农林类专业中仪器分析实验教学的问题与对策

针对农林类专业中“仪器分析实验”教学实践中遇到的平台条件较低，仪器硬件配置较少，学生基础相对较弱，教学难度大等问题。探究了分类设置实验教学内容，按项目分级设计模块化实验教学课堂，教学团队协同分工实施教学实践，分层创建实验教学资源，过程考核结合目标考核的综合实验教学改革。通过教学改革实践，“仪器分析实验”的教学效果得到有效改观。     

基于交叉优势特色学科的大学化学创新实验教学体系构建与实践*

以大学化学与农林优势学科交叉融合为教学改革任务,构建“基础+模块”的大学化学实验创新教学体系,分别开展“项目式”教学、“科教融合”教学、“产学研”教学、“混合式”教学、“虚实结合”教学等五位一体的实验教学实践,并建立化学创新实验课程评价新体系。本化学创新实验教学体系改革明显提高了学生的实践动手能力与综合素质,为深入开展化学基础学科与农林优势学科交叉融合教学奠定一定基础。     

面向高阶思维培养的自主型实验教学模式的设计与实践*

基于教育现代化、发展“互联网+教育”、培养创新性人才的指导思想,结合“超星学习通”网络平台与实验课堂的优势,设计了面向高阶思维培养的“预习自测-讲授讨论-自主实践-总结反思”的四段自主型实验教学模式,并应用于化学与化工类专业分析化学实验课程的教学实践。该实验教学模式增加了学生自主学习时间,培养了学生“分析、综合、评价和创造”等高阶思维能力,提高了实验课程的教学效率,为高等院校实践实验教学的改革提供了参考依据。     

基于应用型人才培养的应用化学专业实践课程体系改革研究

在应用型人才培养驱动下,探索了应用化学专业实践课程体系的改革,以“精细化学品的合成与表征”和“精细化学品生产工艺”2个方面训练为目标,构建了“专业实验-实训-生产实习”为一体的专业实践课程体系;通过CDIO模式的教学方法改革,践行了专业实践课程对人才培养的要求,提高了学生应用知识解决实际问题的能力,达到了应用型人才培养的目的。     

基于真实情境的初中化学微项目教学实践与反思*——以“溶液的形成”为例

以“溶液的形成”为例进行微项目教学实践,选择学生熟悉的护手霜为主题情境,巧妙设计了“原料分散”“微观探秘”“辨识活动”“对比实验”“感知乳化”等系列微项目活动,通过情境不断地设置认知冲突,引导学生反思、修正并最终形成更完善的概念,在环环相扣的探究活动中使学生自主建构结构化的知识。通过制作“护手霜”将“溶解”和“乳化”串联,感知溶液,感受乳化,感悟人与自然、社会的和谐、可持续发展。     

产教融合下高职“三三结合式”人才培养模式*——以药品生产技术专业为例

针对高职产教融合存在的问题,构建了“三三结合式”人才培养模式,即通过“企业指导、行业引导、学校督导”三结合,改革人才培养模式;通过“核心课程、核心问题、核心能力”三结合,深化“教师、教材、教法、教学评价”四教改革;通过“基础实验、专业实验,实习实训”三结合,优化实践教学体系。该模式的构建与实施能提升学生的职业素养,提高毕业生的就业质量,打造出优秀的双师型教师团队。     

基于移动学习平台的物理化学混合教学模式探索与实践

移动学习以移动性、及时性、交互性、随时随地性等优势改变着学习方式。将基于网络教学平台的移动学习引入到物理化学的教学中，尝试形成“线上+线下”“课内+课外”的混合教学模式。实践表明：基于移动学习平台的混合教学模式调动了学生的积极性和自主性，提高了教学质量，增强了人才素质，受到了学生的普遍好评。     

初中化学教学中培育社会责任素养*——以“燃料及其利用”复习教学为例

在分析“社会责任”素养内涵和研究现状的基础上,制订了初中化学“燃料及其利用”复习教学课的“社会责任”素养目标,并设计了以“秸秆综合利用的变迁”以及“历史悠久的薪柴燃料-使用方便的化石燃料-清洁环保的新型燃料”的燃料“进化史”为主线的教学流程。从“燃料及其利用”复习教学来看,初中化学教学可以通过真实情境、创新实验和有意义的学习经历等实践路径让学生获得“社会责任”体验,形成“社会责任”素养。     

基于PDCA循环理论的完全线上教学模式探索与实践*——以化工原理课程为例

为保障新冠疫情期间“停课不停学”的高质量开展,以化工原理课程教学为例,探讨了PDCA循环理论在“3+1+4+3”完全线上教学模式中的应用,实践教学表明2者的融合能有效保证教学顺利有序开展,对于提高学生学习动力效果显著。     

促进学生个性化深度学习的教学策略设计——以“二氧化硫的性质和作用”为例

在BEM理论的基础上，分析常规课堂教学的弊端，提出“1-1-2问题模板策略”进行教学设计的建议，以苏教版《化学1》“二氧化硫的性质和作用”为例，展示学生进行个性化深度学习的实践探究过程。     

Dichroism of absorption and polarization of phosphorescence of molecules of the closed form of nitrobenzospirothiopyran

The spectral-polarization characteristics of absorption and phosphorescence of molecules of the initial form of nitro-substituted indolinospirobenzothiopyran were studied in oriented polyethylene films and in solutions with different polarity. An oscillator model of the electron transitions responsible for the formation of absorption and luminescence spectra was suggested. It was established that the principal differences in the spectral and photophysical properties of the compound studied and its oxygen-containing analog are associated with the fact that the electronegativity of the S atom is lower than that of the O atom. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 6, pp. 1143–1146, June, 1997.     

非那雄胺合成工艺改进

非那雄胺能抑制5α-还原酶的活性,明显降低二氢睾酮水平,是一种治疗良性前列腺增生的有效药品。该合成工艺以甾烯酮酸为原料,将其与氯化亚砜反应,无须分离即与叔丁胺反应得17β-酰胺化合物,再氧化开环,环合,氢化,脱氢合成了非那雄胺。经元素分析、IR、1HNMR、13CNMR、MS分析表征了其结构。该法无须使用昂贵的2,2-二吡啶二硫化物和剧毒药品苯亚硒酸酐,且以乙酸铵代替氨气,降低了对设备的要求和腐蚀,更适用于工业生产。     

Determination of heats of detonation and influence of components of composite explosives on heats of detonation of high explosives

The heats of detonation of 20 simple high explosives and explosive mixtures were determined by means of an adiabatic detonation calorimeter designed by the authors. The results indicated that the performance of the instrument was reliable and the experimental data were very accurate. For explosive mixtures, there was a linear accumulative relationship between the heats of detonation of the explosive mixture and its components. Accordingly, the heats of detonation of explosive mixtures could be calculated directly from the heats of detonation of simple explosives and the characteristic heats of other components. The experiments showed that the gold or brass shell of the cylindrical charge could be substituted by a thick-walled porcelain shell, which had the advantage of cheapness.

     

Synthesis of phenolic components of Grains of Paradise

Two vanilloids, (5E)-8-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)oct-5-en-4-one (1) and 4-[3-hydroxydecyl]-2-methoxyphenol (2), isolated from the dried seeds of Grains of Paradise (Aframomum melegueta), were synthesized; the latter compound was made as the S-enantiomer and the material derived from the seeds was found to be a 1:1.7 mixture of the R and S isomers. The synthetic route used should allow the preparation of analogs having extended alkyl chains and consequently different lipophilicity, and 3, a homolog of 2, was also prepared.     

Summary of development of the theory of stability of colloids and thin films

In this review, the research of the author in the field of colloidal systems is summarized. The factors influencing colloidal stability are systematized and analyzed. Examples are presented to illustrate the practical utilization of the theory of stability of colloids and thin films.This review was prepared on the basis of the works of the author, which were awarded the State Premium for 1991 in the field of science and technology, chemistry section.Institute of Physical Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117915 Moscow. Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk, Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 8, pp. 1708–1717, August, 1992.     

Study of hydration of two cements of different strengths

Main hydration products of two cement pastes, i.e. CSH-gel, portlandite (P) (and specific surface S) were studied by static heating, and by SEM, TEM and XRD, as a function of cement strength (C-33 and C-43) hydration time (th) and subsequent hydration in water vapour.Total change in mass on hydration and air drying, M_o, increased with strength of cement paste and with hydration time. Content of water escaping at 110 to 220°C, defined as water bound with low energy, mainly interlayer and hydrate water, was independent on cement strength but its content increased with (th). Content of chemically bound (zeolitic) water in CSH-gel, escaping at 220-400°C, was slightly dependent on strength and increased with (th). It was possibly derived from the dehydroxylation of CSH-gel and AFm phase. Portlandite water, escaping at 400-500°C, was independent on cement strength and was higher on longer hydration. Large P crystals were formed in the weaker cement paste C-33. Smaller crystals were formed in C-43 but they increased with (th). Carbonate formated on contact with air (calcite, vaterite and aragonite), decomposed in cement at 600-700^oC. It was high in pastes C-33(1 month) and C-43(1 month), i.e. 5.7 and 3.3%, respectively; it was less than 1% after 6 hydration months (low sensitivity to carbonation) in agreement with the XRD study showing carbonates in the air dry paste (1month), and its absence on prolonged hydration (6 months) and on acetone treatment. Water vapour treatment of (6 months) pastes or wetting-drying increased this sensitivity.Nanosized P-crystals, detected by TEM, could contribute to the cement strength; carbonate was observed on the rims of gel clusters.This revised version was published online in November 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

氯氧化镁生成热的研究

用氧化镁氯化镁水溶液制备了8水合氯氧化镁[nMg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O], 并测定了其在盐酸中的溶解热, 实验结果表明, 氯氧化镁溶解热与n值呈线性关系, 根据溶解热求出5Mg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O和3Mg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O的生成热分别为-7727.1和5888.1kJ·mol^1^-。     

Thermodynamics of the formation of oxosulfides of rare-earth elements

The enthalpies of solution of several oxosulfides of rare-earth elements and the high-temperature enthalpies of oxosulfides and oxosulfates of lanthanum and yttrium were measured using solution calorimetry and high-temperature microcalorimetry techniques. Standard enthalpies of formation and some thermodynamic properties of oxosulfides and oxosulfates were calculated. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 2 pp. 294–297, February, 1997.     

恶臭嗅辨实验室建设探讨

针对恶臭测试的环境影响问题,提出了解决的实例方案,并对方案的要点及优缺点进行讨论,此方案在实际操作中具有较好的效果。