Investigations of thickness-shear mode elastic constant and damping of shunted piezoelectric materials with a coupling resonator

Shear-mode piezoelectric materials have been widely used to shunt the damping of vibrations where utilizing surface or interface shear stresses. The thick-shear mode(TSM) elastic constant and the mechanical loss factor can change correspondingly when piezoelectric materials are shunted to different electrical circuits. This phenomenon makes it possible to control the performance of a shear-mode piezoelectric damping system through designing the shunt circuit. However, due to the difficulties in directly measuring the TSM elastic constant and the mechanical loss factor of piezoelectric materials, the relationships between those parameters and the shunt circuits have rarely been investigated. In this paper, a coupling TSM electro–mechanical resonant system is proposed to indirectly measure the variations of the TSM elastic constant and the mechanical loss factor of piezoelectric materials. The main idea is to transform the variations of the TSM elastic constant and the mechanical loss factor into the changes of the easily observed resonant frequency and electrical quality factor of the coupling electro–mechanical resonator. Based on this model, the formular relationships are set up theoretically with Mason equivalent circuit method and they are validated with finite element(FE) analyses. Finally, a prototype of the coupling electro–mechanical resonator is fabricated with two shear-mode PZT5 A plates to investigate the TSM elastic constants and the mechanical loss factors of different circuit-shunted cases of the piezoelectric plate. Both the resonant frequency shifts and the bandwidth changes observed in experiments are in good consistence with the theoretical and FE analyses under the same shunt conditions. The proposed coupling resonator and the obtained relationships are validated with but not limited to PZT5 A.     

Landsat-8的舟山近岸海域总悬浮物遥感反演与时空变异研究

总悬浮物(TSM)是海洋水质和水环境评价的主要参数之一。舟山海域位于杭州湾边缘,泥沙含量多,总悬浮物长期处于高浓度状态,其分布与动态变化对近岸水质、水循环以及该区域的渔业、旅游业都有较大影响。Landsat-8卫星影像作为一种应用广泛、空间分辨率高、便于获取的光学信息,可以为舟山海域的TSM观测提供有力的技术手段。利用舟山近岸海域实测TSM吸收系数a_p(440)和水面光谱,开发了基于Landsat-8反演TSM的最优模型,发现基于近红外和蓝色波段比B5/B2的S-函数和线性函数模型反演精度较好,相对于线性模型,S-函数具有更强的鲁棒性,该模型形式为a_p=3.72/(0.009+e-5.249B5/B2),克服了常用函数模型（如线性、对数、指数函数）应用于实际卫星影像时出现光谱幅度范围受限的困难。海岸带内陆复杂水体水色遥感的另一难点是大气校正,以往的研究往往只采用某种大气校正模型,但该模型不一定适合研究水域,从而使得校正结果并不一定是最优的。在本研究中,验证比较了FLAASH,6S和ACOLITE三种大气校正方法面向Landsat-8水色反演的校正结果,发现ACOLITE方法获取的光谱形状最准确,误差最小,特别在蓝色波段,明显好于FLAASH和6S方法。将最优模型应用于舟山近岸海域2013到2018年的10幅Landsat-8图像。实测数据和反演结果显示：舟山近岸海域的TSM吸收系数a_p(440)的变化范围在1.64～417.04 m-1,均值118.47 m-1,TSM吸收占水体总吸收的90%以上,该海域实测的水面光谱形状呈现典型的河口海岸带复杂浑浊水体的光谱特征,很多光谱曲线具有双峰特征,遥感反射率幅值较大,特别是红色、近红外波段,由于受河口高浓度TSM的影响,遥感反射率高于远海较清洁的海水;衢山、洋山、宁波等近岸区域的TSM浓度明显高于东极、嵊泗等远海区域,随河口羽化区呈现由高到低的梯度变化,在近岸区域分布复杂,外海区域分布较为均匀。在时间分布上具有冬季浓度远高于夏季的特点,其中12月最高,最大值为413.32 m-1,8月最低,最小值为3.69 m-1,5月、10月期间也有TSM的局部峰值。这些TSM时空变异特征表明舟山海域悬浮物的分布和变化一方面受地形、海流、潮汐、季风、台风等自然环境因素的影响,另一方面也受如海运、港口建设、海岛旅游等人类活动的较大影响。     

Three-step model for high-harmonic generation in many-electron systems

The three-step model (TSM) of high-harmonic generation (HHG) is generalized to atomic and molecular many-electron systems. Using many-body perturbation theory, corrections to the standard TSM due to exchange and electron-electron correlations are derived. It is shown that canonical Hartree-Fock orbitals represent the most appropriate set of one-electron states for calculating the HHG spectrum. To zeroth order in many-body perturbation theory, a HHG experiment allows direct access, in general, to a combination of occupied Hartree-Fock orbitals rather than to the highest occupied molecular orbital by itself.     

Three-body effects in hydrogen fluoride: survey of potential energy surfaces

The potential energy surface for trimers of hydrogen fluoride is examined for multiple arrangements of the three-molecule cluster. Several established approaches to model the potential energy are examined, including a strictly pairwise additive potential, an established polarizable potential model, another, strictly three-body polarizable model, and a three-body potential recently fitted to accurate ab initio calculations. These potential surfaces are compared to MP2/6-311++G** and SCF/6-311++G**ab initio calculations performed here for each configuration. In each case the overall trimer potential is examined, as well as the three-body contribution to it (obtained by subtracting the sum of the interactions taken pairwise). The effective pair potential has some correspondence to the ab initio calculations, although it generally displays a shallower minimum energy. The established polarizable model has a more repulsive core that compensates for a deeper attractive well that it has adopted to better describe phase-coexistence data. In contrast, the new three-body polarizable model shows better correspondence with the ab initio potential-energy surface.     

Tissue similarity maps (TSMs): A new means of mapping vascular behavior and calculating relative blood volume in perfusion weighted imaging

This study introduces a new processing means that uses the original signal (rather than contrast agent concentration) from dynamic susceptibility contrast (DSC) perfusion weighted imaging (PWI) to calculate a relative cerebral blood volume map and a tissue similarity map (TSM). Ten healthy volunteers and eight multiple sclerosis (MS) patients were studied using high resolution PWI. The TSM is found by choosing a reference region in one slice and comparing its signal in a mean squared error sense to the signal from every pixel in all images throughout the brain. The TSMs provide a means to determine which tissues have similar flow characteristics with high contrast and signal-to-noise ratios. The effective blood volume measured from this approach is nearly identical to that from conventional relative cerebral blood volume (rCBV) maps but with better signal-to-noise. Of interest is the fact that choosing one MS lesion as the reference tissue appears to be enough to find nearly all lesions throughout the brain. That is, these lesions all behave the same from a vascular point of view. The TSM results are robust within and across slices properly nulling the same type of tissue throughout the brain for a given reference region. TSM derived rCBV agrees well with the conventional derived rCBV using contrast agent concentration. TSM may provide a new means to study similarities between blood flow patterns in tissue in the brain and in better diagnosing vascular differences between tissues and lesions.     

GF-1与GF-6 WFV影像在滇池悬浮物浓度反演中的对比分析

总悬浮物(TSM)是水环境评价的重要参数之一,也是遥感水质反演的重要指标。GF-1/WFV和GF-6/WFV作为高分系列对外免费开放的卫星数据,在遥感监测中的应用较为广泛,但目前针对两种数据的对比分析以及GF-6/WFV新增波段在水体水质参数反演中的适用性研究较少。以云南滇池水域为研究区域,对与水体实测数据同步过境(或时相相近)的GF-1/WFV和GF-6/WFV遥感影像采用统计分析的方法进行相同波段(蓝、绿、红、近红外)一致性分析,在此基础上运用经验回归方法分别构建两种数据的TSM反演模型,并将加入GF-6/WFV新增波段的模型与GF-1/WFV构建的模型进行对比分析,选择最优模型应用于滇池2020年的6幅GF-6/WFV图像得到滇池TSM分布图。结果表明：GF-1/WFV与GF-6/WFV的蓝、绿、红、近红外波段的相关系数分别为0.98, 0.98, 0.97和0.99,两种数据的表观反射率具有很高的一致性。GF-1/WFV基于蓝、绿、近红外波段构建的差值模型“B2+B4-B1”反演精度较高,模型反演的均方根误差为6.35 mg·L^-1,平均绝对百分比误差为2...     

A one-site polarizable model for liquid chloroform: COS/C

A one-site polarizable liquid chloroform model based on the charge-on-spring method is presented. It consists of five van der Waals sites and point charges, with one polarizable center on the carbon atom. The partial charges were adjusted to fit the gas-phase dipole moment of chloroform, and the Lennard–Jones parameters were varied to reproduce the density and the heat of vapourization of liquid chloroform. In this way, a simple polarizable model for liquid chloroform was obtained that correctly describes a variety of its thermodynamic, dynamic and dielectric properties, while the computational costs are only a factor of 2 higher than for a similar non-polarizable chloroform model. The model is simpler than two previously developed polarizable chloroform models, with four or five polarizable sites. The developed COS/C model is expected to show realistic behaviour of chloroform molecules in response to changes in electric field strength or the dielectric environment and should be applicable in simulations of biomolecules in conjunction with the GROMOS biomolecular force field.     

近红外波段二类水体悬浮物生物光学反演模型研究

通过野外高光谱仪对二类混浊水体进行光谱测量,分析了400～1 200 nm范围内的水体光谱特性。显示高浓度悬浮物含量对水体总的反射率贡献较大,在近红外波段处的808和1 067 nm存在较为明显的悬浮物反射峰。基于对水体固有光学特性参数在近红外波段范围内的简化条件,建立了反演悬浮物浓度的生物光学模型经验公式,并通过与线性和指数反演公式的对比,进行了模型反演精度评价。分析结果表明,基于近红外波段的生物光学模型反演精度较高,可有效地提取二类混浊水体的悬浮物浓度信息。     

Dielectric constants of binary mixtures of propylene carbonate with dimethyl carbonate and ethylene carbonate from molecular dynamics simulation: comparison between non-polarizable and polarizable force fields

Using non-polarizable and polarizable molecular dynamics simulations, binary mixtures of propylene carbonate?+?dimethyl carbonate and propylene carbonate?+?ethylene carbonate with various compositions were investigated. The polarizable model produces more reasonable estimation of dielectric constants than the non-polarizable model; however, combining the electronic continuum model with the non-polarizable MD improves the comparison between the two models. Fair agreement was found between the results from these simulations and available experimental data. In addition, for a better understanding of the mixing behaviour, the excess dielectric constants over the entire composition were calculated. By comparison of the two mixtures in various mole fractions, distinctive mixing behaviours of propylene carbonate?+?dimethyl carbonate (poorly symmetric mixture) and propylene carbonate?+?ethylene carbonate (highly symmetric mixture) were observed.     

Calculation of the vapour-liquid coexistence curve for a fluctuating point charge water model

Recent studies of the phase behaviour of several polarizable water models have shown that typically the inclusion of polarizability into current non-polarizable, rigid models of water actually decreases the accuracy of their predictions of the liquid-vapour coexistence curve. Most of the polarizable models examined so far have been shown to characteristically over-predict the saturation pressure and correspondingly under-predict the critical temperature. It is the purpose of this Research Note to report the results of a Gibbs—Duhem integration of the liquid—vapour coexistence curve for the TIP4P-FQ water model and to discuss the possible reasons behind the lack of improvement of polarizable water models over their non-polarizable counterparts.     

Energy partition in nuclear fission

A scission point model (two spheroid model TSM) including semi-empirical, temperature-dependent shell correction energies for deformed fragments at scission is presented. It has been used to describe the mass-asymmetry-dependent partition of the total energy release on both fragments from spontaneous and induced fission. Characteristic trends of experimental fragment energy and neutron multiplicity data as function of incidence energy in the Th — Cf region of fissioning nuclei are well reproduced. Based on model applications, information on the energy dissipated during the descent from second saddle of fission barrier to scission point have been deduced.     

Exchanged ridge demodulation of time-scale manifold for enhanced fault diagnosis of rotating machinery

The vibration or acoustic signal from rotating machinery with localized fault usually behaves as the form of amplitude modulation (AM) and/or frequency modulation (FM). The demodulation techniques are conventional ways to reveal the fault characteristics from the analyzed signals. One of these techniques is the time-scale manifold (TSM) ridge demodulation method with the merits of good time–frequency localization and in-band noise suppression properties. However, due to the essential attribute of wavelet ridge, the survived in-band noise on the achieved TSM will still disturb the envelope extraction of fault-induced impulses. This paper presents an improved TSM ridge demodulation method, called exchanged ridge demodulation of TSM, by combining the benefits of the first two TSMs: the noise suppression of the first TSM and the noise separation of the second TSM. Specifically, the ridge on the second TSM can capture the fault-induced impulses precisely while avoiding the in-band noise smartly. By putting this ridge on the first TSM, the corresponding instantaneous amplitude (IA) waveform can represent the real envelope of pure faulty impulses. Moreover, an adaptive selection method for Morlet wavelet parameters is also proposed based on the smoothness index (SI) in the time-scale domain for an optimal time-scale representation of analyzed signal. The effectiveness of the proposed method is verified by means of a simulation study and applications to diagnosis of bearing defects and gear fault.     

The lattice dynamics of SrCl2

Phonon dispersion curves of Sr Cl₂ have been measured at room temperature in the [001], [110] and [111] directions using inelastic neutron scattering. The results are interpreted by means of a polarizable ion model.     

Temperature dependence of thermodynamic properties of a polarizable potential model of water

The temperature dependence of several thermodynamic properties of water is determined at atmospheric pressure by a set of computer simulations with a polarizable potential model. It is found that the maximum of the density occurs at the correct temperature, but the decrease in density with increasing temperature is more rapid than expected for real water. Consequently, the temperature dependence of other quantities, especially that of the thermal expansion coefficient, is reproduced with some inaccuracies. The model, however, turns out to be a definitive improvement over similar non-polarizable ones, for which the density maximum is either missing or found to be shifted considerably with temperature.     

Microwave Doppler spectra of sea return at small incidence angles: specular point scattering contribution

It is well known that the sea return echo contains contributions from at least two scattering mechanisms. In addition to the resonant Bragg scattering, the specular point scattering plays an important role as the incidence angle becomes smaller (≤20o). Here, in combination with the Kirchhoff integral equation of scattering field and the stationary phase approximation, analytical expressions for Doppler shift and spectral bandwidth of specular point scattering, which are insensitive to the polarization state, are derived theoretically. For comparison, the simulated results related to the two-scale method (TSM) and the method of moment (MOM) are also presented. It is found that the Doppler shift and the spectral bandwidth given by TSM are insufficient at small incidence angles. However, a comparison between the analytical results and the numerical simulations by MOM in the backscatter configuration shows that our proposed formulas are valid for the specular point scattering case. In this work, the dependences of the predicted results on incidence angle, radar frequency, and wind speed are also discussed. The obtained conclusions seem promising for a better understanding of the Doppler spectra of the specular point scattering fields from time-varying sea surfaces.     

扫描近场光学显微镜的光耦合偶极子模型

为了研究扫描近场光学显微镜中探针和粗糙样品表面的耦合相互作用,提出了一种光耦合偶极子模型.在该模型中,探针和样品突起都由光极化偶极子表示,在准静态电磁场近似的情况下样品表面的诱导极化效应由影像偶极子表示,应用偶极子辐射理论可以得到系统的自洽场方程.此模型提供了一种直观分析扫描近场光学显微镜中探针和样品相互作用机理的方法.在此基础上,进一步讨论了金属样品的近场成像特点和其特有的局域光学共振现象.数值结果表明：不同于一般的介质样品,金属样品的近场图像与入射光频率直接相关,改变入射光的频率,获得的样品近场图像的形状和对比度都会发生变化.特别是当入射光频率处于样品极化共振范围内时,金属纳米粒子的极化率会出现光极化共振,这样就可以获得样品粒子的最大有效尺寸,为提高系统的分辨率提供了一条重要途径.     

A simplified asymptotic theory for ocean surface electromagnetic wave scattering

The normalized radar cross-section (NRCS) expression of the Local Curvature Approximation (LCA-1) is derived to first order. The polarization sensitivity of this model is compared to the Kirchhoff Approximation (KA), Two-Scale Model (TSM), Small Slope Approximation (SSA-1) and Small Perturbation Method (SPM-1) to first order in the backscattering configuration. Analytical comparisons and numerical simulations show that LCA-1 and TSM could be rewritten with the same formulation and that their polarization sensitivities are comparable. Comparisons with experimental data acquired in C- and Ku-band reveal that the polarization sensitivities of these models are not adequate. However, the NRCS azimuth modulation predicted by LCA-1 is found to be dependent on polarization and sea surface roughness. This property of the LCA-1 model yields to an azimuth modulation for the polarization ratio. Based on the surface curvature correction concept, a simplified electromagnetic model is proposed. The curvature correction is restricted to the resonant wave-number of the sea roughness spectrum. This is found to reproduce the polarization ratio given by experimental data versus incidence angle and wind speed.     

非全熔合反应裂变角分布

采用核固体径迹探测器测量了¹⁶O+¹⁵⁹Tb、¹⁶O+¹⁹⁷)Au和¹⁶O+²⁰⁹Bi反应碎片角分布,扣除中等质量碎片(IMF)的贡献,用过渡态统计模型(TSM)和单个自旋标准理论拟合实验的裂变角分布,提取裂变核的自旋. 讨论了它随质心系入射能量的变化.     

Quantum theory of polarizable quadrupolar fluids. I

Using the path integral representation of quantum theory, we construct a simple quantum mechanical model for a polarizable quadrupolar molecule, which represents a generalization of the dipolar Drude model and which takes full account of molecular quadrupoles, both permanent and induced. We consider the predictions of the model in the condensed phase within a class of linear theories which include as examples the mean spherical approximation and the linear hypernetted chain equation. We analyse both the pair correlation function of the model fluid and the renormalized, frequency dependent electrical properties of the molecule in the condensed phase; a simple practical method of calculating the latter quantities is described. The physical implications of the model are discussed and it is pointed out that a number of non-trivial predictions result from the model, including the predicted appearance of a collision-induced electronic dipolar absorption band. We discuss the relationship of the model here presented to the classical Yvon-Kirkwood model of polarization, and discuss a possible extension to the case of polarizable dipolar-quadrupolar fluids.