Metal Nanoparticles Supported on Biomass‐Derived Hierarchical Porous Heteroatom‐Doped Carbon from Bamboo Shoots: Design,Synthesis and Applications

Heteroatom‐doped porous carbon derived from biomass have recently received increasing attention due to their unique properties such as high electrical conductivity, large specific surface area, high porosity, and easy availability, which are appealing materials for versatile applications in catalysis, energy, separation and adsorption, and life sciences as well. On the basis of our previous work in this field, we summarized in this account our recent progress on design, synthesis of metal (e. g., Pd, Co) nanoparticles supported heteroatom‐doped hierarchical porous carbon material derived from bamboo shoots and their applications for important organic transformations, including chemoselective semihydrogenation of alkynes, hydrosilylation of alkynes, cascade synthesis of benzofurans from terminal alkynes and iodophenols, selective hydrogenation of functionalized nitroarenes to form anilines, imines, and formamides. Finally, the current state and future challenges in this field are discussed. We hope this account could shed light on the rational design of novel non‐noble metal based heterogeneous catalysts derived from biomass for efficient and sustainable organic transformations.     

Interfacial coordination chemistry. Current status and applications

After definitions of interfacial coordination chemistry (ICC) and surface organometallic chemistry (SOMC), their main characteristics and applications are compared. The common concepts of ICC and classical coordination chemistry, as well as the specific features of ICC are illustrated through some examples. Finally, possible applications of ICC to catalyst preparation, adsorption and relations to catalysis are given.     

烷烃脱氢制烯烃用碳催化剂的微结构和表面化学调控研究进展(英文)

烯烃是重要的大宗有机化工原料,广泛用于塑料、树脂、橡胶等高分子材料和基础有机化工产品和中间体的生产.同时,烯烃也是重要的精细化工原料和中间体,广泛用于染料、医药、香料、农用化学品、水性油墨和感光树脂等精细化工领域.长链烯烃通常是由小分子烯烃聚合制得,而小分子烯烃和苯乙烯的合成在学术界和工业界备受关注.在脱氢、裂解、脱水等诸多合成方法中,烷烃脱氢制烯烃是直接而中的路线,包括直接脱氢和氧化脱氢.小分子烷烃和乙苯催化脱氢制备对应的烯烃,尤其是乙苯制苯乙烯,目前工业上主要采用铁基催化剂催化直接脱氢工艺.积炭失活是该工艺面临的严峻挑战.工业上采用引入大量过热水蒸气的方法来解决这一难题,同时,还可以为脱氢反应提供热量.但是,这势必造成巨大的能耗和反应器容积效率的显著降低.氧化脱氢工艺是放热反应,并可有效抑制积炭,但又存在过氧化所致的低选择性的问题.直接脱氢和氧化脱氢各有利弊.目前,科学家和工业界都在扬长避短,开展两种脱氢工艺的新结构高性能催化剂的研究,并取得了长足进展.碳催化是近年来发展起来的一类重要的无机非金属固相催化剂,在光催化、电催化,以及热催化领域得到了广泛关注同时也是材料领域研究的前沿和热点.碳材料,尤其是纳米碳,在诸多反应中展示出了比常规金属催化剂更好的催化性能,且具有可持续的特征.因此,碳催化具有广阔的发展空间和巨大的应用前景.众所周知,固体催化剂的催化性能重要依赖于催化剂表面催化活性位的性质及其可及性.元素组成、化学状态及缺陷边角特征决定着活性位的性质,而形貌、尺寸、形状、纹理、表面结构等催化剂的微结构特征决定着固相催化剂活性位的可及性.因此,探索有效的方法和策略,来调节固相催化剂的微结构和表面化学性质,已成为催化学术研究的热点领域.碳材料的表界面和边角的官能团和结构缺陷是催化反应的活性位.对于烷烃脱氢反应,碳材料的表界面羰基和结构缺陷是催化剂的活性位,而杂原子掺杂可以调控活性位的电子结构.本文综述了烷烃脱氢用碳催化剂微结构和表面化学调控方法和效果的最新研究进展,并讨论了烷烃脱氢碳催化材料的微结构和表面化学性质调控的重要性和严峻挑战.通过碳材料合成中前驱体的优选、合成方法和策略的创新,以及通过后处理的方法,均可有效调控碳催化剂的微结构和表面化学性质,从而调控其烷烃脱氢催化性能.碳催化用于烷烃脱氢反应制烯烃,尤其是直接脱氢,前景看好.目前,研究的碳催化剂多为粉末状,用于固定床,存在流体阻力大、压力降高、操作困难的问题,并有可能阻塞床层,造成安全隐患;用于流化床,粉末碳易于团聚,催化剂过滤分离困难,流失严重.纳米碳基整体式催化剂可以是碳催化的未来发展方向.但是,目前才刚刚起步.碳基整体式催化剂活性单元本身可及活性位的性质及活性单元的分散性、抗脱落性和整体式催化剂的机械强度、导热性等诸多问题需要深入研究和探讨.总之,碳催化烷烃脱氢,尤其是无氧化剂、无水蒸气条件下的直接脱氢,是经济、节能、清洁、高效的烯烃生产方法,具有广阔的发展空间和美好前景.微结构和化学性质的调变是调控固相催化剂催化活性位性质和可接近性的重要方法,碳催化材料及整体式催化剂的碳基活性单元微结构和化学性质的调控是实现其催化性能调控的有效策略.     

Supramolecularly Catalyzed Polymerization: From Consecutive Dimerization to Polymerization

Herein, we propose a new method for promoting covalent polymerization by supramolecular catalysts. To this end, we employed cucurbit[8]uril (CB[8]) as a supramolecular catalyst, and successfully prepared polyelectrolytes in an aqueous solution by taking advantage of the CB[8]‐enhanced photodimerization of Brooker merocyanine moieties. Interestingly, 10 mol % CB[8] is enough to effectively catalyze this polymerization, because CB[8] can be spontaneously replaced by terminal groups from photodimerized products. In addition, the molecular weights of the obtained polyelectrolytes can be varied by the irradiation time or the monomer. By combining supramolecular catalysis and polymer chemistry, this line of research may enrich the methodology of polymerization and open up new horizons for supramolecular polymer chemistry.     

Nanoscale Structuring of Surfaces by Using Atomic Layer Deposition

Controlled structuring of surfaces is interesting for a wide variety of areas, including microelectronic device fabrication, optical devices, bio(sensing), (electro‐, photo)catalysis, batteries, solar cells, fuel cells, and sorption. A unique feature of atomic layer deposition (ALD) is the possibility to form conformal uniform coatings on arbitrarily shaped materials with controlled atomic‐scale thickness. In this Minireview, we discuss the potential of ALD for the nanoscale structuring of surfaces, highlighting its versatile application to structuring both planar substrates and powder materials. Recent progress in the application of ALD to porous substrates has even made the nanoscale structuring of high‐surface‐area materials now feasible, thereby enabling novel applications, such as those in the fields of catalysis and alternative energy.     

Stimulus‐Responsive Metal–Organic Frameworks

Materials that can recognize the changes in their local environment and respond by altering their inherent physical and/or chemical properties are strong candidates for future “smart” technology materials. Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) have attracted a great deal of attention in recent years owing to their designable architecture, host–guest chemistry, and softness as porous materials. Despite this fact, studies on the tuning of the properties of MOFs by external stimuli are still rare. This review highlights the recent developments in the field of stimulus‐responsive MOFs or so‐called smart MOFs. In particular, the various stimuli used and the utility of stimulus‐responsive smart MOFs for various applications such as gas storage and separation, sensing, clean energy, catalysis, molecular motors, and biomedical applications are highlighted by using representative examples. Future directions in the developments of stimulus‐responsive smart MOFs and their applications are proposed from a personal perspective.     

Mass Production and Pore Size Control of Holey Carbon Microcages

Architectural control of porous solids, such as porous carbon cages, has received considerable attention for versatile applications because of their ability to interact with liquids and gases not only at the surface, but throughout the bulk. Herein we report a scalable, facile spray‐pyrolysis route to synthesize holey carbon microcages with mosquito‐net‐like shells. Using the surfaces of water droplets as the growth templates, styrene–butadiene rubber macromolecules are controllably cross‐linked, and size‐controllable holes on the carbon shells are generated. The as‐formed carbon microcages encapsulating Si nanoparticles exhibit enhanced lithium‐storage performances for lithium‐ion batteries. The scalable, inexpensive synthesis of porous carbon microcages with controlled porosity and the demonstration of outstanding electrochemical properties are expected to extend their uses in energy storage, molecular sieves, catalysis, adsorbents, water/air filters, and biomedical engineering.     

甲壳素/壳聚糖的配位化学和配合物应用的研究进展

本文对近二十年来有关甲壳素／壳聚糖及其衍生物与过渡金属、碱金属、稀土和贵金属配位化学研究以及有关配合物在催化、生物与医学、湿法冶金、纺织、色谱分离等方面的应用进展作了简要综述。     

Silicon Nanocrystals and Silicon‐Polymer Hybrids: Synthesis,Surface Engineering,and Applications

Silicon nanocrystals (Si‐NCs) are emerging as an attractive class of quantum dots owing to the natural abundance of silicon in the Earth's crust, their low toxicity compared to many Group II–VI and III–V based quantum dots, compatibility with the existing semiconductor industry infrastructure, and their unique optoelectronic properties. Despite these favorable qualities, Si‐NCs have not received the same attention as Group II–VI and III–V quantum dots, because of their lower emission quantum yields, difficulties associated with synthesizing monodisperse particles, and oxidative instability. Recent advancements indicate the surface chemistry of Si‐NCs plays a key role in determining many of their properties. This Review summarizes new reports related to engineering Si‐NC surfaces, synthesis of Si‐NC/polymer hybrids, and their applications in sensing, diodes, catalysis, and batteries.     

限域化学：碳基功能材料从基础研究到应用

限域化学研究的是对象在纳米尺度限域空间内的化学行为。限域空间内的化学环境不同于常规本体溶液,因而会出现许多奇特的现象,如反应选择性增强、活性增加、稳定性提高。本文结合笔者课题组近年来的工作,对限域化学领域碳基功能材料的限域策略,包括限域界面诱导、限域化学组装印刷及三维多孔受限体系作简要介绍,并阐述了其在催化、储能方面的应用。最后提出了限域化学未来发展面临的主要挑战,期望能为此领域研究提供参考。     

Functionalized Silicas for Metal‐Free and Metal‐Based Catalytic Applications: A Review in Perspective of Green Chemistry

Heterogeneous catalysis plays a key role in promoting green chemistry through many routes. The functionalizable reactive silanols highlight silica as a beguiling support for the preparation of heterogeneous catalysts. Metal active sites anchored on functionalized silica (FS) usually demonstrate the better dispersion and stability due to their firm chemical interaction with FSs. Having certain functional groups in structure, FSs can act as the useful catalysts for few organic reactions even without the need of metal active sites which are termed as the covetous reusable organocatalysts. Magnetic FSs have laid the platform where the effortless recovery of catalysts is realized just using an external magnet, resulting in the simplified reaction procedure. Using FSs of multiple functional groups, we can envisage the shortened reaction pathway and, reduced chemical uses and chemical wastes. Unstable bio‐molecules like enzymes have been stabilized when they get chemically anchored on FSs. The resultant solid bio‐catalysts exhibited very good reusability in many catalytic reactions. Getting provoked from the green chemistry aspects and benefits of FS‐based catalysts, we confer the recent literature and progress focusing on the significance of FSs in heterogeneous catalysis. This review covers the preparative methods, types and catalytic applications of FSs. A special emphasis is given to the metal‐free FS catalysts, multiple FS‐based catalysts and magnetic FSs. Through this review, we presume that the contribution of FSs to green chemistry can be well understood. The future perspective of FSs and the improvements still required for implementing FS‐based catalysts in practical applications have been narrated at the end of this review.     

二氧化钛纳米材料的非均相光催化本质及表面改性

非均相光催化过程是指多相多尺度体系在光辐射作用下发生的一个复杂的催化过程,被认为最有潜力解决环境污染和能源短缺问题的绿色及可再生的技术之一。在目前已经报道的各种非均相光催化剂中, TiO2纳米材料被证实是应用最广泛、光催化效果最好的催化剂,是当前国际材料、环境和能源等领域的研究前沿和热点,高性能TiO2基光催化材料的设计及改性一直是该领域的难点,其关键问题主要为：如何增强TiO2的表面光催化量子效率、促进光生载流子分离和拓展其可见光响应范围。尽管已经有很多关于TiO2光催化的综述,但大多综述集中在高性能TiO2的制备及各种改性策略研究,而对各种改性策略与光催化分子机理之间的关系阐述较少。为此,本文深入分析了TiO2纳米材料的非均相光催化本质并总结了各种表面改性策略。首先从热力学角度阐明TiO2的热力学能带能够确保其实现各种典型光催化反应(包括光催化降解、CO2还原及光解水),证实其广泛应用的可行性。然后,对TiO2光生载流子的动力学基础进行总结,证实快速的广生载流子复合以及较慢的表面化学反应动力学是限制其光催化活性提高的关键制约性因素。于此同时,对TiO2纳米材料的表面Zeta点位、超亲水性、超强酸光催化剂制备(表面羟基取代)等重要的表面化学性质也进行了详细阐述。从而可以初步得出如下结论：表面改性是设计高性能TiO2光催化材料的重中之重,并将各种改性策略浓缩在6个方面：表面掺杂和敏化,构建表面异质结,负载纳米助催化剂,增加可利用的比表面剂,利用表面氟效应以及暴露高活性晶面等。显然,表面掺杂和敏化可以减小TiO2纳米材料的禁带宽度,从而大幅拓宽其可见光吸收范围及光催化效率。而构建紧密的表面异质结可以创建界面电场,不仅可以促进光生电荷分离效率,而且可以有效提高界面电荷转移效率,最终实现异质结的高光催化效率。负载纳米助催化剂则可以大幅加快表面化学反速率,降低光生载流子的表面复合并增加其利用率,并有可能减少不期望的表面逆反应,从而实现光催化活性提升。增加可利用的比表面剂,可以有效提升光催化剂与吸附质之间的有效接触面积,缩短了载流子的传输距离以及通过多次反射与折射提升光能的利用率,从而全方位地提升TiO2纳米材料的光催化活性。对TiO2纳米材料表面进行氟化,可以增加光生羟基自由基的速率以及浓度,并可以通过调节TiO2表面酸碱性而控制其光催化选择性,从而实现高效高选择性光催化。最后,通过暴露TiO2纳米材料的高活性晶面,也可以促进光生载流子分离、增加吸附性能或羟基自由基生成速率,从而获得高光催化效率。另外,这些表面改性策略的协同效应仍是较有前景的TiO2纳米光催化剂改性技术,值得深入研究。同时,深入的光催化分子机理探索仍然是必须的,其不仅有助于发现影响TiO2纳米材料光催化活性提高的关键性制约因素,而且也可以指导开发新型的TiO2纳米光催化剂改性技术。总而言之,通过总结TiO2纳米材料在光催化、表面化学及表面改性等方面的重要进展,可为设计高效的TiO2基及非TiO2基光催化剂并应用于太阳燃料生产、环境修复、有机合成及相关的领域(如太阳能电池、热催、分离和纯化)等提供新的思路。     

Exploiting Cavities in Supramolecular Gels

Endowing supramolecular gelators with cavities opens up a number of opportunities not possible with other gel systems. The well‐established host–guest chemistry of cavitands can be utilized to build up and break down gel structures, introduce responsive functionalities, or enhance selectivity in applications such as catalysis and extraction. Cavity‐containing gelators provide an excellent case study for how different aspects of supramolecular chemistry can be used intelligently to create responsive materials.     

Recent Advances in the Preparation and Applications of Organo‐functionalized Porous Materials

Organo‐functionalized materials with porous structure offer unique adsorption, catalytic and sensing properties. These unique properties make them available for various applications, including catalysis, CO₂ capture and utilization, and drug delivery. The properties and the performance of these unique materials can be altered with suitable modifications on their surface. In this review, we summarize the recent advances in the preparation and applications of organo‐functionalized porous materials with different structures. Initially, a brief historical overview of functionalized porous materials is presented, and the subsequent sections discuss the recent developments and applications of various functional porous materials. In particular, the focus is given on the various methods used for the preparation of organo‐functionalized materials and their important roles in the heterogenization of homogeneous catalysts. A special emphasis is also given on the applications of these functionalized porous materials for catalysis, CO₂ capture and drug delivery.     

Aluminosilicate and aluminosilicate based polymer composites: Present status,applications and future trends

Aluminosilicates have traditionally been important materials for applications related to adsorbents, water softeners, catalysis and mechanical and thermal reinforcement due to their high surface area, excellent thermal/hydrothermal stability, high shape-selectivity and superior ion-exchange ability. Recently, their use as polymer fillers has allowed to increasingly extending their application range to innovative areas such as medical and biological fields as well as in sensors, filtration membranes, energy storage and novel catalysis routes. Further, the large versatility and tailoring possibilities of both filler and matrix indicates this area as one of the enabling key technologies of the near future.This work summarizes the main developments up to date in this increasingly interesting field, focuses on the main applications already developed as well as on the key challenges for the near future.     

Large‐Area,Free‐Standing,Two‐Dimensional Supramolecular Polymer Single‐Layer Sheets for Highly Efficient Electrocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution

The rational construction of covalent or noncovalent organic two‐dimensional nanosheets is a fascinating target because of their promising applications in electronics, membrane technology, catalysis, sensing, and energy technologies. Herein, a large‐area (square millimeters) and free‐standing 2D supramolecular polymer (2DSP) single‐layer sheet (0.7–0.9 nm in thickness), comprising triphenylene‐fused nickel bis(dithiolene) complexes has been readily prepared by using the Langmuir–Blodgett method. Such 2DSPs exhibit excellent electrocatalytic activities for hydrogen generation from water with a Tafel slope of 80.5 mV decade^?1 and an overpotential of 333 mV at 10 mA cm^?2, which are superior to that of recently reported carbon nanotube supported molecular catalysts and heteroatom‐doped graphene catalysts. This work is promising for the development of novel free‐standing organic 2D materials for energy technologies.     

Design and Synthesis of Powerful Capsule Catalysts Aimed at Applications in C1 Chemistry and Biomass Conversion

Tandem catalytic reaction is a promising strategy to improve the utilization efficiency of energy and resources. The conventional hybrid catalysts cannot readily realize the precisely controlled synthesis of target products due to the unrestricted, open reaction environment. Assembling the hybrid catalyst with multiple active sites into core‐shell structured capsule catalyst is one of the most effective ways to enhance the selectivity of desired products during a tandem catalysis process, because the core‐shell structure offers a space‐confined reaction field and synergistic effect. This review describes our recent progresses on the design and synthesis of core‐shell structured zeolite capsule catalysts developed for C1 chemistry and biomass conversion. The various synthesis methods for constructing the well‐defined zeolite capsule catalysts are described in detail. The applications of the capsule catalysts in catalysis, including the middle isoparaffins synthesis from syngas, one‐step synthesis of dimethyl ether, and liquid‐phase tandem reaction of glycerol conversion, are discussed, respectively. Our perspectives regarding the challenges and opportunities for future research in the field are also provided.     

Surface chemistry of metal-organic frameworks at the liquid-solid interface

Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are a fascinating class of novel inorganic-organic hybrid materials. They are essentially based on classic coordination chemistry and hold much promise for unique applications ranging from gas storage and separation to chemical sensing, catalysis, and drug release. The evolution of the full innovative potential of MOFs, in particular for nanotechnology and device integration, however requires a fundamental understanding of the formation process of MOFs. Also necessary is the ability to control the growth of thin MOF films and the positioning of size- and shape-selected crystals as well as MOF heterostructures on a given surface in a well-defined and oriented fashion. MOFs are solid-state materials typically formed by solvothermal reactions and their crystallization from the liquid phase involves the surface chemistry of their building blocks. This Review brings together various key aspects of the surface chemistry of MOFs.     

Ionic Liquids Can Permanently Modify Porous Silicon Surface Chemistry

To develop ionic liquid/porous silicon (IL/pSi) microarrays we have contact pin‐printed 20 hydrophobic and hydrophilic ionic liquids onto as‐prepared, hydrogen‐passivated porous silicon (ap‐pSi) and then determined the individual IL spot size, shape and associated pSi surface chemistry. The results reveal that the hydrophobic ionic liquids oxidize the ap‐pSi slightly. In contrast, the hydrophilic ionic liquids lead to heavily oxidized pSi (i.e., ox‐pSi). The strong oxidation arises from residual water within the hydrophilic ILs that is delivered from these ILs into the ap‐pSi matrix causing oxidation. This phenomenon is less of an issue in the hydrophobic ILs because their water solubility is substantially lower.     

Chemistry on Electrospun Polymeric Nanofibers: Merely Routine Chemistry or a Real Challenge?

Nanofiber‐based non‐wovens can be prepared by electrospinning. The chemical modification of such nanofibers or chemistry using nanofibers opens a multitude of application areas and challenges. A wealth of chemistry has been elaborated in recent years on and with electrospun nanofibers. Known methods as well as new methods have been applied to modify the electrospun nanofibers and thereby generate new materials and new functionalities. This Review summarizes and sorts the chemistry that has been reported in conjunction with electrospun nanofibers. The major focus is on catalysis and nanofibers, enzymes and nanofibers, surface modification for biomedical and specialty applications, coatings of fibers, crosslinking, and bulk modifications. A critical focus is on the question: what could make chemistry on or with nanofibers different from bulk chemistry?