曲面物理和力学：最佳基本微分算子对

曲面物理和力学中有两个独立的基本微分算子(即"基本微分算子对"). 本文综述如下主题：在所有的基本微分算子对中,经典梯度▽(···) 和形状梯度▽ (···) 的配对[[▽,▽]] 是最佳的. 具体内容包括：(1)基本微分算子对的形式并不唯一;(2) 内积的可交换性确立了[[▽,▽]] 优于其他基本微分算子对的"最佳" 地位;(3) 基于[[▽,▽]] 可以最佳地构造曲面物理和力学的高阶标量微分算子,因而[[▽,▽]] 是构造曲面物理和力学微分方程的最佳"基本砖块";(4) [[▽,▽]] 在软物质曲面物理和力学中普遍存在.     

?????????????е???

简要综述了生物膜力学与几何的新进展. 在生物膜力学中,着重介绍了基于微分算子的平衡 理论和几何约束理论;在生物膜几何中,重点评述了源于生物膜力学的新梯度算子及其积分 性质. 指出：新梯度算子可能在生物膜曲面上诱发新的驱动力;生物膜力学与几何是一个有 机整体,其背后存在着一个对称的几何体系,包括对称的微分算子以及对称的积分定理系统.     

基于物理信息的神经网络求解曲面上对流扩散方程

引入基于物理信息的神经网络PINNs(Physics-informed Neural Networks)并将其用于求解曲面对流扩散方程。区别于传统的神经网络模型,PINNs在建立模型过程中引入了自动微分技术,并将物理信息即偏微分方程信息编译其中,通过定义损失函数得到关于该模型中神经网络参数即权重和偏置的优化目标,随后利用已有的优化算法进行求解。显而易见,PINNs通过添加额外的物理信息约束放宽了对于数据量的要求,对于一个确定性模型显示出更好的鲁棒性。本文基于曲面微分算子与欧氏空间下标准微分算子的解析关系,引入两种曲面微分算子处理技术,即非本征技术和嵌入技术,并结合PINNs针对定义在高维复杂曲面上的对流扩散方程进行求解,多个数值算例证明了该方法的有效性、鲁棒性以及其在求解此类问题的潜力。     

变截面弹性直杆纵振动分析的小波——DQ法

在经典微分求积(DQ)法基础上, 根据多分辨分析理论, 以尺度函数为基础构造插 值基函数, 形成了新的微分方程边值问题的求解方法------小波--DQ法, 并应用该方法分析了变截面弹性直杆的纵振动问题, 给出了其频率方程, 计算出了不同参数下固 支--固支, 自由--自由楔形直杆和锥形直杆的固有频率, 数值结果表明该方法是一个简单易行高精度的方法, 该方法可以推广应用于其他力学问题的数值分析.     

固体的统计细观力学——-连接多个耦合的时空尺度

从固体力学所面临的新的挑战------多物理、多尺度耦合及其现状的描述开始, 以层裂 过程为例, 说明了这些多尺度非平衡问题的基本困难在于, 在固体中不同尺度上有不同的微 结构层次及不同的演化物理和速率. 接下来, 概述了一些针对这一困难的独特的思路及 其成果. 第3部分强调了一些统计平均方法的范式, 以及处理包含多个时间和空间尺度的问 题的新思路, 特别是非平衡损伤演化导致宏观失效的问题. 在第4部分, 简要评述了一些连 接多个空间和时间尺度的细观力学框架, 如位错理论, 物理细观力学, Weibull理论, 随机 理论等, 并且阐述了其中蕴含的跨尺度耦合的机理. 然后, 在第5部分, 回到了描述损 伤演化过程的框架, 也就是统计细观损伤力学以及它的跨尺度封闭近似. 基于这些跨尺度框 架, 在第6部分, 对控制跨尺度耦合的可能机理进行了评述和比较. 由于对失效时灾变 的洞察与跨尺度强耦合紧密相关, 一些非平衡和强相互作用的新概念在第7部分进行了讨 论. 最后, 以一个简短的总结和一些建议结束.     

经典力学基本微分原理与不完整力学组的运动方程

本文引入坐标空间、速度空间和加速度空间三个基本空间概念,给出了各个空间所对应的约束和虚位移的定义.以此作为基础,对经典力学的三个基本微分原理(D'Alembert-Lagrange原理,Bertrand原理以及Gauss原理)给出了统一的表述.此外,又从Bertrand原理出发,导出了关于不完整力学组的一系列运动方程.     

横观各向同性中厚度圆柱形壳体的十阶微分方程式及其分解

本文在Reissner型修正理论的基础上,建立了一个横观各向同性圆柱形壳体考虑横向剪切变形的精化理论,导出了十阶基本微分方程式.该微分方程可以分解成一个二阶和两个四阶的共轭微分方程式;在力学上,前者代表剪切变形的修正项,后者对应于经典薄壳理论的结果.当壳体的横向剪切刚度很大时,证明了本文提出的精化理论同经典理论的一致性.略去一些次要项,两个四阶共轭微分方程可以退化为各向同性圆柱形薄壳的Mororley、Norozhilov和Donnell方程.     

微纳米空间弯曲诱导的反常驱动力 —— 从泡利的魔鬼谈起

介绍了高度卷曲的微纳米物质空间诱发的反常驱动力,指出构成反常驱动力的基本要素有两个：一个是空间的弯曲程度,即曲率, 另一个是空间弯曲的不均匀程度,即曲率的梯度.     

应变梯度Mindlin板边值问题的讨论

实验和分子动力学计算结果表明,当材料/结构的特征尺寸降为微纳米量级时,他们将表现出明显的尺度效应,因此能否建立精确表征其力学行为的连续介质力学模型具有重要的理论和现实意义.尽管现有文献对非经典Mindlin板的力学行为进行了大量研究,但该模型的变分自洽的边值问题是近年来未攻克的科学问题之一.基于简化的应变梯度理论给出了各向同性Mindlin板应变能的表达式,通过变分原理和张量分析,得到了Mindlin板变分自洽的边值问题及其对应角点条件的位移微分表达式.本文Mindlin板模型的边值问题可退化为相应的Timoshenko梁和Kirchhoff板模型的边值问题,验证了本文结果的有效性.研究结果发现,该Mindlin板模型的控制方程是一个解耦后横向振动具有12阶的偏微分方程,因此需要每个板边提供6个边界条件.角点条件由双应力(double stress)产生,并与经典的剪力、弯矩和扭矩沿截面的法向梯度有关.本文首次澄清了应变梯度Mindlin板存在角点条件这一事实,所得的变分结果有望为其有限元法和伽辽金法等数值方法提供理论依据.     

哈密顿正则方程、正则变换和泊松括号 (Ⅰ)哈密顿函数不显含时间t的

微分几何是力学的自然框架.本文叙述了有关辛流形的一些基本事项,并利用它们对在哈密顿函数不显含时间t的情况下的哈密顿正则方程、正则变换等物理概念作了统一的处理,阐明了它们的几何意义, 并澄清了一些容易混淆的概念.     

Shape gradient and classical gradient of curvatures: driving forces on micro/nano curved surfaces

Recent experiments and molecule dynamics simulations have shown that adhesion droplets on conical surfaces may move spontaneously and directionally. Besides, this spontaneous and directional motion is independent of the hydrophilicity and hydrophobicity of the conical surfaces. Aimed at this important phenomenon, a general theoretical explanation is provided from the viewpoint of the geometrization of micro/nano mechanics on curved surfaces. In the extrinsic mechanics on micro/nano soft curved surfaces, we disclose that the curvatures and their extrinsic gradients form the driving forces on the curved spaces. This paper focuses on the intrinsic mechanics on micro/nano hard curved surfaces and the experiment on the spontaneous and directional motion. Based on the pair potentials of particles, the interactions between an isolated particle and a micro/nano hard curved surface are studied, and the geometric foundation for the interactions between the particle and the hard curved surface is analyzed. The following results are derived: (a) Whatever the exponents in the pair potentials may be, the potential of the particle/hard curved surface is always of the unified curvature form, i.e., the potential is always a unified function of the mean curvature and the Gaussian curvature of the curved surface. (b) On the basis of the curvature-based potential, the geometrization of the micro/nano mechanics on hard curved surfaces may be realized. (c) Similar to the extrinsic mechanics on micro/nano soft curved surfaces, in the intrinsic mechanics on micro/nano hard curved surfaces, the curvatures and their intrinsic gradients form the driving forces on the curved spaces. In other words, either on soft curved surfaces or hard curved surfaces and either in the extrinsic mechanics or the intrinsic mechanics, the curvatures and their gradients are all essential factors for the driving forces on the curved spaces. (d) The direction of the driving force induced by the hard curved surface is independent of the hydrophilicity and hydrophobicity of the curved surface, explaining the experimental phenomenon of the spontaneous and directional motion.     

极坐标下弹性力学的一个新解答

在极坐标下将Hamilton体系下的分离变量法应用到弹性力学的非齐次边界情况,得到了一个新解答,利用这个新解可以求解一类弹性力学问题。文中给出了具体例子。     

Extension of covariant derivative(Ⅱ): From flat space to curved space

This paper extends the classical covariant derivative to the generalized covariant derivative on curved surfaces. The basement for the extension is similar to the previous paper, i.e., the axiom of the covariant form invariability. Based on the generalized covariant derivative, a covariant differential transformation group with orthogonal duality is set up. Through such orthogonal duality, tensor analysis on curved surfaces is simplified intensively. Under the covariant differential transformation group, the differential invariabilities and integral invariabilities are constructed on curved surfaces.     

极坐标哈密顿体系约当型与弹性楔的佯谬解

讨论了极坐标弹性平面哈密顿体系的当型,并通过约当型的求解,直接给出了相关弹性楔体佯谬问题的解,从理论上阐明了经典弹性力学中某些佯谬问题的出现是由于其对应的是哈密顿体系中特殊的约当型解,同时也很自然地为该类问题提供了一个通用,有效的求解方法。     

Chain of Physically Related Independent Mechanical Oscillators

A lumped-parameter mechanical system consisting of a chain of physically related rigid bodies, each of which has one rotational degree of freedom, is considered. It is shown that the inertialess elastic elements connecting the absolutely rigid bodies of the chain can be chosen so that the mechanical structure acquires the properties of a so-called absolute mechanical filter. The motion of any inertial element of this system is described by the equation of a classical harmonic oscillator with one degree of freedom. Using the system considered as an example, it is shown that there is a relationship between the models of classical and quantum mechanics. From the positions of modern classical mechanics, this lumped-parameter system confirms the well-known Einstein’s hypothesis theoretical physics that a rigid body is a system of independent oscillators.     

Flow separation in laminar natural convection

Theoretical and experimental studies of flow separation in laminal natural convection are presented. Since classical boundary-layer theory cannot determine separation on curved walls in natural convection, two extensions of the classical boundary-layer theory are discussed: boundary-layer theory of higher order and double-deck theory. Both theories are applied to experiments on a vertical flat plate with humps.     

Academician Nikolai Nikolaevich Bogolyubov (for the 100th anniversary of his birth)

This paper is dedicated to the memory of N. N. Bogolyubov in recognition of his towering stature in nonlinear mechanics and theoretical physics, his remarkable many-sided genius, and the originality and depth of his contribution to the world’s science. The paper briefly describes Bogolyubov’s achievements in nonlinear mechanics, classical statistical physics, theory of superconductivity, quantum field theory, and strong interaction theory     

Curvature effect on droplet impacting onto hydrophobic and superhydrophobic spheres

Droplet impact on hydrophobic and superhydrophobic solid surfaces finds numerous applications, while the wide range of the parameters affecting its outcome necessitate a thorough study to reveal the underlying physics. Specific applications are related to the drop impact upon curved surfaces, such as micro-encapsulation in fluidized beds. Three-dimensional numerical simulations by applying Level-Set Method have been performed to investigate the water droplet impact on curved and flat hydrophobic and superhydrophobic substrates. Parameters such as the impact Weber number, the surface curvature and the equilibrium contact angle have been varied in order to assess their effects on the dynamics of the impact process. After providing a strong validation, it is found that impact on spherical surfaces generally presents a higher area of liquid to be in contact with the substrate with respect to the case of flat surfaces, when all other impact conditions are the same.