化学优质课评比中对教材进行二次开发的研究

在优质课评比中,多数教师重新整合教材,构建了有利于学生自主学习的教学体系。对部分化学优质课的教学设计分析、梳理后,结合部分教师的经验,提出了整合教材必须树立新教材观,挖掘教材中潜在的迁移、认知和情意价值,构建学科知识逻辑顺序与学生认知顺序相匹配的教学体系。     

中学化学必修教材中“离子知识”的编排研究

电解质、电离、离子反应等一系列"离子知识"有其自身的发展逻辑,学生学习离子知识的进程并不同于科学发展的进程。人教版、苏教版《化学1》教材对于离子知识的编排都较好地符合知识的逻辑顺序、学生的认知顺序和学生的心理发展顺序相结合的要求。     

中学化学教材中化学方程式内容的编排分析——基于“三序结合”的视角

利用“三序结合”的原则分析了人教版初中和高中不同阶段“化学方程式”知识的编排情况，人教版教材对这部分知识的编排较好地符合了知识的逻辑顺序、学生的认识顺序和学生的心理发展顺序相结合的要求。同时，还针对教材分析给出了教学建议。     

基于“宏观辨识与微观探析”对教材思考类栏目的比较分析

基于“宏观辨识与微观探析”核心素养,对“烃及其衍生物的性质与应用”主题下的新旧人教版教材思考类栏目进行分类和比较分析。结果显示,新教材的内容设计更贴合新课标要求,相对旧教材在素养水平分布、认识视角外显化和符号表征规范化等3个方面有显著差异。基于此,对新教材的使用提出了4点建议：转变传统认知,重视指导与评价功能;把握教材逻辑,实现认知结构化功能;注重符号表征,发挥新教材规范功能;融合优选情境,落实新教材育人功能。     

化学学科“知识”、“思想”和“方法”三线合一的教学设计

化学学科教学的深层价值在于引领学生形成从化学的视角去认识物质世界和解决问题的思想方法.知识、思想和方法“三线合一”的教学设计,基于课程标准、教材及学生基础的分析,将知识的逻辑顺序和学科思想发展线索以及方法线索有机融合在一起,通过创设情境素材,设计驱动性问题,促进学生在积极的思维活动和认知参与中主动构建知识、形成学科思想和方法.     

基于“元素周期表及周期律”认知结构测查的学习困难分析

采用流程图法探查高中生"元素周期表及周期律"认知结构,以剖析其学习困难,量化计算和质性分析表明学生倾向使用"描述""情境推理"策略建构知识;认知结构中存在的错误与"对比和比较"策略的不当使用相关;建构知识的逻辑顺序多由"表"到"律"或"构";注重对具体规律的记忆而忽视规律的内在本质。     

从“三序结合”视角研讨人教版《化学1》的使用

教材编写是一项复杂、艰巨的工程,教材编写意图很大程度上需要教师在教学实践中加以体会.从教材使用者的角度阐述了人教版《化学1(必修)》内容逻辑顺序、学生认识顺序和心理发展顺序相结合的构建原则和使用体会,列举了现阶段高中化学新教材使用过程中可能出现的误区.     

基于有意义学习理论的中英教材内容比较——以“金属的冶炼”为例

以奥苏贝尔的“有意义学习”理论为基础,比较了中英化学教材的内容,发现英国的教材内容丰富、逻辑严密;我国教材简明扼要,体现“双基”特色。通过讨论,认为我国教材在以后的编写中还可进一步拓展化学学科的相关内容,教师应改善学生对知识的积累方法,兼顾学生认知结构中知识的数量和质量。     

新加坡初中化学教材栏目设置的特点及思考

以新加坡初中化学G.C.E.‘O’ Level Science Discover Chemistry教材为研究对象,主要从教材中栏目设置情况和具体案例进行分析,总结出该教材具有"信息提示类栏目独具特色,实验探究类栏目强调实际应用,课外资料类栏目突出与时俱进,归纳总结类栏目强化宏微结合,思考练习类栏目注重因材施教"的特点,并对我国初中化学教材的栏目设置提出了几点思考和启示。     

在实践中感受新教材的魅力——谈使用山东科技版高中化学实验教科书的体会

山东科技版高中化学教科书忠实地体现了高中化学课程标准的理念,编写体系符合学科知识体系;栏目设置鲜明突出,功能齐全;内容选择既符合现实生活和学生实际又展示了学科前沿;画面色彩艳丽,图文并茂,是引导学生发展认知,提高能力,完善人格的一本很好的范例。教学中我校用可变的、发展的、开放的眼光来看待教材,使用教材,收到了很好的教学效果。     

Dichroism of absorption and polarization of phosphorescence of molecules of the closed form of nitrobenzospirothiopyran

The spectral-polarization characteristics of absorption and phosphorescence of molecules of the initial form of nitro-substituted indolinospirobenzothiopyran were studied in oriented polyethylene films and in solutions with different polarity. An oscillator model of the electron transitions responsible for the formation of absorption and luminescence spectra was suggested. It was established that the principal differences in the spectral and photophysical properties of the compound studied and its oxygen-containing analog are associated with the fact that the electronegativity of the S atom is lower than that of the O atom. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 6, pp. 1143–1146, June, 1997.     

非那雄胺合成工艺改进

非那雄胺能抑制5α-还原酶的活性,明显降低二氢睾酮水平,是一种治疗良性前列腺增生的有效药品。该合成工艺以甾烯酮酸为原料,将其与氯化亚砜反应,无须分离即与叔丁胺反应得17β-酰胺化合物,再氧化开环,环合,氢化,脱氢合成了非那雄胺。经元素分析、IR、1HNMR、13CNMR、MS分析表征了其结构。该法无须使用昂贵的2,2-二吡啶二硫化物和剧毒药品苯亚硒酸酐,且以乙酸铵代替氨气,降低了对设备的要求和腐蚀,更适用于工业生产。     

Determination of heats of detonation and influence of components of composite explosives on heats of detonation of high explosives

The heats of detonation of 20 simple high explosives and explosive mixtures were determined by means of an adiabatic detonation calorimeter designed by the authors. The results indicated that the performance of the instrument was reliable and the experimental data were very accurate. For explosive mixtures, there was a linear accumulative relationship between the heats of detonation of the explosive mixture and its components. Accordingly, the heats of detonation of explosive mixtures could be calculated directly from the heats of detonation of simple explosives and the characteristic heats of other components. The experiments showed that the gold or brass shell of the cylindrical charge could be substituted by a thick-walled porcelain shell, which had the advantage of cheapness.

     

Synthesis of phenolic components of Grains of Paradise

Two vanilloids, (5E)-8-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)oct-5-en-4-one (1) and 4-[3-hydroxydecyl]-2-methoxyphenol (2), isolated from the dried seeds of Grains of Paradise (Aframomum melegueta), were synthesized; the latter compound was made as the S-enantiomer and the material derived from the seeds was found to be a 1:1.7 mixture of the R and S isomers. The synthetic route used should allow the preparation of analogs having extended alkyl chains and consequently different lipophilicity, and 3, a homolog of 2, was also prepared.     

Summary of development of the theory of stability of colloids and thin films

In this review, the research of the author in the field of colloidal systems is summarized. The factors influencing colloidal stability are systematized and analyzed. Examples are presented to illustrate the practical utilization of the theory of stability of colloids and thin films.This review was prepared on the basis of the works of the author, which were awarded the State Premium for 1991 in the field of science and technology, chemistry section.Institute of Physical Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117915 Moscow. Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk, Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 8, pp. 1708–1717, August, 1992.     

Study of hydration of two cements of different strengths

Main hydration products of two cement pastes, i.e. CSH-gel, portlandite (P) (and specific surface S) were studied by static heating, and by SEM, TEM and XRD, as a function of cement strength (C-33 and C-43) hydration time (th) and subsequent hydration in water vapour.Total change in mass on hydration and air drying, M_o, increased with strength of cement paste and with hydration time. Content of water escaping at 110 to 220°C, defined as water bound with low energy, mainly interlayer and hydrate water, was independent on cement strength but its content increased with (th). Content of chemically bound (zeolitic) water in CSH-gel, escaping at 220-400°C, was slightly dependent on strength and increased with (th). It was possibly derived from the dehydroxylation of CSH-gel and AFm phase. Portlandite water, escaping at 400-500°C, was independent on cement strength and was higher on longer hydration. Large P crystals were formed in the weaker cement paste C-33. Smaller crystals were formed in C-43 but they increased with (th). Carbonate formated on contact with air (calcite, vaterite and aragonite), decomposed in cement at 600-700^oC. It was high in pastes C-33(1 month) and C-43(1 month), i.e. 5.7 and 3.3%, respectively; it was less than 1% after 6 hydration months (low sensitivity to carbonation) in agreement with the XRD study showing carbonates in the air dry paste (1month), and its absence on prolonged hydration (6 months) and on acetone treatment. Water vapour treatment of (6 months) pastes or wetting-drying increased this sensitivity.Nanosized P-crystals, detected by TEM, could contribute to the cement strength; carbonate was observed on the rims of gel clusters.This revised version was published online in November 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

氯氧化镁生成热的研究

用氧化镁氯化镁水溶液制备了8水合氯氧化镁[nMg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O], 并测定了其在盐酸中的溶解热, 实验结果表明, 氯氧化镁溶解热与n值呈线性关系, 根据溶解热求出5Mg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O和3Mg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O的生成热分别为-7727.1和5888.1kJ·mol^1^-。     

Thermodynamics of the formation of oxosulfides of rare-earth elements

The enthalpies of solution of several oxosulfides of rare-earth elements and the high-temperature enthalpies of oxosulfides and oxosulfates of lanthanum and yttrium were measured using solution calorimetry and high-temperature microcalorimetry techniques. Standard enthalpies of formation and some thermodynamic properties of oxosulfides and oxosulfates were calculated. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 2 pp. 294–297, February, 1997.     

探究“铁的锈蚀条件”实验创新设计

设计了铁的锈蚀实验,说明了铁钉的处理方法,增加了温度、酸、碱的影响条件,实现了铁跟蒸馏水及空气中氧气快速反应而生锈,使实验在5 min左右就能够得到准确的结果。