induced electric field and flow velocity are very significant when the rate of the channel width to the thickness of electric double layer is small.     

Periodical streaming potential and electro-viscous effects in microchannel flow

This paper presents an analytical solution to periodical streaming potential,flow-induced electric field and velocity of periodical pressure-driven flows in twodimensional uniform microchannel based on the Poisson.Boltzmann equations for electric double layer and Navier-Stokes equation for liquid flow.Dimensional analysis indicates that electric-Viscous force depends on three factors:(1)Electric-viscous number representing a ratio between maximum of electric-viscous force and pressure gradient in a steady state,(2)profile function describing the distribution profile of electro-viscous forcein channel section,and(3)coupling coefficient reflecting behavior of amplitude damping and phase Offset of electro-viscous force.Analytical results indicate that flow-induced electric field and flow velocity depend on frequency Reynolds number(Re=wh2/v).Flow-induced electric field varies very slowly with Re when Re＜1.and rapidly decreases when Re＞1.Electro-viscous effect on flow-induced electric field and flow velocity are very significant when the rate of the channel width to the thickness of electric double layer is small.     

Alterations in peristaltic pumping of Jeffery nanoliquids with electric and magnetic fields

The combined effects of electric and magnetic fields on peristaltic flow of Jeffery nanoliquids are analytically investigated. Double-diffusive convection in the asymmetric microchannel is also carried out. The walls of the microchannel are propagating with a finite phase difference in a sinusoidal manner. Rosseland diffusion flux model is employed to examine the thermal radiation effect. The zeta potential on the walls is considered very low to apply Hückel–Debye approximations. The coupled non-linear governing equations are simplified by using dimensional analysis and lubrication theory. The closed form solutions for potential function, nanoparticle fraction field, solute concentration field, temperature field, stream function, and axial velocity are derived under the appropriate boundary conditions. It is noteworthy that the pumping characteristics strongly depend on the magnetic fields, electric fields, electric double layer thickness, Jeffery parameter, thermal radiation and Grashof number. Furthermore, trapping phenomenon is analyzed under the effects of Hartmann number, Jeffrey parameter, Grashof number and Helmholtz–Smoluchowski velocity. The novelty of the present work is the amalgamation of biomimetics (peristaltic propulsion), electro-magneto-hydrodynamics and nanofluid dynamics to produce a smart pump system model for smart drug delivery systems.