接触碰撞动力学的多变量选取方法

在柔性多体的接触碰撞动力学问题中,多变量方法基于附加约束的接触模型,将柔性体的变形用不同变量来描述：接触局部区域的变形用有限元节点坐标描述,非接触局部区域的变形用模态坐标描述,兼顾了计算精度和效率. 将该方法推广到三维空间碰撞问题,对两柔性杆纵向碰撞过程进行动力学仿真,数值结果与实验结果吻合良好,验证了该方法的有效性. 针对柔性体各自区域的变量如何选取的问题,研究了节点取法、模态阶数以及材料参数对计算结果精度的影响,寻找到合理的多变量选取方法,保证精度的同时使自由度得到最大程度的缩减.     

多体系统接触碰撞问题的牛顿-欧拉线性互补方法

基于非光滑动力学方法的多体系统接触碰撞分析是目前多体系统动力学的研究热点.本文采用牛顿-欧拉方法建立多体系统接触、碰撞问题的动力学模型,给出一种牛顿-欧拉型线性互补公式.该建模方法与目前一般采用的拉格朗日建模方法的不同之处是约束条件中除了库仑摩擦、单边约束之外还含有光滑等式约束.在建立系统动力学模型时,首先解除摩擦约束和单边约束得到原系统对应的基本系统.牛顿-欧拉方法采用最大数目坐标建立基本系统的动力学方程,由于坐标不相互独立,因此基本系统中带有等式约束,其数学模型为一组微分代数方程.借助约束雅可比矩阵,在基本系统微分代数方程中添加摩擦接触和单边约束对应的拉氏乘子,就可以得到系统全局运动的具有变拓扑结构特征的动力学方程,再结合非光滑约束互补条件便可构成完备的系统动力学模型.完备的动力学模型由动力学微分方程以及等式约束和不等式约束组成.线性互补公式采用分块矩阵形式进行推导,简化了推导过程.数值计算采用基于线性互补的时间步进算法.时间步进算法是目前流行的非光滑数值算法,其突出特点是可以免去数值积分中繁琐的事件检测过程,而数值积分过程中通过对线性互补问题的求解可以确定系统的触-离状态.通过对典型的曲柄滑块间隙机构进行数值分析,验证本文方法的有效性.     

基于LuGre摩擦模型的接触约束法旋转柔性梁斜碰撞研究

基于接触约束法和LuGre摩擦模型对在重力场作用下作大范围旋转运动的柔性梁系统和斜坡发生含摩擦斜碰撞的动力学问题进行研究. 首先运用刚柔耦合的多体系统动力学理论对大范围运动的柔性梁进行离散化和动力学建模, 在碰撞时采用冲量动量法求出跳跃速度, 其次在法向上引入接触约束求解出碰撞力, 在切向上采用LuGre摩擦模型分两种方式求解摩擦力, 第一种是在滑动时摩擦力由摩擦系数和碰撞力计算得出, 黏滞状态下引入切向约束计算拉格朗日乘子反应实际摩擦力, 根据黏滞/滑动切换判断计算出碰撞过程摩擦力(与Coulomb摩擦模型计算摩擦力一致); 第二种根据LuGre摩擦模型摩擦系数和法向碰撞力计算其摩擦力, 从而在碰撞时无需黏滞/滑动切换, 采用相同的摩擦力计算公式. 通过与Coulomb摩擦模型对比发现, LuGre摩擦模型描述碰撞切向摩擦过程更精确, LuGre摩擦模型黏滞时建立约束方程和碰撞采用统一的摩擦力公式这两种建模方式描述的斜碰撞动力学特性没有区别, 进而说明采用法向接触约束和LuGre摩擦模型具有满足碰撞非嵌入情况、避免黏滞/滑动切换、描述摩擦力相对准确的优势.      

柔性多体系统接触/碰撞动力学的若干关键问题

归纳了柔性多体系统接触/碰撞动力学中的4个关键问题: 接触区域的处理方法、 接触作用的力学模型、 柔性体的运动学描述和约束问题的数值方法. 针对这4个问题, 综述了柔性多体领域和有限元领域的现有方法, 指出了这些方法的优点和不足. 进一步提出了柔性多体系统接触/碰撞问题的发展趋势.     

结构拓扑优化ICM方法的改善

对结构拓扑优化的ICM(独立、连续、映射)方法进行了深入探讨,通 过选取不同的过滤函数可以不进行每步删除而得到清晰的拓扑图形. 以位移约束为例阐述了 ICM方法建模及求解过程. 对位移约束、频率约束、位移及频率约束、简谐载荷激励下动位 移幅值约束等拓扑优化进行了研究,计算算例表明ICM方法在处理静力问题及动力问题的拓 扑优化都是可行的. 程序算法都在MSC.Nastran及MSC.Patran的二次开发环境下实现,与 原软件有机结合在一起.     

简谐力激励下结构拓扑优化与频率影响分析

研究了简谐力激励下以结构指定位置稳态阶段位移响应幅值为目标函数、结构体积为约束的拓扑优化设计问题. 通过在频域上使用模态叠加法求解简谐力激励下的位移响应, 分析了激励频率和作用方向对位移响应幅值及其优化结果的影响.引入材料属性的多项式插值惩罚模型, 有效消除了动力学拓扑优化局部模态现象.分析了高频激励下位移响应幅值拓扑优化存在的稳定性差、结构不连续等问题, 并通过引入附加静位移约束, 获得了清晰合理的结构形式.理论分析和算例结果揭示了位移响应幅值优化过程中结构模态的变化规律, 验证了该拓扑优化模型的有效性.     

多体系统摩擦接触问题的DAE-LCP方法

当多体系统的约束全部是摩擦接触时, 其动力学问题可归结为一个常微分方程(ordinarydifferential equation, ODE)与线性互补问题(linear complementarityproblem, LCP)的混合动力学问题. 如果除了摩擦接触之外还增加了光滑的双边约束, 则需要将ODE-LCP混合动力学模型推广为微分代数方程(differential algebra equation, DAE)与LCP的混合动力学模型. 该文采用DAE与LCP混合动力学方法求解不考虑碰撞但同时含有持续摩擦接触及光滑等式约束的多体系统动力学问题. 在建立系统动力学模型时,首先将含摩擦的约束从系统中移去得到基本动力学系统. 由于基本系统中带有等式约束, 所以基本系统的动力学方程为一组DAE. 结合基本系统的DAE与约束的互补条件便可以得到DAE-LCP混合动力学模型. 数值计算采用基于DAE与LCP的步进(time-stepping)算法, 将系统动力学方程及其约束离散化并转化为一个混合LCP进行求解. 该算法无需进行滞-滑状态检测, 避免了事件检测导致的繁复计算. 利用所提方法对典型机构的非光滑非线性特征进行了数值分析,验证了该文方法的正确有效性.      

基于改进的双向渐进结构优化法的应力约束拓扑优化

工程结构设计时经常需要限制最大名义应力,以避免发生断裂或疲劳破坏,一个有效的策略是采用拓扑优化方法.常规的双向渐进结构优化法(bi-evolutionary structural optimization,BESO)不能有效求解应力约束拓扑优化问题,为此本文提出一种改进的双向渐进结构优化方法,处理体积和应力约束下的最小柔顺性问题.引入基于K-S函数的全局应力度量,以减小大量局部应力约束引起的计算代价.采用拉格朗日乘子法将应力约束函数引入到目标函数,然后由二分法确定合适的拉格朗日乘子的值使得应力约束得到满足.而且,详细推导了基于BESO方法的应力约束拓扑优化模型及其灵敏度列式,最后通过三个典型拓扑优化算例验证改进方法的有效性.为展示考虑应力约束的优点,将应力约束设计与传统的基于刚度的设计进行了比较.结果表明,改进的BESO方法优化迭代过程稳健,获得了边界灰度单元很少的清晰的拓扑构型,并实现了有效降低应力集中效应的设计.     

基于改进的双向渐进结构优化法的应力约束拓扑优化

工程结构设计时经常需要限制最大名义应力,以避免发生断裂或疲劳破坏,一个有效的策略是采用拓扑优化方法. 常规的双向渐进结构优化法(bi-evolutionary structural optimization, BESO)不能有效求解应力约束拓扑优化问题,为此本文提出一种改进的双向渐进结构优化方法,处理体积和应力约束下的最小柔顺性问题. 引入基于K-S函数的全局应力度量,以减小大量局部应力约束引起的计算代价. 采用拉格朗日乘子法将应力约束函数引入到目标函数,然后由二分法确定合适的拉格朗日乘子的值使得应力约束得到满足. 而且,详细推导了基于BESO方法的应力约束拓扑优化模型及其灵敏度列式,最后通过三个典型拓扑优化算例验证改进方法的有效性. 为展示考虑应力约束的优点,将应力约束设计与传统的基于刚度的设计进行了比较. 结果表明, 改进的BESO方法优化迭代过程稳健,获得了边界灰度单元很少的清晰的拓扑构型,并实现了有效降低应力集中效应的设计.      

基于ALE方法的民用飞机水上漂浮特性的数值分析

飞机水上漂浮特性作为飞机水上迫降性能的一个方面,在中国民用航空总局颁布的《中国民用航空规章第25部:运输类飞机适航标准》中就指出要求需要对飞机水上迫降漂浮特性进行分析,以确保乘员能安全撤离飞机并乘上救生设备.本文基于LS-DYNA应用有限元方法建立飞机水上漂浮的数值模型,引入ALE方法描述飞机漂浮过程中水面外形,采用罚函数耦合约束模拟飞机外层与水面之间的作用,利用显式动力学方法模拟了飞机的漂浮过程,使用添加阻尼的方式用动力分析软件模拟飞机达到漂浮静态的效果,得到飞机漂浮过程中的姿态角、速度、初始淹没深度等物理量变化.     

Contact-impact formulation for multi-body systems using component mode synthesis

The efficiency and accuracy are two most concerned issues in the modeling and simulation of multi-body systems involving contact and impact. This paper proposed a formulation based on the component mode synthesis method for planar contact problems of flexible multi-body systems. A flexible body is divided into two parts： a contact zone and an un-contact zone. For the un-contact zone, by using the fixed-interface substructure method as reference, a few low-order modal coordinates are used to replace the nodal coordinates of the nodes, and meanwhile, the nodal coordinates of the local impact region are kept unchanged, therefore the total degrees of freedom （DOFs） are greatly cut down and the computational cost of the simulation is significantly reduced. By using additional constraint method, the impact constraint equations and kinematic constraint equations are derived, and the Lagrange equations of the first kind of flexible multi-body system are obtained. The impact of an elastic beam with a fixed half disk is simulated to verify the efficiency and accuracy of this method.     

含摩擦与碰撞平面多刚体系统动力学线性互补算法

基于接触力学理论和线性互补问题的算法, 给出了一种含接触、碰撞以及库伦干摩擦, 同时具有理想定常约束(铰链约束) 和非定常约束(驱动约束) 的平面多刚体系统动力学的建模与数值计算方法. 将系统中的每个物体视为刚体, 但考虑物体接触点的局部变形, 将物体间的法向接触力表示成嵌入量与嵌入速度的非线性函数,其切向摩擦力采用库伦干摩擦模型. 利用摩擦余量和接触点的切向加速度等概念, 给出了摩擦定律的互补关系式; 并利用事件驱动法, 将接触点的黏滞-滑移状态切换的判断及黏滞状态下摩擦力的计算问题转化成线性互补问题的求解. 利用第一类拉格朗日方程和鲍姆加藤约束稳定化方法建立了系统的动力学方程, 由此可降低约束的漂移, 并可求解该系统的运动、法向接触力和切向摩擦力, 还可以求解理想铰链约束力和驱动约束力. 最后以一个类似夯机的平面多刚体系统为例, 分析了其动力学特性, 并说明了相关算法的有效性.      

Partition method for impact dynamics of flexible multibody systems based on contact constraint

The impact dynamics of a flexible multibody system is investigated. By using a partition method, the system is divided into two parts, the local impact region and the region away from the impact. The two parts are connected by specific boundary conditions, and the system after partition is equivalent to the original system. According to the rigid-flexible coupling dynamic theory of multibody system, system＇s rigid-flexible coupling dynamic equations without impact are derived. A local impulse method for establishing the initial impact conditions is proposed. It satisfies the compatibility con- ditions for contact constraints and the actual physical situation of the impact process of flexible bodies. Based on the contact constraint method, system＇s impact dynamic equa- tions are derived in a differential-algebraic form. The contact/separation criterion and the algorithm are given. An impact dynamic simulation is given. The results show that system＇s dynamic behaviors including the energy, the deformations, the displacements, and the impact force during the impact process change dramatically. The impact makes great effects on the global dynamics of the system during and after impact.     

A general method for impact dynamic analysis of a planar multi-body system with a rolling ball bearing joint

Impact affects the dynamic characteristics of mechanical multi-body systems and damages those rotating parts, such as the joint rolling element bearings, which are high-precision, defect intolerant components. Based on multi-body dynamic theory, Hertzian contact theory, and a continuous contact model, this study proposed a modelling method that can describe the dynamic behaviour of planar mechanical multi-body systems containing a rolling ball bearing joint under impact. In this method, the rigid bodies and bearing joint were connected according to their joint force constraints; the impact constraint between the multi-body system and the target rigid body was constructed using a continuous contact force model. Based on this method, the reflection relationship between the external impacts of the mechanical multi-body system and the variation law governing the dynamic load on the rolling bearing joint were revealed. Subsequently, an impact multi-body system, which was composed of a sliding–crank mechanism containing a rolling ball bearing joint and the target rigid body with an elastic support, was analysed to explore the dynamic response of such a complex discontinuous dynamic system andthe relevant relationship governing the dynamic load on the rolling bearing joint. In addition, a multi-body dynamic simulation software was used to build a virtual prototype of the impact slider–crank system. Compared with the theoretical model, the prototype had an additional deep groove ball bearing. That is to say, the prototype model took account of the specific geometric structural characteristics and the complex contact relationship of the inner and outer races, rolling balls, and bearing cage. Finally, the effectiveness of the theoretical method proposed in this study was verified by comparative analysis of the results. The results suggested that the external impact of a mechanical multi-body system was prone to induce sudden changes in the equivalent reaction force on its bearing joint and the dynamic load carried on its rolling balls. This study provided an effective method for exploring the distribution characteristics of dynamic loads on rolling ball bearing joints under working impact load conditions. Moreover, it offered support for the parameter optimisation of geometric structure, performance evaluation, and dynamic design of the rolling ball bearings.     

Periodic solutions of <Emphasis Type="Italic">n</Emphasis>-dofs autonomous vibro-impact oscillators with one lasting contact phase

In the continuum structural mechanics framework, a unilateral contact condition between two flexible bodies does not generate impulsive contact forces. However, finite-dimensional systems, derived from a finite element semi-discretization in space for instance, and undergoing a unilateral contact condition, require an additional impact law: Unilateral contact occurrences then become impacts of zero duration unless (i) the impact law is purely inelastic, or (ii) the pre-impact velocity is zero. This contribution explores autonomous periodic solutions with one contact phase per period and zero pre-impact velocity [case (ii)], for any n-dof mechanical systems involving linear free-flight dynamics together with a linear unilateral contact constraint. A recent work has shown that such solutions seem to be limits of periodic trajectories with k impacts per period as k increases. Minimal analytic equations governing the existence of such solutions are proposed, and it is proven that, generically, they occur only for discrete values of the period. It is also shown that the graphs of such periodic solutions have two axes of symmetry in time. Results are illustrated on a spring–mass system and on a 4-dof two-dimensional system made of 1D finite elements. Animations of SPPs with up to 30 dofs are provided.     

A REDUCED QUADRATIC PROGRAMMING METHOD FOR ELASTIC CONTACT PROBLEMS

基于势能原理以节点位移为设计变量、以接触条件为约束方程构建了无摩擦弹性接触问题的二次规划数学模型,在此基础之上利用力平衡线性约束方程的特解和由基础解向量构成的奇异模态矩阵,提出一种新的基于奇异坐标变换的自由度缩减方法,大大降低了二次规划的规模,并使得二次规划模型不再含显性等式约束;根据弹性接触力学体系的特点,通过人为假定接触自由度位移模式,提出了一种简单高效的奇异模态矩阵的计算方法。通过两圆柱接触、轴孔间隙配合接触两个数值算例的对比分析,验证了对于弹性接触问题的求解,缩减二次规划方法有效克服了传统方法计算量大、对求解参数设置敏感、收敛困难的问题。