用小波变换确定电位滴定终点

将小波变换在信号和图象处理过程中边缘检取的思想方法引入到化学中，以确定电位滴定的终点，能直接对测量的数据进行处理，不会引入人为的误差因素。计算精度可达实验精度的下限，且处理结果的判断非常简便，用本方法对实验数据进行处理，获得满意的结果。     

一种自动微量滴定新方法

本文依据传统滴定分析原理，利用流动注射装置提出一种新的自动微量滴定方法，它不仅具有流动注射滴定分析法简便快速，试剂和试样消耗少，仪器装置简单等优点，而且测定信号怀被测组分的浓度直接成线性关系，结果的准确度和精度优于一般流动注射滴定方法。通过用盐酸滴定氢氧化钠进行验证，相关系数为０．９９９９，相对标准偏差（ＲＳＤ）为０．４％。     

恒速滴定—固定△pH法直接测定α—萘乙酸钾的研究

用微量滴定管控制恒速滴定，用记录仪描绘滴定曲线，在固定的ｐＨ值区间测量有关信号，用盐酸溶液直接测定α－萘乙酸钾，本法不需要准确知道滴定剂所消耗的物质的量，数分钟即可缓出一条滴定曲线，加标回收率为９８．８％－１０１．４％，相对标准偏差为１．６％（ｎ＝１１），适用于工业品及试剂α－萘乙酸钾的常规分析。     

库仑滴定自动测量装置的设计

依据库仑分析的工作原理，对库仑滴定仪进行了改进，设计了自动测量装置，提高了库仑滴定分析的自动化程度和工作效率。测量装置定值准确、可靠，满足量值传递的要求。     

超细碳化硅中游离碳的测定

通过加热氧化并电位滴定产生的ＣＯ２，分析超细碳化硅粉中游离碳，对部分碳化硅和游离硅同时被氧化的干扰，提出了新的校正方法和计算式，测定精度ＲＳＤ≤５．１％相对误差≤６．２％。     

近年物理化学滴定进展

评述了近五年国内外物理化学滴定（用作图确定终点）的新进展，内容包括：（１）光学滴定（含光度、荧光、磷光、化学发光滴定）；（２）电滴定（含电位、电导、电流、库仑滴定）；（３）量热滴定。每类滴定均再按滴定用介质分为水介质和非水介质滴定，按滴定反应分为酸－碱、氧化－还原、络合、沉淀滴定，按滴定方式分为直接滴定、代滴、回滴。引用文献１０６篇。     

一种微机控制的自动光度滴定系统

本文介绍了作者研制光度滴定传感器，它具有较小的工作电流，较高的灵敏度和较低的成本。     

微量滴定热量计的建立和混合表面活性剂囊泡形成的研究

结合LKB-2107微量安瓶热量计和改进的Thermometric微量滴定热量计, 建立一台具有1和3 mL容积的微量滴定热量计, 并用仪器的基线噪声、基线的稳定性、能当量的测量和能量与电压(V)-时间(t)积分面积的线性关系考察了热量计灵敏度和测量精度. 分别用蔗糖的稀释热和十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)的胶束生成热检验仪器的可靠 性. 测定了SDS和双十二烷基二甲基溴化铵(DDAB)的相互作用能, 并用量热结果讨论其相行为. 从量热实验得到, SDS与DDAB胶束的相互作用焓为?29.53 kJ/mol, SDS与DDAB反应生成盐的反应焓为?125.8 kJ/mol, 混合囊泡生成焓为41.23 kJ/mol, 囊泡再转化为富SDS胶束的焓变为32.10 kJ/mol.     

高精度蠕动泵式称量滴定装置及称量滴定方法

滴定分析法是将一种已知准确浓度的试剂溶液,滴加到被测物质的溶液中,直到所加的试剂与被测物质按化学计量定量反应为止,根据试剂溶液的浓度和消耗的量,计算被测物质含量的方法。滴定分析法可分为容量滴定法和称量滴定法。目前实验室滴定分析普遍采用容量滴定法,因其所用设备简单、操作方便、迅速,滴定精度可达0.1%,被广泛用     

利用分光光度计测量光学元件材料的偏振特性和反射特性

利用进口仪器Ｌａｍｂｄａ－９分光光度所具有的软硬件，在分析研究可调角偏振和高灵敏度反射测量的基础上指出了影响测量精度的有关技术问题，并在不影响仪器原有精度的前提下设计加工了可调角偏振和高灵敏反射测量系统。     

Binding affinities of factor Xa inhibitors estimated by thermodynamic integration and MM/GBSA

We present free energy estimates of nine 3-amidinobenzyl-1H-indole-2-carboxamide inhibitors of factor Xa. Using alchemical thermodynamic integration (TI) calculations, we estimate the difference in binding free energies with high accuracy and precision, except for mutations involving one of the amidinobenzyl rings. Crystal studies show that the inhibitors may bind in two distinct conformations, and using TI, we show that the two conformations give a similar binding affinity. Furthermore, we show that we can reduce the computational demand, while still retaining a high accuracy and precision, by using fewer integration points and shorter protein-ligand simulations. Finally, we have compared the TI results to those obtained with the simpler MM/GBSA method (molecular-mechanics with generalized Born surface-area solvation). MM/GBSA gives better results for the mutations that involve a change of net charge, but if a precision similar to that of the TI method is required, the MM/GBSA method is actually slightly more expensive. Thus, we have shown that TI could be a valuable tool in drug design.     

Penalized estimation of sparse concentration matrices based on prior knowledge with applications to placenta elemental data

Identifying patterns of association or dependency among high-dimensional biological datasets with sparse precision matrices remains a challenge. In this paper, we introduce a weighted sparse Gaussian graphical model that can incorporate prior knowledge to infer the structure of the network of trace element concentrations, including essential elements as well as toxic metals and metaloids measured in the human placentas. We present the weighted L1 penalized regularization procedure for estimating the sparse precision matrix in the setting of Gaussian graphical models. First, we use simulation models to demonstrate that the proposed method yields a better estimate of the precision matrix than the procedures that fail to account for the prior knowledge of the network structure. Then, we apply this method to estimate sparse element concentration matrices of placental biopsies from the New Hampshire Birth Cohort Study. The chemical architecture for elements is complex; thus, the method proposed herein was applied to infer the dependency structures of the elements using prior knowledge of their biological roles.     

A study of the precision attained by neutron activation analysis using international standard rocks GS-N and BCR-I as examples. A discussion of a geochemical model accounting for the estimated errors

Epithermal neutron activation analysis can usefully be used for simultaneous determination of trace elements in rocks. No chemical seperation is required in this case and consequently the precision may be better. In order to estimate the relative importance of the causes of precision error, we have made an analysis of variance on a set of 18 irradiations: 15 elements have been studied. The precision attained on those analytical results is sufficient to be able to construct geochemical models.     

Precision of a plutonium analytical method using solvent extraction and spectrophotometry

We investigated the plutonium assay method that uses the plutonyl trinitrate tetrapropyl-ammonium ion-pair solvent extraction with spectrophotometry of the extract as a candidate method capable of providing robustness and precision. To identify and assess the effect of factors on the precision, we looked at sampling techniques, silver oxide oxidation conditions extraction time, extract stability, and temperature dependence of the extract analytical peak height and position. We obtained a precision of 0.12%.     

Low-order tensor approximations for electronic wave functions: Hartree-Fock method with guaranteed precision

Here we report a formulation of the Hartree-Fock method in an adaptive multiresolution basis set of spectral element type. A key feature of our approach is the use of low-order tensor approximations for operators and wave functions to reduce the steep rise of storage and computational costs with the number of degrees of freedom that plague finite element computations. As a proof of principle we implemented Hartree-Fock method without explicit storage of the full-dimensional wave function and with guaranteed precision (microhartree precision for up to 14 electron systems is demonstrated). Even for the one-electron method the use of low-order tensor approximation reduces storage relative to the full representation, albeit with modest increase in cost. Preliminary tests for explicitly-correlated two-electron (six-dimensional) wave function suggest a factor of 50 savings in storage. At least correlated two-electron methods should be feasible with our approach on modern workstations with guaranteed precision.     

Routine Microsecond Molecular Dynamics Simulations with AMBER on GPUs. 1. Generalized Born

We present an implementation of generalized Born implicit solvent all-atom classical molecular dynamics (MD) within the AMBER program package that runs entirely on CUDA enabled NVIDIA graphics processing units (GPUs). We discuss the algorithms that are used to exploit the processing power of the GPUs and show the performance that can be achieved in comparison to simulations on conventional CPU clusters. The implementation supports three different precision models in which the contributions to the forces are calculated in single precision floating point arithmetic but accumulated in double precision (SPDP), or everything is computed in single precision (SPSP) or double precision (DPDP). In addition to performance, we have focused on understanding the implications of the different precision models on the outcome of implicit solvent MD simulations. We show results for a range of tests including the accuracy of single point force evaluations and energy conservation as well as structural properties pertainining to protein dynamics. The numerical noise due to rounding errors within the SPSP precision model is sufficiently large to lead to an accumulation of errors which can result in unphysical trajectories for long time scale simulations. We recommend the use of the mixed-precision SPDP model since the numerical results obtained are comparable with those of the full double precision DPDP model and the reference double precision CPU implementation but at significantly reduced computational cost. Our implementation provides performance for GB simulations on a single desktop that is on par with, and in some cases exceeds, that of traditional supercomputers.     

Organelle Tracking in a Living Cell with Microsecond Time Resolution and Nanometer Spatial Precision

The study of cellular processes such as organelle transport often demands particle tracking with microsecond time‐resolution and nanometer spatial precision, posing significant challenges to existing tracking methods. Here, we have developed a novel strategy for two‐dimensional tracking of gold nanoparticles (GNPs) with 25 μs time resolution and ～1.5 nm spatial precision, by using a quadrant photodiode to record the positions of GNPs in an objective‐type dark‐field microscope. In combination with a feedback loop, this technique records long, high time‐resolution and spatial precision trajectories of endocytosed GNPs transported by the molecular motors kinesin and dynein in a living cell. In the full range of organelle velocities (0–8 μm s^?1), we clearly resolve the individual 8 nm steps of cargoes carried by kinesin, and the 8, 12, 16, 20, and 24 nm steps of those carried by dynein. These experiments yield new information about molecular motor stepping in living cells.     

Error analysis and efficient sampling in Markovian state models for molecular dynamics

In previous work, we described a Markovian state model (MSM) for analyzing molecular-dynamics trajectories, which involved grouping conformations into states and estimating the transition probabilities between states. In this paper, we analyze the errors in this model caused by finite sampling. We give different methods with various approximations to determine the precision of the reported mean first passage times. These approximations are validated on an 87 state toy Markovian system. In addition, we propose an efficient and practical sampling algorithm that uses these error calculations to build a MSM that has the same precision in mean first passage time values but requires an order of magnitude fewer samples. We also show how these methods can be scaled to large systems using sparse matrix methods.     

Quantitative Assessment of Labeling Probes for Super-Resolution Microscopy Using Designer DNA Nanostructures

Improving labeling probes for state-of-the-art super-resolution microscopy is becoming of major importance. However, there is currently a lack of tools to quantitatively evaluate probe performance regarding efficiency, precision, and achievable resolution in an unbiased yet modular fashion. Herein, we introduce designer DNA origami structures combined with DNA-PAINT to overcome this issue and evaluate labeling efficiency, precision, and quantification using antibodies and nanobodies as exemplary labeling probes. Whereas current assessment of binders is mostly qualitative, e. g. based on an expected staining pattern, we herein present a quantitative analysis platform of the antigen labeling efficiency and achievable resolution, allowing researchers to choose the best performing binder. The platform can furthermore be readily adapted for discovery and precise quantification of a large variety of additional labeling probes.     

Superiority of a new gradient system utilizing a critical threshold for the adsorption capacity of polypeptides to column packing when compared with a standard gradient system for the simultaneous and quantitative analysis of polypeptides

Compared with a standard gradient system, the new gradient system which we developed has a major advantage because it permits a wide range of acetonitrile content, e.g. more than the critical threshold, in the polypeptide solution and allows the quantitative analysis of the polypeptide with satisfactory analytical precision. Additionally, this new gradient system allows the enhancement of the sensitivity of the polypeptide analysis proportionate to the increased volume of solution loaded with the same levels of precision. In contrast, when using a standard gradient system it is difficult to analyze a polypeptide quantitatively with good precision due to either adsorption to various materials or to irregular change in the ratio between a retained and a passed peak of the polypeptide. Additionally, the appearance of a passed peak results in a loss in the sensitivity of the polypeptide analysis, although no adsorption of a polypeptide to various materials occurs in a solution with acetonitrile content more than the critical threshold. Consequently, the new gradient system is effective for the simultaneous and quantitative analysis of different polypeptides with good precision and without any loss of sensitivity due to either adsorption to various materials or the appearance of a passed peak.