基于PDF-LES模型的凹腔支板火焰稳定器模拟

航空发动机加力燃烧室有进口气体温度高、速度高、湍流度大的特点,是极为典型的湍流与燃烧相互耦合的工况。大涡模拟(LES)兼具高精度与合理计算量两个特点,概率密度函数模型(PDF)适用于湍流与复杂化学反应相互耦合的问题。本文在基于PDF-LES的Aero Engine Combustor Simulation Code(AECSC)程序基础上,对凹腔支板火焰稳定器进行数值模拟。使用气相版本对有无凹腔支板结构分别进行三个速度入口条件下的甲烷湍流燃烧模拟,并用两相版本对带凹腔支板结构进行设计工况下煤油喷雾的模拟。结果表明:凹腔结构的火焰稳定性要优于无凹腔结构;凹腔支板结构对于液相燃料的控制能力较气相更强。     

基于FGM的旋流预混燃烧室超大涡模拟

针对航空发动机燃烧室等复杂工程中的预混燃烧问题发展高精度、高效的数值预测方法,本研究发展了火焰面生成流型(FGM)详细化学反应建表方法结合超大涡模拟方法(VLES),对工程中的GE LM6000预混旋流燃烧室燃烧开展了高精度数值研究,并与实验结果进行了比较。计算结果表明,VLES-FGM方法可以较准确地预测出旋流预混燃烧室内的流场及温度场分布。为了进一步模拟航空发动机真实的燃烧工况,对原始单头部燃烧室使用周期性边界条件来类比全环燃烧室。计算结果表明,VLES-FGM方法计算得到的周期性燃烧室流场回流区相比较固壁边界燃烧室较小,并且固壁边界燃烧室温度场具有明显的颈部结构,燃烧室下游的高温区分布更为均匀。本文计算结果表明基于FGM燃烧模型的自适应湍流模拟方法VLES对于模拟复杂航空发动机相关的旋流预混燃烧具有很大的应用潜力。     

间隙区域的流动结构对压气机气动性能的影响

以一单级轴流压气机实验台为研究对象,对其内部流动进行了全工况的数值模拟。数值计算结果与实验测量结果对比分析表明程序很好地预测出了单级压气机的总性能和基元性能。数值分析峰值效率和失速边界工况下动叶和静叶间隙区域流动结构的变化表明:随着压气机的运行工况由峰值效率点向失速边界点移动,动、静叶间隙泄漏涡向下游发展过程中产生的阻塞效应明显增强,该阻塞效应是导致压气机失速的主要原因。     

高温空气燃烧炉内耦合传热的数值模拟

用自行开发的三维湍流流动、燃烧、辐射传热和NO_x湍流生成的计算程序,用离散坐标方法(DOM)模拟炉内的辐射传热并与其它传热方式相耦合,与各个输运方程共同求解,对燃烧室内的温度场进行了数值模拟.通过改变高温空气的预热温度,数值分析了高温空气燃烧炉内采用燃气直接喷射技术(FDI)的温度分布特性,检验了所采用的耦合数值模拟技术的有效性.模拟计算结果表明,提高空气预热温度,炉内温度的峰值相应增大,温度梯度降低,温度分布更均匀,火焰更长.相关的实验结果与数值预报的结果对比表明了相一致的规律.     

H_2/N_2/O_2射流扩散火焰的直接数值模拟

直接数值模拟(DNS),大涡模拟(LES)与雷诺时均模拟(RANS)是数值模拟燃烧流动的三大主要方法,而射流扩散火焰在燃烧理论,实验研究与数值模拟中都扮演着十分重要的角色,本文采用完全可压缩的Naive-Stokes方程,对喷口直径为D=1 mm,Re=2000的射流扩散火焰进行了直接数值模拟.本文首先分析了冷态时H_2,O_2的混合,发现燃料与氧气在流向长度大于6D后的区域混合得十分充分.随后本文分析了燃烧后的统计特性,主要包括速度场,密度,温度以及主要组分与混合分数的分布,并将DNS结果与实验结果进行对比分析.     

湍流模型对风力机叶片气动性能预估的影响

本文采用计算流体力学软件Fluent,选取单方程Spalart-Allmaras模型、两方程低雷诺数k-ε模型和SSTk-ω模型等不同湍流模型,对NREL Phase VI风洞测试风力机的无偏航工况进行CFD模拟.通过将数值计算结果与相应的实验数据进行比较,发现在叶片表面为附着流时三种湍流模型数值模拟的结果都与实验数据吻合得很好,而在失速情况下两方程湍流模型的表现要优于单方程模型,其中以SST k-ω模型对截面压力分布、转矩等的预测更加准确.     

加力燃烧室热态流场的大涡模拟

本文采用k方程亚网格尺度模型对带V形槽稳定器模型加力燃烧室紊流化学反应流进行大涡模拟的研究,采用亚网格EBU燃烧模型估算化学反应速率,用热通量辐射模型估算辐射通量。数值计算表明,在稳定器后面开始在短时间内出现涡的交替脱落和逐渐消失过程,然后形成稳定的回流区,数值计算结果与实验比较吻合,表明可用大涡模拟研究实际燃烧室瞬态燃烧流场。     

基于二阶矩燃烧模型的液雾燃烧大涡模拟

采用亚网格动能(k方程)应力模型、二阶矩(SOM)燃烧模型和欧拉拉氏两相流模型,对乙醇-空气液雾燃烧进行了大涡模拟(LES)。瞬态结果显示:在火焰的高温区域,旋涡强度较大;在高温区边缘附近存在的拟序结构有脱落的趋势。在燃烧装置的燃料进口附近,近喷嘴中心区域,大量液滴聚集在条状湍流拟序结构的周围。LES模拟的统计结果给出的温度分布与实验结果吻合较好。说明SOM燃烧模型适用于液雾两相湍流燃烧研究,计算结果经过和实验数据对比发现,LES-SOM燃烧模型优于RANS-PDF及LES-FA计算结果。数值计算结果与实验结果的误差主要是由于采用统观一步反应机理引起的,表明燃烧模型还有待进一步改进。     

整装式含能液体燃烧推进实验研究及数值模拟

设计了小口径整装式液体发射药燃烧推进模拟装置,采用多级渐扩型燃烧室,研究了整装式液体发射药燃烧稳定性控制问题.研究结果表明:四级渐扩型燃烧室p-t曲线的一致性较好,燃烧过程稳定.在实验基础上建立了整装式液体发射药燃烧推进的内弹道简化模型,数值模拟结果与实测结果吻合较好.     

基于高精度WENO格式的平面叶栅内流大涡模拟

基于5阶WENO格式结合AUSM+-up通量分裂方法编制密度基有限差分数值计算程序,并对NACA 65平面叶栅在不可压和亚音速工况下的流动进行三维大涡模拟研究,计算所得翼型表面时均压力系数分布与文献中实验结果符合较好,使数值算法和计算程序的可用性得到验证。大涡模拟获得了叶栅流道内瞬态流场的细节特征,体现了高分辨率格式捕捉精细流动结构的能力。本文工作为针对叶轮机械复杂可压缩内流问题进行更深入的高精度LES研究奠定了基础。     

Large Eddy Simulations of a piloted lean premix jet flame using finite-rate chemistry

A Large Eddy Simulation (LES) model capable of accurately representing finite-rate chemistry effects in turbulent premixed combustion is presented. The LES computations use finite-rate chemistry and implicit LES combustion modelling to simulate an experimentally well-documented lean-premixed jet flame stabilized by a stoichiometric pilot. The validity of the implicit LES assumption is discussed and criteria are expressed in terms of subgrid scale Damköhler and Karlovitz numbers. Simulation results are compared to experimental data for velocity, temperature and species mass fractions of CH₄, CO and OH. The simulation results highlight the validity and capability of the present approach for the flame and in general the combustion regime examined. A sensitivity analysis to the choice of the finite-rate chemistry mechanism is reported, this analysis indicates that the one and two-step global reaction mechanisms evaluated fail to capture the reaction layer with sufficient accuracy, while a 20-species skeletal mechanism reproduces the experimental observations accurately including the key finite-rate chemistry indicators CO and OH. The LES results are shown to be grid insensitive and that the grid resolution within the bounds examined is far less important compared to the sensitivity of the finite-rate chemistry representation. The results are analyzed in terms of the flame dynamics and it is shown that intense small scale mixing (high Karlovitz number) between the pilot and the jet is an important mechanism for the stabilization of the flame.     

Large-eddy simulation of MILD combustion using partially stirred reactor approach

Subgrid-scale (SGS) parameterization and method for calculating filtered reaction rate are critical components of an accurate large-eddy simulation (LES) of turbulent flames. In this study, we integrate gradient-type structural SGS models with a partially stirred reactor approach by using detailed chemical kinetics to simulate a turbulent methane/hydrogen jet flame under moderate or intense low-oxygen dilution (MILD) conditions. The study examines two oxygen dilution levels. The framework is assessed through a systematic and comprehensive comparison of temperature, and mass fractions of major and minor species with experimental data and other reference simulation results. Overall, the statistics of the combustion field show excellent agreement with measurements at different axial locations, and a significant improvement compared to some previous simulations. It suggests that the proposed nonlinear LES framework is able to accurately model MILD combustion with reasonable computational cost.     

Large eddy simulation of a pulverized coal jet flame ignited by a preheated gas flow

Large eddy simulation (LES) is applied to a pulverized coal jet flame ignited by a preheated gas flow. The simulation results are compared to experimental data obtained for the inlet stoichiometric ratios of 0.14, 0.22, and 0.36. An accurate and computationally inexpensive devolatilization model suitable for combustion simulation in LES is proposed and incorporated into the LES. The numerical results of gas temperature and coal burnout on the centerline show good agreement with the experimental data. Two kinds of lift-off heights are introduced to verify the combustion simulation. One is the height from the primary nozzle exit to the starting point of the growing flame region. The other is the height from the primary nozzle exit to the starting point of the continuous flame region. The calculated results of the two lift-off heights show good agreement with the experimental data. In contrast to LES, the standard k–ε model overestimates the lift-off heights because it calculates time-averaged temperature which does not contain information about local flame structure. The stoichiometric ratio in the gas phase at the starting point of the growing flame region is found to be independent of the inlet stoichiometric ratio in the range from 0.14 to 0.36.     

贴体坐标系下模型加力室的大涡模拟

本文利用贴体网格对带V形槽稳定器模型加力燃烧室素流化学反应流流动进行大涡模拟的研究。采用区域法生成模型加力燃烧室的二维贴体网格,并采用多区域耦合法进行区域之间的数据传递,求解加力室整体流场。采用k方程亚网格尺度模型和亚网格EBU燃烧模型分别估算其亚网格紊流粘性和化学反应速率,用热通量辐射模型估算辐射通量,并用交错网格下SIMPLE算法和混合差分格式求解离散方程,壁面函数处理固壁边界条件。计算结果显示了稳定器后面的回流区气流结构,所得的热态流场模拟结果与实验比较吻合,表明采用贴体网格对模型加力燃烧室进行大涡模拟能真实反映流体流动及燃烧过程。     

Large-eddy simulation of equilibrium plasma-assisted combustion in supersonic flow

A large-eddy simulation (LES) model with a new localized dynamic subgrid closure for the magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) equations is used to investigate plasma-assisted combustion in supersonic flow. A 16-species and 74-reactions kinetics model is used to simulate hydrogen-air combustion and high-temperature air dissociation. The numerical model is validated with experimental data for non-reacting and reacting supersonic flow over a rearward-facing step. The creation of a plasma source near the step corner is shown to have a strong localized effect with the high temperature region resulting in an increase of the radical species concentration in the mixing region. This has the potential for enhancing combustion. In addition, downstream fuel–air mixing is improved, primarily by the creation of a strong baroclinic torque effect in the near field of the plasma source. Furthermore, by adding an uniform external magnetic field, the Lorentz force effect helps to further enhance mixing by lifting the shear layer and increasing fuel penetration by approximately 20%.     

Large eddy simulation of swirling particle-laden flow in a model axisymmetric combustor

This paper focuses on the application of the large eddy simulation (LES) technique to a swirling particle-laden flow in a model combustion chamber. A series of calculations have been performed and compared directly with detailed experimental measurements. The computational domain identically matches the laboratory configuration, which effectively isolates effects related to dilute particle dispersion and momentum coupling. Results highlight the predictive capabilities of LES when implemented with the appropriate numerics, grid resolution (as dictated by the class of models employed) and well-defined boundary conditions. The case study provides a clearer understanding of the effectiveness and feasibility of current state-of-the-art models and a quantitative understanding of relevant modeling issues by analyzing the characteristic parameters and scales of importance. The novel feature of the results presented is that they establish a baseline level of confidence in our ability to simulate complex flows at conditions representative of those typically observed in gas-turbine (and similar) combustors.     

自定义标量法模拟丙烷燃烧过程

采用自定义标量法模拟丙烷扩散燃烧,该方法通过把反应组分定义为Fluent程序的自定义标量、化学反应速率作为源项求解质量、动量、能量和组分守恒方程,并用化学反应引起的能量变化修正能量方程.考虑了详细的化学反应机理,整个燃烧反应机理包括27种化学物质(不含N2)和83个基元反应.合理地模拟出了丙烷的燃烧过程,并将火焰的长度、温度、丙烷、氧气以及中间产物的分布与实验数据进行比较.     

Large Eddy simulation of a pulverised coal jet flame

Large Eddy simulation (LES) has been applied to the pulverised coal jet flame studied at the Japanese Central Research Institute of Electric Power (CRIEPI). A working set of models to represent coal combustion, Lagrangian particle transport and radiative heat transfer in an LES framework has been implemented and tested. The simulation results of the flow field were compared to experimental data for both a reactive and non-reactive case, and an overall good agreement emerged. A simple method for replicating pyrometer measurements was developed for the LES and results obtained from the method were compared to the experimental data. Finally the species concentrations were compared to experimental results for CO₂, O₂ and N₂. The results show the potentials of using LES for pulverised coal combustion and open the way for further developments on the coal combustion models and the applications to more complex burners.