基于转轮人口流动的最优导叶开度预测

灯泡贯流式水轮机有可调节开度的活动导叶和转轮叶片,活动导叶安装角α_G与转轮叶片安装角（?）_R的组合有无限多种。本文目的在于:通过CFD（计算流体力学）能够于设计阶段预测α_G和（?）_R的最佳组合（即协联工况角）,以最大程度提高设计的水力性能及特性。论文使用速度矢量、欧拉能量因子、压能因子和总能因子等讨论活动导叶、转轮、尾水管的内部流动状况,阐明协联工况下转轮开度（?）_Rcam对最佳的活动导叶开度α_Gcam的影响,提出基于转轮叶片入口相对流动角预测协联工况下活动导叶最优开度的机理及方法。推导提出的预测式可用于CFD解析结果也可用于设计初期时使用,研究成果可为转轮优化设计提供可靠的技术支持。     

水泵水轮机无叶区压力脉动研究

为了研究水泵水轮机无叶区压力脉动特性,对某一电站水泵水轮机模型进行了试验,得到不同导叶开度下“S”特性及压力脉动特性.同时,利用ANSYS CFX对水泵水轮机19mm活动导叶开度下的不同工况进行了全流道非定常数值模拟,并分析了四种典型工况下水泵水轮机无叶区的压力脉动和内部流动.结果 表明:水轮机工况P01,叶片吸力面附...     

水泵水轮机空载开度压力脉动特性预测

为了解水泵水轮机非同步导叶启动过程空载开度下的压力脉动特性,优化机组的性能提高并网成功几率,采用RNG k-ε模型对水泵水轮机非同步导叶空载点进行模拟,并对内部流场和压力脉动特性进行了分析。结果表明,转轮与活动导叶之间的压力脉动由叶片通过频率央定,尾水管涡带的周期性旋转导致尾水管进口呈现低频压力脉动,压力脉动幅值最大处位于预开启同步导叶与转轮之间。     

水泵水轮机在泵工况的导叶水力矩特性

针对水泵水轮机泵工况的导叶水力矩试验中,各被测导叶的水力矩因数并非完全轴对称,本文运用CFD(Computational Fluid Dynamics)数值模拟方法,使用SSTκ-ω湍流模型进行数值计算,分析导叶、转轮区域内部流场,探究导叶水力矩特性及其与内流流态的关联。结果表明:力矩因数值的数值模拟结果和试验结果吻合较好,由试验结果可知各开度下水泵工况的力矩因数值呈现抛物线型规律。导叶开度小于43.0%时,流体绕流导叶产生大量旋涡;且开度越小,涡的强度越大,流动越紊乱;开度在51.2%至67.6%范围内,转轮和导水机构流道内流动平稳。小于43.0%开度时,各导叶的水力矩因数均匀性较差,随着导叶开度减小,水力矩因数和静压值的周期性变差,幅值增大,压力脉动和水力矩脉动均明显增强。     

水泵水轮机泵工况小流量区压力脉动预测

为了研究水泵水轮机偏工况下的导叶内部的压力脉动特征,本文比较分析了非定常雷诺平均模拟方法URANS和脱体涡模拟方法DES两种方法预测压力脉动特征的可行性,结果表明,DES可以用来预测压力脉动特征,最后,重点对泵工况Q/QD=0.15工况点的压力脉动的时域和频域特征进行了分析,得到固定导叶和活动导叶内部的压力脉动主要是低频成分,为转轮通过频率的11.27%。此外,固定导叶内部的压力脉动没有受到转轮内部的影响,而活动导叶内部则含有转轮通过频率成分。     

转轮优化设计二元能量收支控制新理念

大流量贯流式水轮机转轮叶片由轮毂至轮缘形状变化很大,流动特征变化亦非常明显,采用代表半径处能量平均的一元设计将不能满足要求。为了使转轮叶片设计达到更细致的优化设计目标,非常有必要进行二元的转轮叶片翼型优化设计。本文提出将一元能量概念及技术扩张至二元能量收支的新概念。研究中由CFD三维数值解析结果求得叶片进出口二元能量收支状况并对其进行评价及控制,为转轮叶片翼型优化设计提供依据。研究结果表明,二元能量收支方法对优化设计具有实际意义,用此方法设计的贯流式水轮机效率比一元设计提高了0.5%。     

轴流式水轮机转轮流固耦合计算

在利用轴流式水轮机全流道三维非定常湍流数值计算和利用弹性力学非稳态有限元法计算轴流式水轮机转轮叶片动态的应力和应变的基础上,利用弱耦合算法完成了轴流式水轮机在有粘有旋条件下的流固耦合计算,得到了叶片的动态应力和动态应变,并对结果进行了讨论.     

水轮机活动导叶内部三维固液两相紊流计算及磨损预估

本文报导了水轮机活动导叶内部固液两相紊流的三维数值分析结果和磨损预估结果。文中基于N－S方程和两相紊流的k—ε—Ap模型,采用贴体坐标和交错网格系统,用SIMPLEC算法对水轮机活动导叶内部的固液两相紊流进行数值模拟,提出设计工况时活动导叶内部的两相紊流特性。在数值模拟的基础上,根据Finnie模型预估了活动导叶的磨损。并与Drtina的实验结果进行了比较．     

基于湍动能的水泵水轮机无叶区流动分析

水泵水轮机采用非同步导叶时,无叶区的压力脉动幅值增大,流动更加不稳定。为了弄清无叶区的流动形态,分析预开启导叶对无叶区流动的影响,选取预开启导叶开度为21°下的飞逸工况点为研究对象,基于湍动能求解雷诺应力并对无叶区流动进行分析,详细分析各正应力项对流动稳定性的影响规律。对比同步导叶流场分布,提出无叶区流动稳定性的影响因素。在预开启导叶尾迹方向接近叶片压力面入口处,存在一个范围较大的高湍动能区域,其与雷诺应力的极值位置基本重合。     

转轮出流和尾水管入流的动态干涉

为了适应当前水电朝着成本更低、输出更加灵活的趋势发展,混流式水轮机在非设计工况点下运行时各水力部件之间干涉引起的流体动力作用和动态流动现象在水力设计过程中成为非常重要的一环.本文使用CFD技术获取尾水管中压力脉动情况,通过对动态能量分布的比较,陈述了转轮能量高速旋转传播造成的螺旋涡带缩胀变化,对尾水管流动的干涉作用.     

Guided-Wave Two-Dimensional Acousto-Optic Scanner Using Proton-Exchanged Lithium Niobate Waveguide

Two-dimensional scanning of a 0.6328 mum guided-light beam has been realized using noncolinear acousto-optic (AO) coplanar Bragg diffraction together with colinear AO guided-mode to substrate radiation-mode conversion in a Z-cut Xpropagation LiNbO3 proton-exchanged (PE) waveguide. The two surface acoustic (SAW) waves utilized are at the center frequencies of 500 and 200 MHz, propagating in the Y and X axes, respectively. Two-dimensional scanning of approximately 720 resolvable light beam spots, namely, 18 40 (horizontal vertical) scanning, has been demonstrated using a light beam of 1.0 mm aperture. The total number of resolvable beam spots can be greatly increased from 720 by simply utilizing SAW transducers of larger bandwidth and a light beam of greater aperture. It should also be possible to significantly increase the diffraction efficiency from 3 % by optimizing the parameters of the PE waveguide and the SAWs.     

Hybrid Wavelength and Code Division Multiple Access in Optical Networks

A review of schemes for multiple access in fiber optic networks shows that a hybrid of wavelength and code division multiple access (WCDMA) combines the best features of both. In particular, the hybrid scheme retains the large information carrying capacity of wavelength division multiple access (WDMA) and flexibility of code division multiple access (CDMA). In this paper WDMA, optical CDMA (OCDMA), and WCDMA networks are discussed. In OCDMA networks, concept of incoherent and coherent coding including inverse decoding and matched filter is introduced. The delay performance of both WDMA and WCDMA networks, under the simple suboptimum access protocols based on cyclic search, is computed. It has been shown quantitatively that tuning delay significantly affects the delay performance of both WDMA and WCDMA networks. Futhermore, delay performance of WCDMA networks is always better than the WDMA networks for the same tuning delay, load, and number of users.     

Effect ofγ-radiation on the spectral luminescence characteristics of impure cadmium tungstate crystals

Results of a study of the effect of γ-radiation on the spectral luminescence properties of cadmium tungstate crystals doped with silver, bismuth, and molybdenum cations are presented. Spectral characteristics of the nondnnnoped crystals are briefly described. Absorption and photo and X-ray luminescence spectra of the crystals taken before and after exposure to γ-radiation (5.5·10⁴ Gy) are compared. It is found that the spectral characteristics of the crystals doped with silver, bismuth, and molybdenum cations do not change markedly after the exposure. The relation between the type of impurity-induced defects, individual characteristics of the impurity cations, and the character of the effect of γ-radiation on the spectral luminescence properties of impure crystals is analyzed (preliminarily). Translated from Zhurnal Prikladnoi Spektroskopii, Vol. 64, No. 1, pp. 55–60, January–February, 1997.     

Femtosecond Transform-Limited Pulse Generation by Compensating for the Linear Chirp of SPM Spectra in Dispersion Shifted Fibers

A simple technique of pulse compression, based on the linear chirp compensation of self-phase modulation (SPM) spectra in dispersion shifted fibers, is demonstrated. The optimization procedure is carried out, for a short span of a single-mode fiber, using a parabolic law, which describes the behavior of the squared output pulse width versus the pump peak power in the case of Gaussian pulses. The experimental results give a minimum pulse duration of 233 fs, which is in good agreement with the model. Shorter and coherent pulses, down to 90 fs, have been obtained by inserting an interference filter at the optical output.     

Sorting of bending magnets for the SSRF booster

The Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility(SSRF)booster ring,a full energy injector for the storage ring,is deigned to accelerate the electron beam energy from 150MeV to 3.5GeV that demands high extraction efficiency at the extraction energy with low beam loss rate when electrons are ramping.Closed orbit distortion(COD)caused by bending magnet field uniformity errors which affects the machine performance harmfully could be effectively reduced by bending magnet location sorting.Considering the affections of random errors in measurement,both ideal sorting and realistic sorting are studied based on measured bending magnet field uniformity errors and one reasonable combination of bending magnets which can reduce the horizontal COD by a factor of 5is given as the final installation sequence of the booster bending magnets in this paper.     

Measurement of nonlinear coefficient of optical fiber based on small chirped soliton transmission

We measure the waveform and phase curves of short optical pulses before and after transmission over different lengths of fibers by use of the pulse analyzer with the frequency-resolved optical gating (FROG),and numerically simulate pulse evolution under the experimental conditions.The nonlinear coefficient of the fiber is given by comparing the experimental results with the numerical ones.Difference between the experiment and numerical simulation is analyzed.     

Resonance scattering of canonical elastic shells in absorbing fluid medium

Resonance scattering of elastic spherical shell and cylindrical shell while the surrounding fluid medium has absorption is studied. The normal mode solution derived using exact elastic theory and the separation of variables is still applicable. However, the scattering form function has to be modified for the absorbing medium, otherwise the unreasonable result would be obtained. The backscattering form function in the absorbing medium is redefined, and the form function of elastic spherical and cylindrical shell with vacuum or solid matter filled is calculated in various absorption conditions. The results show that the absorption of surrounding fluid leads to notable attenuation of the coincidence resonances in the mid-frequency, but it has a little influence on the low-frequency resonance scattering induced by the filler inside the shell.     

Single-beam self-referenced phase-sensitive surface plasmon resonance sensor with high detection resolution

A versatile and low-cost single-beam self-referenced phase-sensitive surface plasmon resonance(SPR)sensing system with ultra-high resolution performance is presented.The system exhibits a root-mean-square phase fluctuation of ±0.0028.over a period of 45 min.i.e.a resolution of±5.2×10-9 refractive index units.The enhanced performance has been achieved through the incorporation of three design elements:a true single-beam configuration enabling complete self-referencing so that only the phase change associated with SPR gets detected,a differential measurement scheme to eliminate spurious signals not related to the sensor response,and the elimination of retardation drifts by incorporating temperature stabilization in the liquid crystal phase modulato .Our design should bring the detection sensitivity of non-labeling SPR biosensing closer to that achievable by conventional fluorescence-based techniques.     

Influences of SiO2 protective layers and annealing on the laser-induced damage threshold of Ta2O5 films

Ta2O5 films are prepared on BK7 substrates with conventional electron beam evaporation deposition.The effects of SiO2 protective layers and annealing on the laser-induced damage threshold (LIDT) of the films are investigated.The results show that SiO2 protective layers exert little influence on the electric field intensity(EFI)distribution,microstructure and microdefect density but increase the absorption slightly.Annealing iS effective on decreasing the microdefect density and the absorption of the films.Both SiO2 protective layers and annealing are beneficial to the damage resistance of the films and the latter is more effective to improve the LIDT.Moreover,the maximal LIDT of Ta2O5 films is achieved by the combination of SiO2 protective layers and annealing.