New CMOS compatible super junction LDMOST with n-type buried layer

A new super-junction lateral double diffused MOSFET (LDMOST) structure is designed with n-type charge compensation layer embedded in the p$^{ - }$-substrate near the drain to suppress substrate-assisted depletion effect that results from the compensating charges imbalance between the pillars in the n-type buried layer. A high electric field peak is introduced in the surface by the pn junction between the p$^{ - }$-substrate and n-type buried layer, which given rise to a more uniform surface electric field distribution by modulation effect. The effect of reduced bulk field (REBULF) is introduced to improve the vertical breakdown voltage by reducing the high bulk electric field around the drain. The new structure features high breakdown voltage, low on-resistance and charges balance in the drift region due to n-type buried layer.     

Dynamic photorefractivity in nematic liquid crystal cells with photoconductive orienting layers

A new mechanism of photorefractivity in nematic liquid crystal cells with photoconductive orienting layers, referred to as dynamic photorefractivity, is proposed. The essence of this mechanism is as follows: an external ac electric field excites quasi-periodic subgratings at the interface between a liquid crystal and a photoconductive orienting layer. The interference optical field, inducing a charge distribution on the surface of the orienting layers, modulates the surface anchoring force and the penetration depth of the external field into the liquid crystal layer. As a result, the surface charge grating azimuthally reorients subgratings according to its structure and stabilizes their period. Since the amplitude of the subgratings is determined by the strength of the applied electric field and the cell parameters, the wave mixing efficiency in the dynamic mode may significantly exceed that in the classical orientational effect.     

Electrohydrodynamics of a Cone–Jet Flow at a High Relative Permittivity

We have proposed a new solution of the electrohydrodynamic equations describing a novel cone–jet flow structure formed at a conductive liquid meniscus in an electric field. Focusing on the liquids characterized by a high relative permittivity and using the slender body approximation, the cone–jet transition profiles and their characteristic radii are predicted in relation to the material parameters. The stable value of the cone angle is obtained using the Onsager’s principle of maximum entropy production. Three different regimes of the cone–jet flow behavior are identified depending on the relative importance of capillary, viscous and inertial stress contributions. The presented complete analytical solutions for the cone–jet transition zone and the far jet region yield several different laws of algebraic decrease for the radius, surface charge, and electric field of the jet.     

Long-wavelength structure on a charged liquid surface

The problem of the equilibrium form of a charged surface of a dielectric liquid in a strong electric field, such that a flat surface becomes unstable, is studied. A periodic long-wavelength structure with a small amplitude can arise when the gap between the surface and a charged electrode is small compared with the capillary length and the charge completely screens the electric field. The equilibrium form of the surface is calculated assuming that the resulting wave is one-dimensional. The effect of the boundary conditions at the vessel walls on the dependence of the amplitude of the standing wave on the applied voltage is estimated. It is shown that this dependence is very sensitive to the conditions of contact between the vessel walls and the liquid. The possibility is discussed of using the theory developed in this paper to explain the experimental results obtained with a charged liquid-hydrogen surface. Zh. éksp. Teor. Fiz. 115, 43–49 (January 1999)     

The effect of uni/bipolar charge injection on EHD conduction pumping

Electrohydrodynamics (EHD) conduction pumping takes advantage of Coulomb force generated by externally applied electric field and dissociated charges from electrolytes present in the working fluid. With the electric field maintained below the DC breakdown limit (i.e voltage required for charge injection), EHD conduction generated flow relies primarily upon the asymmetry of the electrodes where the flow is always generated toward the specific direction regardless of the electrodes polarity. The charge distribution induced by the process of dissociation may be altered by charge injection, potentially present at the electrodes' surfaces. The charge injection could occur, for example, because of the electrode surface roughness.This paper is a numerical investigation to quantify the impact of the charge injection on the performance of EHD conduction pump. The numerical domain comprises a coplanar asymmetric electrode pair embedded against a 2-D channel wall where the EHD conduction induced liquid flow is expected to be generated from the narrower electrode toward the wider electrode in the absence of charge injection. The electric field, net charge density, and electric body force distributions are presented in the absence and presence of charge injection. In addition, the electrically generated net flow is calculated for several operating conditions.     

One model of electric conduction and electric field distributions in a liquid insulator

The electric properties of the liquid insulator have been studied in this work. We have described the time-dependent model of the conduction processes in the liquid insulator under high voltages. Our model is a generalization of the Frenkel conduction model. (The last deals only with stationary conduction processes). Calculation of the electric field has also been made for two types of problems: (1) the external electric field applied to a liquid, is created by plane electrodes. (2) A spherical electrode of a small size creates it. The electrodes are assumed to be under constant high voltage. There is no electron emission or ion injection from the electrodes. But the field intensity influences on the molecular dissociation rate, and this fact has been taken into account. We have shown that the space charge, which arises under conditions mentioned above gives rise to changes in the electric field distribution. The model on hand is also used for calculating the hydrodynamic phenomena under high non-uniform electric field intensities. It has also been shown that the velocity of the strong EHD flows is proportional to the value of direct current or the squared value of applied voltage.     

Dehydration process in NaCl solutions under various external electric fields

Ionic motions at solid-liquid interface in supersaturated NaCl solutions have been investigated by molecular dynamics (MD) simulation for understanding crystal growth processes. The density profile in the vicinity of the interfaces between NaCl(100) and the supersaturated NaCl solution was calculated. Diffusion coefficients of water molecules in the solution were estimated as a function of distance from the crystal interface. It turned out that the structure and dynamics of the solution in the interfaces was different from those of bulk solution owing to electric fields depending on the surface charge. Therefore, the electric field was applied to the supersaturated solutions and dehydration phenomenon occurring in the process of the crystal growth was discussed. As the electric field increased, it was observed that the Na⁺ keeping strongly hydration structure broke out by the electric force. In supersaturated concentration, the solution structure is significantly different from that of dilution and has a complicated structure with hydration ions and clusters of NaCl. If the electric fields were applied to the solutions, the breakout of hydration structure was not affected with increasing the supersaturated ratio. This reason is that the cluster structures are destroyed by the electric force. The situation depends on the electric field or crystal surface structure.     

Semi-analytical study of meniscus oscillation in an electrospray under AC voltage

In this paper, the oscillation of the meniscus in an electrospray with AC voltage is semi-analytically investigated. The electric field is achieved using the charge simulation method and the mutual interaction between the electric field and hydrodynamics is iteratively explored to investigate the oscillation. After determining the static meniscus shape on a nozzle, the meniscus oscillation is simulated under sinusoidal AC voltage. The semi-analytic simulation can offer the oscillating meniscus shapes and contours of the electric field outside the meniscus according to the applied frequency. Furthermore, the velocity profile of the liquid inside the meniscus is achieved.     

Breakdown voltage analysis of Al0.25Ga0.75N/GaN high electron mobility transistors with partial silicon doping in the AlGaN layer

In this paper,two-dimensional electron gas（2DEG） regions in AlGaN/GaN high electron mobility transistors（HEMTs） are realized by doping partial silicon into the AlGaN layer for the first time.A new electric field peak is introduced along the interface between the AlGaN and GaN buffer by the electric field modulation effect due to partial silicon positive charge.The high electric field near the gate for the complete silicon doping structure is effectively decreased,which makes the surface electric field uniform.The high electric field peak near the drain results from the potential difference between the surface and the depletion regions.Simulated breakdown curves that are the same as the test results are obtained for the first time by introducing an acceptor-like trap into the N-type GaN buffer.The proposed structure with partial silicon doping is better than the structure with complete silicon doping and conventional structures with the electric field plate near the drain.The breakdown voltage is improved from 296 V for the conventional structure to 400 V for the proposed one resulting from the uniform surface electric field.     

Breakdown voltage analysis of Al_0.25Ga_0.75N/GaN high electron mobility transistors with partial silicon doping in the AlGaN layer

In this paper,two-dimensional electron gas(2DEG) regions in AlGaN/GaN high electron mobility transistors(HEMTs) are realized by doping partial silicon into the AlGaN layer for the first time.A new electric field peak is introduced along the interface between the AlGaN and GaN buffer by the electric field modulation effect due to partial silicon positive charge.The high electric field near the gate for the complete silicon doping structure is effectively decreased,which makes the surface electric field uniform.The high electric field peak near the drain results from the potential difference between the surface and the depletion regions.Simulated breakdown curves that are the same as the test results are obtained for the first time by introducing an acceptor-like trap into the N-type GaN buffer.The proposed structure with partial silicon doping is better than the structure with complete silicon doping and conventional structures with the electric field plate near the drain.The breakdown voltage is improved from 296 V for the conventional structure to 400 V for the proposed one resulting from the uniform surface electric field.     

Charge Injection and Transport in Metal/Polymer Chains/Metal Sandwich Structure

Using the tight-binding Su--Schrieffer--Heeger model and a nonadiabatic dynamic evolution method, we study the dynamic processes of the charge injection and transport in a metal/two coupled conjugated polymer chains/metal structure. It is found that the charge interchain transport is determined by the strength of the electric field and the magnitude of the voltage bias applied on the metal electrode. The stronger electric field and the larger voltage bias are both in favour of the charge interchain transport.     

Selective spreading and jetting of electrically driven dielectric films

We study the electrically driven spreading of dielectric liquid films in wedge-shaped gaps across which a potential difference is applied. Our experiments are in a little-studied regime where, throughout the dynamics, the electrical relaxation time is long compared to the time for charge to be convected by the fluid motion. We observe that at a critical normal electric field the hump-shaped leading edge undergoes an instability in the form of a single Taylor cone and periodic jetting ensues, after which traveling waves occur along the trailing thin film. We propose a convection-dominated mechanism for charge transport to describe the observed dynamics and rationalize the viscosity dependence of the self-excited dynamics.     

载流子在金属/聚对苯乙炔/金属结构中注入及输运的动力学研究

采用紧束缚的Su-Schrieffer-Heeger模型,利用非绝热动力学方法研究了载流子在金属/聚对苯乙炔(poly(p-phenylene vinylene,简记为PPV))/金属三明治结构中注入与输运的动力学过程.发现由于强的电子-晶格相互作用,注入的电荷在PPV链中形成波包,波包的形成与施加在金属电极上的偏压、PPV链上的电场强度及金属电极与PPV之间的界面耦合强度密切相关.在无外电场的情况下,当偏压达到临界值时电荷能够从金属电极注入到PPV链中并形成波包.随着电场强度的增大,波包能 关键词： 金属/聚对苯乙炔/金属结构 载流子输运 波包     

块状TiO2气凝胶的溶胶-凝胶过程及结构

对块状TiO2气凝胶的溶胶-凝胶过程及结构进行了实验研究,结果发现:增加催化剂的量,凝胶化时间缩短,湿凝胶的透明度降低,强度提高;增加前驱体的量,凝胶化时间缩短,湿凝胶的透明度变化不大,强度提高;增加水量,凝胶化时间先缩短后增加,湿凝胶透明度先减小后增加,强度先增加后减小。利用扫描电镜对超临界干燥法制备的不同催化剂量和密度的块状TiO2气凝胶的结构进行了表征,并对结构与溶胶-凝胶过程之间的联系进行了分析。结果表明:增加催化剂量,由于缩聚反应进行的程度提高,气凝胶粒子粒径较小且总的孔径较大。减小前驱体量,气凝胶粒子粒径增大且结构逐渐疏松。     

正极性纳秒脉冲电压下变压器油中流注放电仿真研究

建立了二维轴对称流体模型, 仿真研究了正极性纳秒脉冲电压下变压器油中针-板电极流注放电的起始与发展过程, 得到了不同的外施电压幅值、脉冲上升沿时间与电极间隙距离下油中流注放电的形貌、 电场强度与空间电荷密度分布等. 仿真结果表明: 空间电荷加强了流注头部前方电场, 使流注通道更易于向前推进, 形成"电离波"; 随着外施电压幅值升高, 流注发展的平均速度显著变大; 较陡的脉冲上升沿形成的放电半径较大, 对应的最大电场强度值变小; 随着电极间隙距离的增加, 流注发展平均速度变快. 仿真显示纳秒脉冲下放电中油温无明显升高, 表明此类放电过程没有明显的油气化现象. 我们认为, 场致电离是油中带电粒子产生的主导机制; 空间电荷效应增强流注前方电场使得电离进一步发展, 最终导致击穿. 本研究有助于加深对变压器油中放电起始、发展直至击穿过程的认识以及对液体电介质中电离机制的理解. 关键词： 变压器油 流体模型 流注放电 空间电荷效应     

Microsphere manipulation using ferroelectric liquid crystals

We propose a strategy for a micromanipulation method using SSFLC (surface stabilized ferroelectric liquid crystals). By adjusting the frequency of the applied ac electric field, the surface layers that cannot follow an applied ac electric field are constructed in SSFLC. In addition, by applying a sawtooth wave voltage, net flow along the smectic layer is generated. The flow direction is reversed by changing the polarity of the sawtooth wave. Consequently, the particles dispersed in SSFLC can be driven bidirectionally along the smectic layer. The particle velocity depends on the temperature, amplitude, and frequency of the applied voltage.     

Influence of an electric field on the dynamic viscosity of liquid dielectrics

Experimental dependences of the dynamic viscosity of dielectric liquids on the applied voltage are considered. The experiment is remarkable because of the elimination of the electric current through the liquid in a series of measurements by insulating one of the electrodes from the liquid. The change in the viscosity of the liquid media can be a consequence of alteration of the structure of the liquid and the formation of ion-molecule groups differing from the previously existing ones. The variation of the mechanical properties of the medium with variation of the applied field strength points out the influence of charge formation on them. The dependences for polar and nonpolar liquids are considered. Zh. Tekh. Fiz. 68, 40–43 (January 1998)     

Maxwell Equations without a Polarization Field,Using a Paradigm from Biophysics

When forces are applied to matter, the distribution of mass changes. Similarly, when an electric field is applied to matter with charge, the distribution of charge changes. The change in the distribution of charge (when a local electric field is applied) might in general be called the induced charge. When the change in charge is simply related to the applied local electric field, the polarization field P is widely used to describe the induced charge. This approach does not allow electrical measurements (in themselves) to determine the structure of the polarization fields. Many polarization fields will produce the same electrical forces because only the divergence of polarization enters Maxwell’s first equation, relating charge and electric forces and field. The curl of any function can be added to a polarization field P without changing the electric field at all. The divergence of the curl is always zero. Additional information is needed to specify the curl and thus the structure of the P field. When the structure of charge changes substantially with the local electric field, the induced charge is a nonlinear and time dependent function of the field and P is not a useful framework to describe either the electrical or structural basis-induced charge. In the nonlinear, time dependent case, models must describe the charge distribution and how it varies as the field changes. One class of models has been used widely in biophysics to describe field dependent charge, i.e., the phenomenon of nonlinear time dependent induced charge, called ‘gating current’ in the biophysical literature. The operational definition of gating current has worked well in biophysics for fifty years, where it has been found to makes neurons respond sensitively to voltage. Theoretical estimates of polarization computed with this definition fit experimental data. I propose that the operational definition of gating current be used to define voltage and time dependent induced charge, although other definitions may be needed as well, for example if the induced charge is fundamentally current dependent. Gating currents involve substantial changes in structure and so need to be computed from a combination of electrodynamics and mechanics because everything charged interacts with everything charged as well as most things mechanical. It may be useful to separate the classical polarization field as a component of the total induced charge, as it is in biophysics. When nothing is known about polarization, it is necessary to use an approximate representation of polarization with a dielectric constant that is a single real positive number. This approximation allows important results in some cases, e.g., design of integrated circuits in silicon semiconductors, but can be seriously misleading in other cases, e.g., ionic solutions.     

Peculiarities of light propagation in chiral liquid crystal cells in an external electric field

We investigate the propagation of the extraordinary ray in a cell with a chiral liquid crystal at oblique incidence. For a 180° twist cell, we study the dependence of the minimum incidence angle at which the light does not yet pass through the cell on the applied voltage. The orientational structure of a liquid crystal in an external electric field has been calculated by directly minimizing the free energy. This has allowed the ray trajectories and the limiting refraction angles to be determined. The results of our calculations are consistent with the experiment. We show that allowance for the electric field nonuniformity in a chiral system is important for agreement between theory and experiment.     

Injection and transport of electric charge in a metal/copolymer structure

The dynamical processes of the electric charge injection and transport from a metal electrode to the copolymer are investigated by using a nonadiabatic dynamic approach. The simulations are performed within the framework of an extended version of the one-dimensional Su-Schrieffer-Heeger (SSH) tight-binding model. It is found that the electric charge can be injected into the copolymer by increasing the applied voltage. For different structures of the copolymer, the critical voltage biases are different and the motion of the injected electric charge in the copolymer varies obviously. For the copolymer with a barrier-well-barrier configuration, the injected electric charge forms a wave packet due to the strong electron-lattice interaction in the barrier, then comes into the well and will be confined in it under a weak electric field. Under a medium electric field, the electric charge can go across the interface of two homopolymers and enter into the other potential barrier. For the copolymer with a well-barrier-well configuration, only under strong enough electric field can the electric charge transfer from the potential well into the barrier and ultimately reach a dynamic balance.