Lateral protrusion and mesophase behaviour in pure and mixed states of model compounds of the type 4-(4′-substituted phenylazo)-2-(or 3-)methyl phenyl-4'-alkoxy benzoates

Two groups of the title compounds were prepared and investigated for their mesophase formation and stability. Each group constitutes five homologous series that differ from each other by the polar substituent X (CH₃O, CH₃, H, Cl, and NO₂). Within each homologous series, the number (n) of carbons in the alkoxy chain varies between 8, 10, 12, 14 and 16. The difference between the two groups of compounds lies in the orientation protrusion of the lateral methyl group attached to the central benzene ring. In the first group (Group I) the methyl substituent, introduced into the o-position with respect to the ester group, makes an angle of 60° with the long axis of the molecule. In the other series of compounds (Group II), the orientation angle is 120° as it is introduced into the position-3. All possible binary phase diagrams could be constructed in which the two components are corresponding positional isomers from either group. The study aimed to investigate the effect of inclusion of the lateral methyl group, as well as its spatial orientation, on the mesomorphic properties of the produced derivatives in their pure and mixed states. The compounds prepared in both groups were characterised for their mesophase behaviour by differential scanning calorimetry and polarised light microscopy. The nematic phase is the mesophase observed in most of the compounds prepared and their binary mixtures.     

Effect of lateral substitution on supramolecular liquid crystal associates induced by hydrogen-bonding interactions between 4-(4′-pyridylazo-3-methylphenyl)-4′′-alkoxy benzoates and 4-substituted benzoic acids

Five laterally methyl-substituted pyridine-based derivatives of the title compounds (I 8–I 16), with molecular formula 4-C_nH_2n+1O-C₆H₄COOC₆H₃(3-CH₃)-N=N-C₅H₄N were prepared and their molecular formulae elucidated via elemental analyses, infrared, nuclear magnetic resonance and mass spectra. The number of carbon atoms in the alkoxy chain (n) varies between 8, 10, 12, 14, and 16 carbons. The newly prepared pyridine-based derivatives were investigated for their mesophase behaviour by differential scanning calorimetry and polarised optical microscopy; most of them were found to possess monotropic smectic C (SmC) mesophase. Two groups (A and B) of the 1:1 hydrogen-bonded associates, formed between each of the derivatives I 8– I 16 and two types of 4-substituted benzoic acids (II), were prepared and similarly characterised to investigate the effect of lateral methyl substitution on the central phenylene ring, as well as terminal polar substituents and alkoxy-chain length on the stability of the mesophases induced by intermolecular hydrogen bonding. In Group A complexes, mesomorphic 4-alkoxy benzoic acids, that carry the terminal n-alkoxy group of varying chain length, were used. The other series of complexes (Group B) is composed from the same pyridine-based derivatives and each of the non-mesomorphic 4-substituted benzoic acids that carries small compact polar groups, varying between CH₃O, CH₃, H, Cl, Br, and CN. All complexes prepared were investigated for their mesophase behaviour by differential scanning calorimetry and polarised optical microscopy and found to be purely smectogenic, possessing SmC as the only mesophase observed. The formation of the hydrogen-bonded complexes was confirmed by constructing their binary phase diagrams, which cover the whole range of concentration of the two complements.     

Effect of halloysite nanotubes on the thermal degradation behaviour of poly(ε-caprolactone)/poly(lactic acid) microfibrillar composites

This paper reports on the thermal degradation behaviour and kinetics of halloysite nanotubes containing microfibrillated poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL)/poly(lactic acid) (PLA) blends. It was found that the nanotubes probably catalyzed the PLA degradation, and that the free radicals formed during the PLA degradation initiated PCL degradation at lower temperatures, maybe in combination with halloysite nanotubes (HNT) catalysis. Drawing to form microfibrillated nanocomposites had little influence on the degradation behaviour of these materials, but pre-mixing of the HNT with PLA or PCL prior to melt-mixing and extrusion-drawing of the blends did influence the degradation behaviour, but in different ways. No evidence could be found that the presence and amount of HNT, or the mode of preparation, had an influence on the degradation mechanism, as evidenced through a Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) analysis of the degradation products.     

Investigation of liquid crystalline property of a new calamitic liquid crystalline system methyl 4-(4ʹ-(4ʹʹ-(decyloxy)benzyloxy) benzylideneamino)benzoate

A new polar calamitic liquid crystal, methyl 4-(4?-(4?-(decyloxy)benzyloxy) benzylideneamino)benzoate (M3BA) containing ether and Schiff base groups as linker with terminal polar ester group, has been synthesised and mesomorphic properties are studied by differential scanning calorimetry, polarising optical microscopy, density functional theory, temperature-dependent X-ray diffraction and temperature-dependent micro- Raman study. The smectic A (SmA) mesophase with focal conic texture has been observed with wide mesomorphic range. Layer thickness in SmA phase is greater than the optimised length of the molecule, indicating partially bilayer SmA phase. Analysis of Raman marker bands of C–H in-plane bending of phenyl rings, C=C stretching of rings, C=N stretching and C=O stretching shows structural changes at molecular level at Cr → SmA phase transition and provides proper intermolecular interactions responsible for dimeric unit in partially bilayer SmA phase.     

Studies on the curing and thermal behaviour of diglycidyl ether of bisphenol-A (DGEBA) in the presence of aromatic diimide–diacids

This paper describes the synthesis and characterization of aromatic diimide–diacids (DIDAS) obtained by reacting pyromellitic dianhydride (PMDA), 4,4′-oxo diphthalic anhydride (ODA), 1,4,5,8-naphthalene tetra carboxylic dianhydride (NTDA) with excess of 4-aminobutyric acid (B) or 6-aminohexanoic acid (H) using N,N-dimethyl formamide (DMF) as solvent. The synthesized compounds were used as curing agents to investigate the effect of structure on the curing and thermal behaviour of diglycidyl ether of bisphenol-A (DGEBA). Structural characterization of DIDAS was done by using FTIR, ¹H-NMR, ¹³C-NMR spectroscopy and elemental analysis. Curing behaviour of DGEBA in the presence of aromatic DIDAS was investigated by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The peak exotherm temperature (T _P) was low in the case of DIDAS synthesized from ODA and high in the case of DIDAS synthesized from NTDA. Thermal stability of the isothermally cured DGEBA with DIDAS was investigated using dynamic thermogravimetry in nitrogen atmosphere. The char yield was highest for resin cured with DIDAS containing NTDA.     

Low-temperature dynamics of (S)-4-(1-methylheptyloxy)-4ʹ-cyanobiphenyl (8*OCB) and (S)-4-(2-methylbutyl)-4ʹ-cyanobiphenyl (5*CB) in disordered crystalline and glassy phases

The inelastic neutron scattering (INS) spectra were measured for two materials of chiral molecules: (S)-4-(1-methylheptyloxy)-4?-cyanobiphenyl (8*OCB) and (S)-4-(2-methylbutyl)-4?-cyanobiphenyl (5*CB), revealing solid state polymorphism with two partially disordered crystalline phases I and II and glassy state of liquid and of crystalline phase in each substance. The experiments were performed in the energy range up to 30 µeV in the temperature range from 4 to 35 K. For 8*OCB the elastic scans were measured as well up to 300 K illustrating well the phase diagram. For all solid phases of both substances in the µeV range of INS spectra, the existence of the excess density of vibrational states over that typical for fully ordered crystalline phases was evidenced. Contribution of this so-called boson peak occurred to be much larger in glass of isotropic phase than in the phase II and glass of phase I of 8*OCB, while for 5*CB it was larger in the phase I and glass of phase II than in glass of cholesteric phase. The quasi-elastic broadening of elastic peak corresponding to stochastic reorientations in the ns time scale was detected for both substances. Comparison of the results obtained for glassy and crystalline phases of 8*OCB and 5*CB compounds have been given and confronted with those obtained previously in meV energy range.     

Synthesis,spectral and antimicrobial studies of triorganotin(IV) 3(2′-hydroxyphenyl)-5-(4-substituted phenyl) pyrazolinates

Triorganotin(IV) pyrazolinates of the type R₃Sn(C1₅H₁₂N₂O?·?X) [where C₁₅H₁₂N₂O?·?X?= 3(2′-hydroxyphenyl)-5(4-X-phenyl)pyrazoline {where X?=?H (a); CH₃ (b); OCH₃ (c); Cl (d) and R?=?Me, Pr ⁿ and Ph}] have been synthesized by the reaction of R₃SnCl with the sodium salt of pyrazolines in a 1?:?1 molar ratio, in anhydrous benzene. These newly synthesized derivatives have been characterized by elemental analysis (C, H, N, Cl and Sn), molecular weight measurement as well as spectral studies [IR and multinuclear NMR (¹H, ¹³C and ¹¹⁹Sn)]. The bidentate behaviour of the ligands was confirmed by IR, ¹H and ¹³C NMR spectral data. Trigonal bipyramidal structure around tin(IV) atom for R₃Sn(C₁₅H₁₂N₂O?·?X) has been suggested. The free pyrazoline and a few triorganotin(IV) pyrazolinates have also been screened for their antibacterial and antifungal activities. Some triorganotin(IV) pyrazolinates exhibit higher antibacterial and antifungal effects than free pyrazoline and some of the antibiotics.     

Spin-crossover complexes in solution. III. Substituent- and solvent effects on the spin-equilibrium of 4-substituted iron(II)-2,6-bis-(benzimidazol-2′-yl)-pyridine systems

Summary Transition metal complexes of the composition [Fe(4-X-bzimpy)₂](ClO₄)₂ [bzimpy = 2,6-bis-(benzimidazol-2-yl)pyridine and X=H, OH, Cl] show thermally accessible spin-crossover behaviour in solution that depends on both the ligand and the solvent.¹H-NMR spectroscopy and UV-visible spectroscopy measurements suggest that ligand substituent effects, solvent donor-acceptor properties and hydrogen-bonding may be employed to fine-tune the ligand field strength and hence to affect the spin-crossover behaviour. The ligand substitution changes in solution are reflected by the magnetic data (X=H:_exp=2.50 _B; X=OH:_exp=4.20 _B and X=Cl:_exp=4.30 _B at 294 K in MeOH), and by the shift of metal-to-ligandcharge-transfer band (X=H, =557 nm; X=OH, =520 nm; X=Cl, =500 nm). [Fe(bzimpy)₂](ClO₄)₂ exhibits a pronounced spin-crossover equilibrium (¹A₁ ⁵T₂) in solution (K _sc=0.26 at 293 K; _exp=1.30 3.40 _B for 213 328 K in MeOH). A small variation of magnetic moments of [Fe(4-OH-bzimpy)₂](ClO₄)₂ (_exp=3.77 4.73 _B at 220 332 K) might indicate either the existence of (temperature dependent) hydrogen bonding between the ligand and solvent molecules or a temperature dependent variation in the population of the⁵E_g sublevel. The presence of strong donor solvents (DN 30) shifts the spin-state of the complexes.In course of absence from the Chemistry Department, Jahangirnagar University, Dhaka, Bangladesh     

Synthesis,spectral study and antimicrobial activity of bismuth(III) 3(2′-hydroxyphenyl)-5-(4-substituted phenyl) pyrazolinates

Dichlorobismuth(III) pyrazolinates and chlorobismuth(III) dipyrazolinates of the type BiCl₂(C₁₅H₁₂N₂OX) and BiCl(C₁₅H₁₂N₂OX)₂ have been synthesized in dry benzene by reaction of BiCl₃ and the sodium salt of pyrazoline in 1 : 1 and 1 : 2 molar ratios at elevated temperature [C₁₅H₁₂N₂OX = 3(2′-hydroxyphenyl)-5-(4-X-substituted phenyl) pyrazoline and X = H in compounds 1, 5, CH₃ in 2, 6, OCH₃ in 3, 7 and Cl in 4, 8, respectively]. These newly synthesized derivatives have been characterized by elemental analysis (C, H, N, Cl and Bi), molecular weight measurements and spectral (IR, ¹H NMR, ¹³C NMR) studies. Selected compounds screened against different bacteria and fungi show potential antibacterial and antifungal activities.     

High-spin complexes of iron(III) with ethylene glycol and 3(2′-hydroxyphenyl)-5-(4′-substituted phenyl) pyrazolines

Complexes of iron(III) with ethylene glycol and 3(2′-hydroxyphenyl)-5-(4′-substituted phenyl) pyrazolines, [Fe(OCH₂CH₂O)(C₁₅H₁₂N₂OX)] _m ? nH₂O and [Fe(C₁₅H₁₂N₂OX)₂(OCH₂CH₂OH)] (where OCH₂CH₂O and OCH₂CH₂OH = ethylene glycol moiety; C₁₅H₁₂N₂OX = 3(2′-hydroxyphenyl)-5-(4-X-phenyl)pyrazoline; X = H, CH₃, OCH₃, or Cl; m = 2–3 and n = 2–3) have been synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis (C, H, N, Cl, and Fe), molecular weight measurement, magnetic moment data, thermogravimetric analysis, molar conductance, spectral (UV-Vis, IR, and FAB mass), scanning electron microscopy, and X-ray diffraction studies. Bonding of ethylene glycol and pyrazolines in these complexes and the particle size of iron(III) complexes are discussed. Antibacterial and antifungal potential of free pyrazoline and some iron(III) complexes are also discussed.     

Theoretical Investigations of the Inclusion Processes of (4-tert-butylphenyl) (3-sulfonatophenyl) (phenyl) Phosphine in β-Cyclodextrin

Quantum mechanical calculations on the (4-tert-butylphenyl)(3-sulfonatophenyl) (phenyl) phosphine/-cyclodextrin inclusion complex werecarried out using semi-empirical calculations. Inclusion process pathways are describedand the most probable structures of the 1:1 complex are sought through a global potentialenergy scan. The calculations suggest that the most stable structure is obtained whenthe aromatic ring bearing the tert-butyl group is includedinto the hydrophobic cavity of the -cyclodextrin from theside of the primary hydroxyl groups.     

Effect of strontium substitution on the activity of La_(2-x)Sr_xNiO_4(x=0.0-1.2)in NO decomposition

The aim of this work is to study the effect of Sr substitution on the redox properties and catalytic ac- tivity of La2-xSrxNiO4(x=0.0-1.2)for NO decomposition.Results suggest that the x=0.6 sample shows the highest activity.The characterization(TPD,TPR,etc.)of samples indicates that the x=0.6 sample possesses suitable abilities in both oxidation and reduction,which facilitates the proceeding of oxygen desorption and NO adsorption.At temperature below 700℃,the oxygen desorption is difficult, and is the rate-determining step of NO decomposition.With the increase of reaction temperature(T> 700℃),the oxygen desorption is favorable and,the active adsorption of NO on the active site(NO Vo Ni2 →NO~--Ni3 )turns out to be the rate-determining step.The existence of oxygen vacancy is the prerequisite condition for NO decomposition,but its quantity does not relate much to the activity.     

Study of substituent effects on rotational isomers and monomer–dimer equilibria of the 3-carboxy group in 4-substituted (R)-2-(3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl)-6-isopropyloxy-2H-chromen-3-carboxylic acids in dilute CCl4 and CHCl3 solutions by FTIR spectroscopy

FTIR spectra of the title carboxylic acids (I–III) with 4-substituents (H, CH₃ or C₆H₅) and their related compounds IV–VI with 4-(substituted phenyl) groups were measured in dilute CCl₄ and CHCl₃ solutions. The concentration dependence of FTIR spectra of I–IV was also measured in these solutions. These spectra were subjected to curve analysis in order to quantitatively identify the rotational isomers of 3-carboxy group attributable to steric hindrance of the 4-substituents. For I, II and III–VI, two, four and five ν(CO) bands were observed for their carboxy groups, respectively, indicative of monomer–dimer equilibrium and two and three kinds of rotational isomers for II and III–VI, respectively. Compounds III–VI were found to form intra-molecular hydrogen bonds between the trans-type of the 3-carboxy group and the π-electrons in the 4-benzene ring. We have worked out a method to estimate the association constant (K) of complicated monomer–dimer equilibria such as II–VI. The K values of I–IV decrease remarkably in the order of H (I), C₆H₅ (III), CH₃ (II) and C₆H₄-p-OCH₃ (IV) in CCl₄ and I, II, III and IV in CHCl₃; these orders are discussed.     

The Application of Suzuki Coupling Reaction on the Preparation of Carbosilane Dendrimers with 4-(Naphthalen-1-yl)phenyl Core

The functionalized carbosilane dendrimers can be divided into three categories: surface- functionalization, core-functionalization and focal-point functionalization1-5. The func- tionalized dendrimers can be used as catalyst supporters, medicine control-r…     

Effect of the β-substituent with respect to the azido group on the reactivity of methyl (2E)-3-[5-(azidomethyl)-2,2-diethyl-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl]-2-methylprop-2-enoate

Unlike methyl (2E)-3-[5-(azidomethyl)-2,2-diethyl-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl]-2—methylprop-2-enoate which is stable on storage, its acyclic derivative, methyl (2E,4S,5S)-6-azido-5-hydroxy-2-methyl-4-(pent-3-yloxy) hex-2-enoate at 20°C undergoes unusual decomposition with formation of exo-methylidenepyrrolidine. Analogous transformation was also observed in the epoxide ring opening in methyl (2E)-2-methyl-4-[(S)-oxiran-2-yl]-4-(pent-3-yloxy)but-2-enoate and in the substitution reaction of ethyl 5,6-bis(methanesulfonyloxy)-2-methyl-4-(pent-3-yloxy)hex-2-enoate with azide ion. Opening of the oxirane ring in the former by the action of azide ion was accompanied by formation of oxazetidine derivative as a minor product. The major intramolecular cyclization products, 4-hydroxy- and 4-mehtanesulfonyloxypyrrolidines were converted into stable pyrrole derivatives via elimination of the leaving groups. The hydrogenation of methyl and ethyl (2E)-3-[5-(azidomethyl)-2,2-diethyl-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl]-2-methylprop-2-enoates over palladium catalyst afforded the expected reduction products.