Catalytic dehydration of ethanol into ethylene in a tubular reactor of the pilot installation on alumina catalysts with varied grain size

Synthesis of ethylene on trefoil and cylindrical experimental acid-modified aluminum oxide samples was studied under an ethanol (94%) gas load of 920–2200 h^–1 and heat-carrier temperature of 400–440°C. In the conditions of a 98% ethanol conversion, the higher activity of the trefoil made it possible to reduce the height of the bed and its hydraulic resistance and, accordingly, raise the specific catalyst throughput for ethylene. Compared with industrial aluminum oxide, the throughput of 1 g of the catalyst for ethylene on experimental samples is higher by 2.5–6.5 kg yr^–1, and the specific expenditure of ethanol is lower by 0.22–0.23 kg kg^–1. The endothermic process in a tubular reactor is characterized by a high parametric sensitivity of the average integral temperature along the catalyst bed, with the average temperature being higher on the less active catalyst. Thus, the higher average temperature can compensate for the lower activity of the catalyst without additional increase in the contact duration and(or) heat-carrier temperature.     

Comparative study of fluidized-bed and fixed-bed reactor for syngas methanation over Ni-W/TiO2-SiO2 catalyst

In this work, syngas methanation over Ni-W/TiO₂-SiO₂ catalyst was studied in a fluidized-bed reactor (FBR) and its performance was compared with a fixed-bed reactor (FIXBR). The effects of main operating variables including feedstock gases space velocity, coke content, bed temperature and sulfur-tolerant stability of 100 h life were investigated. The structure of the catalysts was characterized by XRD, N₂ adsorption-desorption and TEM. It is found that under same space velocity from 5000 h^?1 to 25000 h^?1 FBR gave a higher CH₄ yield, lower coke content, and lower bed temperature than those obtained in FIXBR. Ni-W/TiO₂-SiO₂ catalyst possessed excellent sulfur-tolerant stability on the feedstock gases less than 500 ppm H₂S in FBR. The carbon deposits formed on the spent catalyst were in the form of carbon fibers in FBR, while in the form of dense accumulation distribution appearance in FIXBR.     

Enhancement of distillate selectivity in Fischer-Tropsch synthesis by using iron and cobalt catalysts in a novel dual-bed reactor ?

Summary An integrated process for producing liquid fuels from synthesis gas via a two-stage Fischer-Tropsch (FT) reaction is disclosed. An iron catalyst was used in the first bed of a fixed-bed reactor followed by a ruthenium promoted cobalt catalyst in the second bed. The activity and selectivity of the dual-bed system were assessed and compared with those using catalysts in a single bed system, separately. The methane selectivity in the dual-bed reactor was about 11% less compared to that of the single-bed system. The C₅⁺ selectivity for the dual-bed reactor was 19.7% higher than that of the single-bed system.     

乙烯在煤焦及石英砂床层上裂解实验研究

以石油炼制过程中产生的炼厂气与煤共转化利用为背景,采用小型石英管固定床反应装置,在850℃～1000℃下,对乙烯在空床、彬县煤焦以及石英砂床层上的裂解反应进行了研究。结果表明,乙烯裂解产物包括氢气、甲烷、乙烷及裂解炭,反应温度越高,裂解越彻底,生成的氢气越多;850℃～950℃时,乙烯在彬县焦上初始转化率最高,随着反应的进行逐渐降低到一个较低的平衡值,并且与在石英砂上裂解结果接近。这说明新鲜彬县煤焦对乙烯裂解呈现良好的催化作用,但随着反应进行其催化活性由于裂解生成的炭沉积在煤焦表面而逐渐丧失。1000℃时乙烯在石英砂上和空床裂解转化率均可达到94％,即在此温度下乙烯无需催化剂通过热作用即可接近完全裂解。     

甲烷部分氧化制合成气反应中催化剂积炭的研究(英文)

Ｎｉ／Ａｌ_２Ｏ_３催化剂上甲烷部分氧化制合成气反应是在固定床流动反应装置上进行的。考察了催化剂的床层温度、反应压力、空速和原料气配比对催化剂积炭产生的影响。实验结果表明,积炭速率随催化剂床层温度的升高而降低,当温度低于７０℃时,积炭速率骤增：积炭总是发生在催化剂床层的下段;若空速超过３．０×１０~５ｈ~（－１）,积炭速率随空速增加而明显降低。从ＦＴＩＲ实验结果可知,吸附在Ｎｉ／Ａｌ_２Ｏ_３催化剂表面上的ＣＯ,一部分歧化生成了ＣＯ_２和Ｃ。综上所述,催化剂表面积炭主要来源于以下两个反应： ２ＣＯ→Ｃ＋ＣＯ_２,ＣＯ＋Ｈ_２　＝ Ｃ＋Ｈ_２Ｏ     

催化剂Ni/Y2O3上低温乙醇水蒸气重整制氢研究——氢气预还原对催化剂性能的影响

用浸渍－热分解－氢还原法(IHDHR)和浸渍－热分解法(IHD)分别制备了两种纳米尺寸的Ni/Y2O3催化剂，并应用X-光电子能谱、X-射线衍射、BET比表面测试等分析技术对两种催化剂的结构进行了表征和比较。采用固定床反应器对两种催化剂的催化性能进行实验测试。结果表明，氢气预还原与否对该纳米Ni/Y2O3催化剂的催化性能有一定的影响，经过氢气预还原的催化剂对低温乙醇水蒸气重整反应表现出较高的活性和稳定性，250?℃时，乙醇的转化率达到81.9%；320 ℃时，乙醇的转化率达到95.3%，对氢气的选择性为53.6%。对经过氢预还原的Ni/Y2O3催化剂进行了60 h的稳定性测试。     

醇在载钯碳化钨/碳纳米管催化剂上的氧化

用交替微波法制备了碳化钨与多壁碳纳米管复合材料(WC/MWCNT),以该材料为载体制备了Pd基催化剂(Pd-WC/MWCNT),并将催化剂用于醇的催化氧化反应.结果表明,Pd-WC/MWCNT催化剂对乙醇的催化氧化活性是Pd/C催化剂的5倍.交换电流密度测量和反应活化能计算表明,Pd-WC/WIWCNT催化剂对乙醇催化氧化的交换电流密度比Pd/C大两个数量级,反应活化能低一倍以上.Pd-WC/MWCNT催化剂催化氧化乙醇性能的大幅度提高是碳化钨与Pd颗粒的协同效应和碳纳米管的结构效应共同作用的结果.     

含氧煤层气流化床催化燃烧脱氧特性研究

利用自制的铜基球形甲烷催化燃烧催化剂,在小型流化床反应器中对模拟含氧煤层气进行了流化床催化燃烧脱氧的实验研究,考察了床层温度、催化剂粒径、空速对脱氧效率和CO₂选择性的影响。结果表明,较高的反应床层温度使催化剂活性增强,进而提高催化脱氧效率。床层温度在450 ℃以上,脱氧效率可稳定保持在95%以上。较小的催化剂粒径降低了内扩散阻力对催化反应的影响,提高催化反应的CO₂选择性。床层温度在450 ℃以下时,降低空速可提高氧气转化率,但温度高于450 ℃时,脱氧反应速率加快,空速变化对脱氧效率影响不明显。此外,通过调节CH₄/Air比例模拟不同含氧量的煤层气,考察流化床反应器及催化剂对含氧煤层气中O₂浓度变化的适应性。模拟含氧煤层气中氧气体积分数在5%~15%,该催化剂均表现出高的脱氧活性和选择性,反应器出口气体中氧气体积分数低于0.2%,CO₂选择性高于98%。     

Oxidative coupling of methane in a dual-bed reactor comprising of particle/cordierite monolithic catalysts

A dual-bed reactor was constructed comprising of a 5%Na2WO4-2%Mn/SiO2 particle catalyst and a 4%Ce-5%Na2WO4-2%Mn/SiO2/cordierite monolithic catalyst. The reaction performance of the oxidative coupling of methane (OCM) over the dual-bed reactor system was evaluated. The effects of the bed height and operation mode, as well as the reaction parameters such as reaction temperature, CH4/O2 ratio and flowrate of feed gas, on the catalytic performance were investigated. The results indicated that the suggested dual-bed reactor exhibited a good performance for the OCM reaction when the feed gases firstly passed through the particle catalyst bed and then to the monolithic catalyst bed. A CH4 conversion of 38.2% and a C2H4 selectivity of 43.3% could be obtained using the dual-bed reactor with a particle catalyst bed height of 10 mm and a monolithic catalyst bed height of 50 mm. Both the CH4 conversion and C2H4 selectivity have increased by 2.5% and 12.8%, respectively, as compared with the 5%Na2WO4-2%Mn/SiO2 particle catalyst in a conventional single-bed reactor and by 12.9% and 23.0%, respectively, as compared with the 4%Ce-5%Na2WO4-2%Mn/SiO2/cordierite monolithic catalyst in a single-bed reactor. The catalytic performance of the OCM in the dual-bed reactor system has been improved remarkably.     

热处理条件对完全液相法制Cu-Zn-Al催化剂结构及CO加氢性能的影响

采用完全液相法制备Cu-Zn-Al浆状催化剂,利用XRD、H₂程序升温还原、N₂吸附-脱附、XPS对催化剂进行表征,并在浆态床反应器中评价其CO加氢性能,考察了前驱体的热处理条件（常压、中压和密闭高压）对催化剂结构和性能的影响.结果表明,常压热处理所制催化剂,比表面积较大,活性物种的分散度和表面铜锌比均较高,有利于反应气体的吸附和扩散,CO加氢活性较高;采用加压热处理时,Cu晶粒较大,且有尖晶石相的生成,增强了Cu、Zn、Al物种之间的相互作用,影响了Cu物种的还原能力和催化剂的表面酸性,使催化剂具有一定的生成低碳醇能力.     

Catalytic Performance and Coking Behavior of a Submicron HZSM‐5 Zeolite in Ethanol Dehydration

The catalytic performance and coking behavior of a submicron ZSM‐5 zeolite in dehydration of ethanol to ethylene were investigated by means of low temperature nitrogen adsorption, thermal gravimetric analysis, and nuclear magnetic resonance. The submicron catalyst showed higher activity than the micron one due to more mesopores and more strong acid sites. As the reaction temperature increased, ethanol conversion increased over the submicron catalyst, while ethylene selectivity went through a maximum. The selectivities of propylene and butylene increased with increasing reaction temperature, and they decreased with time on stream at constant temperature. The coke deposits can be divided into coke precursor and hard coke, which were attributed to polyalkylbenzene and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, respectively; and increasing reaction temperature can accelerate the transformation of coke precursor into hard coke. A precoking pretreatment method was verified very effective for improving the catalyst stability.     

Catalytic reactions of C4 hydrocarbons on the fluid catalytic cracking catalyst

利用小型固定流化床实验装置,对C4烃类在催化裂化催化剂上催化转化反应规律进行了实验研究,考察了不同反应温度及空速对C4烃类催化转化反应的产物分布和组成的影响。实验结果表明,催化裂化催化剂对C4烃类具有一定芳构化和裂化性能,在适宜的反应条件下,可增产芳烃和丙烯;在C4烃类催化转化过程中,丁烯是主要的反应物,而丁烷几乎不反应;低反应温度有利于增产芳烃,高反应温度有利于增产丙烯。较低的空速对增产芳烃和丙烯都有利。根据双分子反应机理和反应结果,建立了C4烃类在催化裂化催化剂上催化转化过程的反应网络。对C4烃类催化转化历程分析表明,中间产物碳五和碳六烯烃较弱的二次裂化性能是C4烃类在催化裂化催化剂上催化转化过程中乙烯和丙烯产率较低的主要原因。     

Nitrogen-Doped Carbon-Assisted One-pot Tandem Reaction for Vinyl Chloride Production via Ethylene Oxychlorination

A bifunctional catalyst comprising CuCl₂/Al₂O₃ and nitrogen-doped carbon was developed for an efficient one-pot ethylene oxychlorination process to produce vinyl chloride monomer (VCM) up to 76 % yield at 250 °C and under ambient pressure, which is higher than the conventional industrial two-step process (≈50 %) in a single pass. In the second bed, active sites containing N-functional groups on the metal-free N-doped carbon catalyzed both ethylene oxychlorination and ethylene dichloride (EDC) dehydrochlorination under the mild conditions. Benefitting from the bifunctionality of the N-doped carbon, VCM formation was intensified by the surface Cl*-looping of EDC dehydrochlorination and ethylene oxychlorination. Both reactions were enhanced by in situ consumption of surface Cl* by oxychlorination, in which Cl* was generated by EDC dehydrochlorination. This work offers a promising alternative pathway to VCM production via ethylene oxychlorination at mild conditions through a single pass reactor.     

Combination of CO2 reforming and partial oxidation of CH4 over Ni/Al2O3 catalysts using fluidized bed reactor

The effects of the Ni loading, total feed flow rate, prereduction temperature, reaction temperature and feed gas ratio for combination of CO₂ reforming and partial oxidation of CH₄ over Ni/Al₂O₃ were investigated using a fluidized bed reactor. Methane conversion to syngas was drastically enhanced using a fluidized bed reactor over Ni/Al₂O₃ catalyst calcined at high temperature. The fluidized bed and the fixed bed reactor were compared and a promoting mechanism of the fluidized bed reactor was proposed. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

High pressure ethylene polymerization with a post‐metallocene bis‐phenyl phenoxy catalyst

The use of post‐metallocene bis‐phenylphenoxy catalysts to polymerize ethylene under high ethylene pressures (>25,000 psi) results in some remarkable catalytic properties. The high ethylene pressure produces molar ethylene concentrations in the reactor as much as 40 times higher than in typical low pressure ethylene polymerizations. This high ethylene concentration results in high catalyst efficiency at high temperatures and low reactor residence time, between 180 °C and 240 °C the catalyst efficiency surprisingly increases with increasing temperature, allowing for use of these catalysts at temperatures much higher than can be utilized in the low pressure processes. It has further been demonstrated that under these conditions increasing hydrogen levels up to 0.5 mol% does not significantly affect the polymer molecular weight; however, polymer molecular weight control can be realized with varying reactor temperature. The polymer produced is shown to be high density polyethylene made from a single site catalyst and not free radical initiated low density polymer. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2017 , 55, 861–866     

Selective Oxidation of Propane by Lattice Oxygen of Vanadium-Phosphorous Oxide in a Pulse Reactor

Selective oxidation of propane by lattice oxygen of vanadium-phosphorus oxide (VPO) catalysts was investigated with a pulse reactor in which the oxidation of propane and the re-oxidation of catalyst were implemented alternately in the presence of water vapor. The principal products are acrylic acid (AA),acetic acid (HAc), and carbon oxides. In addition, small amounts of C1 and C2 hydrocarbons were also found, molar ratio of AA to HAc is 1.4-2.2. The active oxygen species are those adsorbed on catalyst surface firmly and/or bound to catalyst lattice, i.e. lattice oxygen; the selective oxidation of propane on VPO catalysts can be carried out in a circulating fluidized bed (CFB) riser reactor. For propane oxidation over VPO catalysts, the effects of reaction temperature in a pulse reactor were found almost the same as in a steady-state flow reactor. That is, as the reaction temperature increases, propane conversion and the amount of C1 C2 hydrocarbons in the product increase steadily, while selectivity to acrylic acid and to acetic acid increase prior to 350℃ then begin to drop at temperatures higher than 350℃, and yields of acrylic acid and of acetic acid attained maximum at about 400℃. The maximum yields of acrylic acid and of acetic acid for a single-pass are 7.50% and 4.59% respectively, with 38.2% propane conversion. When theamount of propane pulsed decreases or the amount of catalyst loaded increases, the conversion increases but the selectivity decreases. Increasing the flow rate of carrier gases causes the conversion pass through a minimum but selectivity and yields pass through a maximum. In a fixed bed reactor, it is hard to obtainhigh selectivity at a high reaction conversion due to the further degradation of acrylic acid and acetic acid even though propane was oxidized by the lattice oxygen. The catalytic performance can be improved inthe presence of excess propane. Propylene can be oxidized by lattice oxygen of VPO catalyst at 250℃, nevertheless, selectivity to AA and to HAc are even lower, much more acetic acid was produced (molar ratio of AA to HAc is 0.19:1-0.83:1) though the oxidation products are the same as from propane.     

丙烷在无机膜反应器中的芳构化

研究了在固定床反应器和膜反应器中的丙烷芳构化，考察了ＨＺＳＭ－５担载的Ｇａ和Ｐｔ－Ｇａ催化剂对反应的影响。结果表明，采用无机膜反应器可以提高丙烷芳构化选择性，从而提高芳烃收率达１０％以上。在膜反应器中，低碳烷烃选择性降低，烯烃选择性增强。固定床相比，膜反应器在低温时对芳构化反应的促进作用最为显著，但是随着温度升高，其促进作用减弱。     

Ni/Zr-MOF催化剂的制备及其在生物质热解中的应用

通过均匀沉淀法制备了以锆-金属有机骨架化合物(Zr-metal organic framework,Zr-MOF)为载体的Ni/Zr-MOF催化剂,并用于湿污泥和秸秆混合催化热解实验。采用元素分析、X射线荧光光谱(XRF)、热重分析(TG)、X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)和N_2吸附-脱附等温(BET)对载体和催化剂进行表征分析,通过一系列实验来探讨热解温度、秸秆添加量和Ni负载量对于湿污泥和秸秆混合催化热解制备富氢合成气的影响。结果表明,Zr-MOF载体颗粒均匀呈八面体,比表面积高达805.93 m~2/g,平均孔径为20.14 nm,为介孔结构。Ni/Zr-M OF催化剂具有较高的热稳定性和催化活性。与不添加催化剂相比,使用Ni/Zr-MOF催化剂在500℃下热解,H_2的产量从0.39 mol/kg显著提高到12.65 mol/kg。随着热解温度的升高,催化剂出现团聚现象,同时在反复使用之后其表面产生了少量的积炭,导致催化剂催化活性逐渐降低。因此,Ni/Zr-MOF催化剂适用于生物质低温催化热解。     

Optimized Immobilization Strategy for Dirhodium(II) Carboxylate Catalysts for C−H Functionalization and Their Implementation in a Packed Bed Flow Reactor

Herein we demonstrate a packed bed flow reactor capable of achieving highly regio- and stereoselective C−H functionalization reactions using a newly developed Rh₂(S-2-Cl-5-CF₃TPCP)₄ catalyst. To optimize the immobilized dirhodium catalyst employed in the flow reactor, we systematically study both (i) the effects of ligand immobilization position, demonstrating the critical factor that the catalyst-support attachment location can have on the catalyst performance, and (ii) silica support mesopore length, demonstrating that decreasing diffusional limitations leads to increased accessibility of the active site and higher catalyst turnover frequency. We employ the immobilized dirhodium catalyst in a simple packed bed flow reactor achieving comparable yields and levels of enantioselectivity to the homogeneous catalyst employed in batch and maintain this performance over ten catalyst recycles.     

焙烧温度对CuMgAl催化剂催化糠醛气相加氢制糠醇性能的影响

采用分步沉淀过程制得质量比m(CuO)∶m(MgO)∶m(Al_2O_3)为25∶26∶49的CuMgAl类水滑石前驱体,经过不同温度焙烧制得CuMgAl-t催化剂。通过BET、热重、XRD、H_2-TPR和CO_2-TPD对催化剂进行表征,在固定床中考察CuMgAl-t催化剂催化糠醛气相加氢制糠醇的性能。结果表明,焙烧温度影响催化剂活性、稳定性及对产物的选择性,低温焙烧的催化剂经还原后可获得较多活性中心,高温焙烧的催化剂表面具有更多的碱性位,CuMgAl催化剂经450℃焙烧表面存在适宜的活性中心和碱性位。在常压、反应温度180℃、氢醛物质的量比5∶1、糠醛体积空速0.3h~(-1)的条件下,CuMgAl-450催化剂上糠醛的转化率和糠醇的选择性分别达到98.64%和97.66%。