Shell Effect of Superheavy Nuclei in Self-consistent Mean-Field Models

We analyze in detail the numerical results of superheavy nuclei in deformed relativistic mean-field model and deformed Skyrme-Hartree-Fock model. The common points and differences of both models are systematically compared and discussed. Their consequences on the stability of superheavy nuclei are explored and explained. The theoreticalresults are compared with new data of superheavy nuclei from GSI and from Dubna and reasonable agreement is reached.Nuclear shell effect in superheavy region is analyzed and discussed. The spherical shell effect disappears in some cases due to the appearance of deformation or superdeformation in the ground states of nuclei, where valence nucleons occupysignificantly the intruder levels of nuclei. It is shown for the first time that the significant occupation of vaJence nucleons on the intruder states plays an important role for the ground state properties of superheavy nuclei. Nuclei are stable in the deformed or superdeformed configurations. We further point out that one cannot obtain the octupole deformation of even-even nuclei in the present relativistic mean-field model with the σ,ω and ρ mesons because there is no parityviolating interaction and the conservation of parity of even-even nuclei is a basic assumption of the present relativistic mean-field model.     

A=160号区部分奇奇核的晕带能谱计算

将奇核轴对称转子加准粒子模型推广到奇奇核的情况,考虑了在奇奇核的基矢空间中计及模型的质子—中子相互作用项,方法用于A=160号区多个实际核的计算,所得结果均与实验值定性相符.文中还对奇奇核Signature反转的一种可能的机制进行了讨论.     

哪些核适合被液滴模型描述:基于不确定度分解方法的统计研究（英文）

一个模型适合描述哪些物理量? 这个问题可以通过模型的物理来源来回答。比如,液滴模型适合描述重核和远离满壳核。这是因为液滴近似更适用于核子数多的核以及液滴模型不包含壳效应。这样的回答是定性的并需要清楚模型的物理来源。是否可能仅通过模型的数学形式和实验数据就能给出半定量的解答? 利用最近提出的不确定度分解方法尝试对液滴模型适合描述哪些核这一问题进行半定量的回答。并且不需已知液滴模型的物理来源,仅需其数学形式以及实验数据。通过不确定度分解方法,液滴模型与实验数据间的残差可以分解为系统不确定度和统计不确定度。两者分别代表了模型的缺陷和模型不精确的参数带来的不确定度。基于这一分解,核素图上的原子核可以按其对应的残差被半定量地划分为系统不确定度主导、统计不确定度主导、以及中间区域。液滴模型适合描述的核就是统计不确定度主导残差的核而不是像通常认为的是残差最小的核。从核素图上看,统计不确定度主导残差的核正是重核以及远离满壳核,与液滴模型物理来源一致,但得到这一结果的过程是半定量的且仅需液滴模型的数学形式以及实验数据。如果对由统计不确定度主导残差的核重新拟合液滴模型的参数,模型可以很好地描述这些核（标准差小于0.7 MeV）。Which data are well described by a theoretical model? Such questions can be answered through the physical origin of the model. For example, the liquid drop model (LDM) well describes the heavy and far from shell nuclei. Because the liquid-drop assumption is more suitable for nuclei with more nucleons and LDM does not include the shell effect. Such answer is qualitative and needs a clear view on the physical origin of the model. Is it possible to give an semi-quantitatively answer only from the mathematical form of the model and the observed data. In the present work, the recently suggested uncertainty decomposition method (UDM) is used to answer which nuclei are well described by LDM. The residues between LDM and the observed data can be decomposed through UDM to systematic and statistical uncertainties, which represent the uncertainty of the deficiency of the model and the indeterminate parameters, respectively. Based on UDM, the chart of nuclides are semi-quantitatively divided into three parts, areas dominated by the systematic and statistical uncertainties, and the cross area. Contrary to the common sense, the well described nuclei by LDM are not the nuclei with small residues, but actually the nuclei of which the residues are dominated by the statistical uncertainty. These nuclei are indeed the heavy and far from shell nuclei, which agrees with the physical consideration of LDM. But only the mathematical form of the model and the experimental data are needed during the use of UDM. The nuclides dominated by the statistical uncertainty can be well described by LDM (standard deviation less than 0.7 MeV) with parameters fitting to these nuclei.     

关于极端原子核的相对论自洽角动量投影壳模型计算(英文)

相对论自洽角动量投影壳模型是最近发展出来的一个自洽模型, 它对于不同核区具有稳定的参数, 能够很好地描述已知和未知具有稳定形变的各种原子核的性质。 计算了若干包括稳定核素、 极端核素和超重核素, 并把计算结果与现有的实验数据进行了比较。     

THE NUCLEAR DROPLET MODEL FOR ARBITRARY NEUTRON EXCESS

The Myers and Swiatecki's droplet model is extended to the case of very neutron rich nuclei which,in the case of small neutron excess,can be reduced to the usual droplet model with a small difference which comes from the different considera-Lions on the surface energy.The bulk energy den-sity and the superficial energy density are taken from the earlier calculations based on the Thomas-Fermi model with Seyler-Blanchard interaction. The approximate formulas are obtained for the nuclei with small neutron excess.The comparisons between the nucleon distributions calculated by this model and by Thomas-Fermi model are made for both the uncharged and the charged nuclei and a satisfactory agreement is obtained.The comparison between the results calculated by this model and by its approximate formulation for the nuclei with small neutron excess shows that the usual droplet model works very well in the sense of this comparison. The comparison. with the results calculated by other authors is also made.     

Electromagnetic excitation and fragmentation of ultrarelativistic nuclei

Electromagnetic interactions of high-energy nuclei in ultraperipheral collisions are considered. Such collisions, which take place without any overlap of nuclear densities, can be considered as irradiation of nuclei by intense photon beams with a broad energy spectrum. This leads to several unusual phenomena, such as mutual electromagnetic excitation of nuclei, including exotic double and triple excitations of giant resonances, and multifragmentation of nuclei. The RELDIS model is presented, which describes fragmentation of nuclei and meson production by equivalent photons. It is shown that the RHIC and LHC colliders provide unique opportunities to study electromagnetic interactions of ultrarelativistic nuclei. The cross sections calculated by the RELDIS model are used in the method of monitoring the LHC luminosity on the basis of neutron emission rates, as well as to simulate interactions of beam nuclei with LHC construction elements.     

Semi-microscopic model for the effective pairing interaction in atomic nuclei

A model has been proposed in which the ab initio effective pairing interaction in atomic nuclei is supplemented by a small phenomenological term containing one parameter universal for all intermediate-mass and heavy nuclei. The neutron and proton pairing gaps have been calculated for several chains of semimagic nuclei; these calculations demonstrate the applicability of this model.     

Superheavy nuclei in the RMF framework

The structure of superheavy even even nuclei is investigated using the self-consistent axially-deformed relativistic mean-field model (RMF) with BCS pairing. The isovector properties of the standard RMF ansatz are studied and the new RMF parameterization is tested with a better account for nuclei away of the line of stability. The heaviest even even nuclei are used as a benchmark to estimate the predictive power of the model.     

用宏观-微观模型系统计算偶-偶超重核基态性质

用宏观--微观模型系统计算了Z=94—112偶偶超重核的基态性质. 其中宏观部分基于液滴模型, 微观部分采用改进的谐振子势. 理论计算的结合能、α衰变能 与已知的实验数据符合, 理论计算结果也与Moller的计算结果符合很好.这肯定了宏观--微观模型对超重核性质研究的可靠性和稳定性. 对一些未知核素基态性 质的预言可为将来的实验研究提供理论参考.     

62Sm152核的gR因子

考虑原子核理论中超导效应对g_R因子的影响,在给出偶核g_R因子在推转模型(cranking model)基础上的计算公式之后,利用Nilsson波函数计算了₆₂Sm¹⁵²核的g_R因子。计算结果与实验值符合很好,反映了原子核超导理论的正确性。     

Surface Nucleation Kinetics on Active Centers from Supersaturated Vapor

The formation of nuclei from a supersaturated vapor on a surface with active centers is treated within standard self-consistent classical model with exhaustion of active centers. Basic characteristics of nucleation process (total number of nuclei, nucleation rate, time lag and size distribution of nuclei) are determined by numerical solution of kinetic equations. It is shown that standard approach to nucleation on active centers based on Avrami model coincides with our approach in the values of time lag of nucleation process, but it differs in the total number of nuclei.     

超重核性质的新观点(英文)

简单回顾了超重核的理论研究现状,讨论了形变对长寿命重核α衰变半衰期的影响。分析了相对论平均场模型的有效范围。强调了α衰变、结团放射性和自发裂变中应保持宇称守恒。提出了一些新观点。Status of theoretical studies on superheavy nuclei is simply reviewed.We investigate the influence of nuclear deformation on half lives of α decay forlong lifetime nuclei beyond 208Pb. The range of the validity of relativistic mean field model is analyzed and discussed. The conservation of parity in α decay, cluster radioactivity, and spontaneous fission of nuclei is stressed. New views on the properties of superheavy nuclei are presented.     

Potential energy surfaces and fission fragment mass yields of even-even superheavy nuclei

Potential energy surfaces and fission barriers of superheavy nuclei are analyzed in a macroscopic-microscopic model. The Lublin-Strasbourg Drop (LSD) model is used to obtain the macroscopic part of the energy, whereas the shell and pairing energy corrections are evaluated using the Yukawa-folded potential; a standard flooding technique is utilized to determine barrier heights. A Fourier shape parametrization containing only three deformation parameters is shown to effectively reproduce the nuclear shapes of nuclei approaching fission. In addition, a non-axial degree of freedom is taken into account to better describe the structure of nuclei around the ground state and in the saddle region. In addition to the symmetric fission valley, a new highly asymmetric fission mode is predicted in most superheavy nuclei. The fission fragment mass distributions of the considered nuclei are obtained by solving 3D Langevin equations.     

Asymmetry of the most energetic neutrons emitted after muon capture by nuclei

The asymmetry of the most energetic neutrons emitted after μ capture by nuclei is calculated in a pure shell model to second-order nonrelativistic approximation. For closed-shell nuclei this limiting value is independent of the model used and of the nucleus considered except for a small kinematical dependence.     

密度相关袋常数的夸克介子耦合模型关于核物质和有限核的研究

由满足手征对称的Nambu-Jona-Lasinio(NJL)模型出发, 计算得到袋常数的密度相关性, 并将其与夸克介子耦合(QMC)模型相结合, 研究核物质和有限核的性质. 结果表明, 该模型能够成功地描述核物质的性质, 但得到的有限核结合能过大, 其中重整势起了非常关键的作用.     

Liquid nucleation at superheated grain boundaries

Grain boundaries with relatively low energies can be superheated above the melting temperature and eventually melt by heterogeneous nucleation of liquid droplets. We propose a thermodynamic model of this process based on the sharp-interface approximation with a disjoining potential. The distinct feature of the model is its ability to predict the shape and size of the critical nucleus by using a variational approach. The model reduces to the classical nucleation theory in the limit of large nuclei but is more general and remains valid for small nuclei. Contrary to the classical nucleation theory, the model predicts the existence of a critical temperature of superheating and offers a simple formula for its calculation. The model is tested against molecular dynamic simulations in which liquid nuclei at a superheated boundary were obtained by an adiabatic trapping procedure. The simulation results demonstrate a reassuring consistency with the model.