延性金属层裂自由面速度曲线特征多尺度模拟研究

以延性金属钽为研究对象,对钽在平板撞击下的层裂行为进行了多尺度下的数值模拟研究,从微观视角对自由面速度曲线上的典型特征进行了新的解读。在宏观尺度,对比分析了光滑粒子流体动力学法（smootfied particle hydrodynamics, SPH）与Lagrange网格法以及几种本构模型的模拟结果及其适用性。通过与实验数据的对比表明,Steinberg-Cochran-Guinan本构模型在层裂模拟中与实验数据吻合较好,通过改变加载条件获得了不同应变率下的自由面速度曲线,分析了不同应变率下的自由面速度曲线中的典型特征。在微观尺度,采用分子动力学方法获得层裂区域内损伤演化情况,揭示了宏观尺度自由面速度曲线典型特征所蕴含的物理内涵。分析表明,层裂表现为材料内部微孔洞形核、长大和聚集的损伤演化过程,自由面速度曲线上的典型特征与层裂区域的损伤演化过程存在密切关联。Pullback信号是层裂区域内微孔洞形核的宏观表征;自由面速度曲线的下降幅值在一定程度上反映了微孔洞的形核条件,由此计算得到的层裂强度实际上是微孔洞的形核强度。此外,Pullback信号后的速度回跳速率反映了微损伤演化的速率。     

非均匀性对自由面粒子速度信号的影响

在平板撞击实验中,通常利用应力计或VISAR来获得样品中应力历史或自由面粒子速度信号来研究材料的动态力学性能.本文采用含预制缺陷的K9玻璃作为研究对象,利用口径为37mm火炮加载装置,在靶样品的自由面上2 mm线长度范围内,利用16路激光多普勒探针测量系统(DPS),对样品自由面不同位置的自由粒子速度同时进行测量,此方法不同于传统的单点VISAR测量样品自由面速度,其空间分辨率为127μm,可分辨材料内部非均匀性(尺寸大于127μm的夹杂、缺陷等)对自由面速度信号的影响.本文的实验方法可为从细观尺度研究材料动态力学性能提供一种研究思路.     

阵列DPS测量技术在材料动态力学性能研究中的应用

利用?37mm 火炮加载装置,在平板撞击下,以含预制内部缺陷的K9玻璃作为实验样品,采用具 有高空间-时间分辨率的阵列式多普勒探针测量技术(空间和时间分辨率分别为127m 和50pm),测到了样 品后界面不同位置的粒子速度。简略分析了材料内部缺陷对样品自由面粒子速度信号的影响,探索了从细- 微观尺度研究材料动态力学性能的实验方法。     

拉伸应力区的声速测量、层裂强度和断裂密度

1 引言 在层裂的实验研究中,目前尚无法直接测量发生在材料内部的动态断裂过程。通常采用测量自由面速度剖面,推演出材料层裂特性的方法。在计算材料发生断裂时的拉伸应力即层裂强度时,需要知道拉伸应力即负压下的声速。测量负压下的声速比测量冲击压缩下的声速要困难得多。仅仅从自由面速度剖面并不能计算出负压声速,因为通常无法确定材料中应力由压应力转变为拉伸应力的“位置”、发生层裂的位置以及时间。能否通过特别的实验设计,确定发生这些过程的时一空位置,进而获得负压声速,一直是实验研究者企求解决的问题。下面介绍两种测量负压声速的实验装置设计和计算负压声速、层裂强度和断裂密度的方法,是这方面研究工作的尝试。     

三角形波致LY12铝层裂的平板冲击实验研究

采用基于冲击波衰减动力学的实验技术,使平板碰撞层裂实验的LY12铝样品中,产生三角形冲击脉冲.采用VISAR技术记录样品自由表面历史,获得样品中发生层裂的信号.在经过高应力三角形波实验的软回收样品上,发现了两个层裂面.就样品中呈现三角形脉冲的平板冲击实验而言,样品中可以存在一些高拉伸应力区域并发生多次层裂.将该文提出的基于空穴聚集的层裂模型用于数值模拟这些特定条件的平板冲击试验,并将计算的样品自由面速度历史及样品中的损伤分布与实测的VISAR数据及软回收的样品层裂面等作了比较.研究表明,人为粘性、状态方程、本构方程以及层裂模型对于数值模拟三角形冲击脉冲引起的层裂有严重影响.     

平面碰撞与强激光加载下金属铝的层裂行为

在轻气炮和神光Ⅱ强激光装置上开展了金属铝的层裂实验。针对激光打靶层裂实验中样品自由面速度剖面后期振荡容易丢失问题,改进靶设计,获得很好效果。利用轻气炮加载和强激光加载层裂实验应变率的显著差异,并通过数值模拟,讨论了在建立具有预测能力的理论建模中需要关注的损伤成核、演化与汇合问题中的材料特性与应变率相关特性因素。结果表明,对于我们以前建立的动态损伤与断裂模型,微孔洞成核的平均半径、阈值压力、成核速率相关参数以及微孔洞长大的阈值压力等具有材料特性属性,但微孔洞的表面能以及决定材料发生完全层裂的临界损伤度等具有明显的应变率效应。另外,分析还发现,虽然层裂强度具有明显的应变率效应,但是在样品层裂当地,样品由持续拉伸向收缩转变的临界行为,取决于一个很小的临界损伤,这个临界值很可能是材料常数,与应变率无关。     

平板撞击下梯度镍的层裂损伤研究

为研究高应变率下梯度镍的层裂损伤行为,对均匀镍材进行准静态扭转,制备出硬度和晶粒尺寸沿径向规则变化的圆柱形梯度镍.运用一级轻气炮对梯度镍进行平板撞击加载,利用多通道激光多普勒测速仪测量梯度镍的自由面粒子速度,计算层裂强度,并结合金相显微镜观察梯度镍回收试样的层裂损伤形貌.实验结果表明:平板撞击加载下,梯度镍的层裂损伤以...     

金属材料层裂破坏的内聚力模型

为了考虑层裂破坏过程中能量耗散行为,论文把内聚力单元嵌入到连续介质有限元单元之间,从而构建了一个层裂破坏的内聚力模型.随后采用该模型对平板撞击条件下的20号钢层裂实验进行了数值模拟研究,重点讨论了内聚力模型特征参数对计算结果的影响规律.研究结果表明采用指数型损伤演化行为的内聚力模型可以较好地描述层裂破坏过程中的能量耗散行为.利用一发实测自由面速度波剖面对计算结果进行校准,确定内聚力模型特征参数.该特征参数可以用于模拟不同撞击速度下的层裂实验,获得的模拟曲线与实验曲线之间符合程度很好,特别是自由面速度“回跳”后波形振荡周期和幅值与实验结果非常接近,这表明了内聚力模型在描述层裂过程中能量耗散行为方面具有较好适用性,并且其参数也具有很好的可移植性.     

马赫杆加载下无氧铜的动态破碎

为了深入了解金属材料在复杂加载下的动态破碎行为,在有限元模拟的基础上,设计了两类马赫杆加载实验,用于研究无氧铜在复杂加载下的动态破碎行为。实验中,采用火炮加载马赫透镜和激光粒子速度干涉仪测量自由面速度,实现了峰值压力分别为95.75和32.38 GPa的动态加载。结果表明,实验中成功实现了稳定的马赫杆加载,并且观察到马赫杆加载下无氧铜的2种不同近表面破碎模式,即高压下产生微层裂、低压下产生三角波层裂,且层裂区呈凸形分布。

     

爆轰加载下金属锡层裂破碎数值模拟

对爆轰加载下低熔点金属锡的层裂破碎问题开展了数值模拟。在利用实验数据对所采用数值方法和材料模型开展对比验证的基础上,通过对样品内部物理量时间及空间分布演化对比分析,剖析了冲击加-卸载中样品内部应力波与材料相互作用过程。此外,通过对比分析不同厚度锡样品在爆轰加载下的动态行为特征,进一步认识了自由面反射稀疏波、边侧稀疏波和入射稀疏波共同作用下层裂破碎演化机制。结果表明,当样品较薄时,层裂破碎行为由反射稀疏波主导;随着样品厚度的增大,反射稀疏波主导区缩小,入射稀疏波和边侧稀疏波主导区逐渐增大。     

冲击压缩下氧化铝陶瓷中破坏阵面的传播

进行了平面冲击波压缩下氧化铝陶瓷中破坏阵面的实验测试和理论探索. 通过氧 化铝陶瓷的平板碰撞实验,借助VISAR测试系统测量了试件自由面的质点速度历程,并对回 收试件进行了电镜扫描观察. 质点自由面速度历程曲线表明,氧化铝陶瓷材料中存在破坏阵 面的传播. 考察了破坏阵面的传播特性,给出了陶瓷材料的动态破坏模型,并对破坏阵面的 传播进行了数值分析.     

Study on the head-on collisions of two-dimensional trains of solitons

The head on collisions of trains of solitons induced by a two-dimensional submerged elliptical cylinder at critical speed in shallow water are studied based on velocity potential theory. The boundary value problems are solved through boundary element method (BEM). The nonlinear free surface boundary conditions are satisfied. The mixed Euler–Lagrangian method is adopted to track the free surface through a time stepping scheme. The effects of thickness and velocity of the elliptical cylinder on the evolution of solitary waves have been investigated. Two sets of solitons are truncated from these trains of solitary waves. The head-on collisions of these solitons have been simulated. The wave profiles and velocity fields during collision have been analysed. The propagation of solitary waves is the transmissions of kinetic energy and the collision processes are the results of the dynamic balance of potential energy and kinematic energy.     

冻融循环对含纯Ⅰ型裂隙围岩的动态起裂特性影响规律

以寒区隧道为工程背景研究在冻融循环作用下围岩内Ⅰ型裂纹的动态起裂特性演化规律,采用隧道模型试件作为研究对象,开展冻融循环试验与大尺度落锤冲击试验,得到岩石试件经历不同冻融循环次数后的相关力学参数,并在裂纹尖端粘贴裂纹扩展计(crack propagation gauge, CPG)测量预制裂纹的动态起裂时间。采用有限元软件建立相应的数值模型计算裂纹尖端的动态应力强度因子,采用试验-数值法计算动态起裂韧度,随后采用电镜对冻融循环后的试样进行扫描,研究冻融循环对岩石材料的细观损伤机制。研究结果表明:随着冻融循环次数的增加,岩石材料的纵波、横波波速与弹性模量逐渐减小,而泊松比逐渐增大;砂岩材料的动态起裂韧度随着冻融循环次数的增加逐渐减小,表征线性反比例的特性;材料内部的胶结物质会由于冻融循环的影响而流失,材料的孔隙和裂纹也随着冻融循环次数的增加而变多变大。     

Analytical investigation of boundary layer growth and swirl intensity decay rate in a pipe

In this research, the developing turbulent swirling flow in the entrance region of a pipe is investigated analytically by using the boundary layer integral method. The governing equations are integrated through the boundary layer and obtained differential equations are solved with forth-order Adams predictor-corrector method. The general tangential velocity is applied at the inlet region to consider both free and forced vortex velocity profiles. The comparison between present model and available experimental data demonstrates the capability of the model in predicting boundary layer parameters (e.g. boundary layer growth, shear rate and swirl intensity decay rate). Analytical results showed that the free vortex velocity profile can better predict the boundary layer parameters in the entrance region than in the forced one. Also, effects of pressure gradient inside the boundary layer is investigated and showed that if pressure gradient is ignored inside the boundary layer, results deviate greatly from the experimental data.     

Dynamic interfacial crack propagation in elastic–piezoelectric bi-materials subjected to uniformly distributed loading

In transversely isotropic elastic solids, there is no surface wave for anti-plane deformation. However, for certain orientations of piezoelectric materials, a surface wave propagating along the free surface (interface) will occur and is called the Bleustein–Gulyaev (Maerfeld–Tournois) wave. The existence of the surface wave strongly influences the crack propagation event. The nature of anti-plane dynamic fracture in piezoelectric materials is fundamentally different from that in purely elastic solids. Piezoelectric surface wave phenomena are clearly seen to be critical to the behavior of the moving crack. In this paper, the problem of dynamic interfacial crack propagation in elastic–piezoelectric bi-materials subjected to uniformly distributed dynamic anti-plane loadings on crack faces is studied. Four situations for different combination of shear wave velocity and the existence of MT surface wave are discussed to completely analyze this problem. The mixed boundary value problem is solved by transform methods together with the Wiener–Hopf and Cagniard–de Hoop techniques. The analytical results of the transient full-field solutions and the dynamic stress intensity factor for the interfacial crack propagation problem are obtained in explicit forms. The numerical results based on analytical solutions are evaluated and are discussed in detail.     

Horizontal boundary-layer natural convection in a porous medium saturated with a gas

Boundary-layer analysis is performed for free convection flow over a hot horizontal surface embedded in a porous medium saturated with a gas of variable properties. The variable gas properties are accounted for via the assumption that thermal conductivity and dynamic viscosity are proportional to temperature. A similarity solution is shown to exist for the case of constant surface temperature. Numerical results for the stream function, horizontal velocity, and temperature profiles within the boundary layer as well as for the mass of entrained gas, surface slip velocity, and heat transfer rate at different values of the wall-temperature parameter are presented. Asymptotic solutions for large heating are also available to support the numerical work.     

A pseudo‐viscoelastic approach for transient polymeric flow exiting a channel

The influence of elasticity of a fluid exiting a channel is examined on transient coating downstream. A hybrid spectral/boundary element approach is proposed to solve the problem. The flow inside the channel is assumed to be fully developed. A viscoelastic instability of one‐dimensional plane Couette flow is first determined for a large class of Oldroyd fluids with added viscosity, which typically represent polymer solutions composed of a Newtonian solvent and a polymeric solute. The Johnson–Segalman equation is used as the constitutive model. The velocity profile inside the channel is taken as the exit profile for the emerging free‐surface flow. The flow is assumed to be Newtonian as it emerges from the channel. An estimate of the magnitude of the rate‐of‐strain tensor components in the free‐surface region reveals that they are generally smaller than the shear rate inside the channel. The evolution of the flow front is simulated using the boundary element method. For the channel flow, the problem is reduced to a nonlinear dynamical system using the Galerkin projection method. Stability analysis indicates that the channel velocity may be linear or non‐linear depending on the range of the Weissenberg number. The evolution of the coating flow at the exit is examined for steady as well as transient (monotonic and oscillatory) channel flow. It is found that adverse flow can exist as a result of fluid elasticity, which can hinder the process of blade coating. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

爆轰波对碰加载下平面金属样品动载行为实验研究

进行冲击波对碰加载简易平面金属Sn和W样品实验,采用X射线照相和激光干涉测速系统进行联合诊断,给出了2种材料冲击波对碰区表面微喷及主体破碎物质的直观图像,研究了Sn和W样品对碰区动力学行为,并比较分析2种材料对碰区特征的异同,给出了定性物理解释,实验结果可为爆轰波对碰加载下材料动力学特性的理论研究提供数据支撑。     

Grain shear flow in a rotating drum

 In the present paper we report on the experimental activities carried out on a rotating drum partially filled with grains or glass beads. The experiments give information about rheology through velocity profiles and through the velocity covariance tensor structure. We used a LDV system to measure the velocity of the grains at several points along three vertical sections. The data were also used to obtain the grain volume concentration, with encouraging results. Instantaneous velocity data were elaborated in order to obtain velocity and pseudotemperature profiles for all the experiments; for a subset of the experiments a large set of data were elaborated to obtain the velocity covariance. The velocity covariance is not collinear with the rate of deformation tensor. An attempt to justify the rotation of the tensor axes as a consequence of the kinetically induced anisotropy and of some free surface perturbations slowly moving upstream was partially successful. Received: 23 April 1999 / Accepted: 15 July 2001