PCB上微带线的电磁耦合时域建模分析方法

基于时域有限差分方法和传输线方程,结合高效网格建模技术,文中提出了一种高效的时域建模算 法,它能有效解决微带线的电磁耦合建模问题,实现空间电磁场与微带线瞬态响应的同步计算。首先,结合经验公 式,计算得到微带线的单位长度分布参数,构建适用于微带线电磁耦合分析的传输线方程。然后,采用时域有限差 分(Finite-Difference Time-Domain, FDTD)方法,结合非均匀网格技术和自动网格生成技术,仿真得到微带线激励场, 并在每个时间步进上引入传输线方程获得等效分布源项。最后,对传输线方程使用FDTD 的中心差分格式进行离 散,实现微带线及其端接电路上瞬态响应的迭代求解。为了验证时域建模算法的正确性和高效性,通过自由空间和 屏蔽腔内PCB 上微带线电磁耦合的数值模拟,从计算精度和耗时两方面与传统FDTD 方法的计算结果进行了对比。     

有损土壤上的多导体传输线的时域分析

将多导体传输线（ＭＴＬ）的土壤复数阻抗拓展为土壤运算阻抗,采用Ｐａｄｅ展开法,提出了计及土壤影响的多导体传输线的时域模型,建立了该模型的时域有限差分（ＦＤＴＤ）算法。通过对计及土壤影响的架空单导体和双导体传输线的波过程计算,表明本文方法的正确性,并可以应用于超高压变电站高压母线和超高压输电线路的瞬态电磁干扰计算。     

立体弯折线缆线束电磁耦合分析的时域混合算法

受复杂系统布线空间的制约,线缆通常为线束结构,并呈现弯折和空间立体分布形态。目前,针对立体弯折线缆线束(BSCs)的电磁耦合,仍缺乏高效的时域建模分析方法。因此,该文基于时域有限差分(FDTD)方法和传输线(TL)方程,提出自适应线缆网格技术,结合高效插值技术和电荷守恒定律,研究了一种高效的时域混合算法,实现立体弯折线缆线束的电磁耦合时域快速同步计算。首先,将立体弯折线束整体结构按照弯折节点分解成多段独立的子线束。然后,基于传输线方程和FDTD方法,结合自适应线缆网格技术和插值技术,构建各段空间立体分布的子线束电磁耦合模型,并求解得到线束沿线各点的瞬态响应。最后,根据电荷守恒定律,构建弯折节点的等效电路模型并求解得到节点处的电压,实现各段子线束之间的干扰信号传输。通过理想导电板上和屏蔽机箱内立体弯折线束电磁耦合的数值模拟,从计算精度和耗用时间方面与CST和FDTD-SPICE的仿真结果进行对比,验证所提方法的正确性和高效性。     

信号时域提取方法结合时域有限差分法分析传输线馈电的微波元件

本文提出了一种信号时域提取方法,对于非色散传输线馈电的微波元件,利用这一方法,从时域模拟获得的总场响应中提取馈线参考面上的时域入射波和反射波,进而得到其频域特性,与传统方法相比,它可以避免通过时域有限差分法直接求解入射波和反射流,因此可以减少计算时间和计算机内存。矩形微带天线的数值模拟表明,这种方法和计算精度与传统方法完全一致。     

传输线端接复杂电路的电磁耦合时域分析方法

该文基于时域有限差分(FDTD)方法和传输线方程,结合Ngspice软件,提出一种高效的时域混合算法,能够快速模拟空间电磁场作用传输线端接复杂电路的电磁耦合问题。该算法的优势在于实现了空间电磁场辐射与端接复杂电路瞬态响应的协同计算,且避免了对传输线和复杂电路结构的直接建模。首先,将复杂电路通过传输线的特性阻抗进行等效,采用FDTD方法结合传输线方程,求解得到特性阻抗上的入射电流响应。然后,在每个时间步上,将该电流引入复杂电路作为激励源,联合电路模型建立网表文件。最后,使用Ngspice软件读取网表文件,并仿真得到电路各元件上的瞬态响应。通过相应计算实例的数值模拟,与电磁场仿真软件CST的计算结果以及耗用内存和时间进行对比,验证了算法的正确性和高效性。

     

传输线端接复杂电路的电磁耦合时域分析方法

该文基于时域有限差分(FDTD)方法和传输线方程,结合Ngspice软件,提出一种高效的时域混合算法,能够快速模拟空间电磁场作用传输线端接复杂电路的电磁耦合问题.该算法的优势在于实现了空间电磁场辐射与端接复杂电路瞬态响应的协同计算,且避免了对传输线和复杂电路结构的直接建模.首先,将复杂电路通过传输线的特性阻抗进行等效,采用FDTD方法结合传输线方程,求解得到特性阻抗上的入射电流响应.然后,在每个时间步上,将该电流引入复杂电路作为激励源,联合电路模型建立网表文件.最后,使用Ngspice软件读取网表文件,并仿真得到电路各元件上的瞬态响应.通过相应计算实例的数值模拟,与电磁场仿真软件CST的计算结果以及耗用内存和时间进行对比,验证了算法的正确性和高效性.     

双绞传输线电磁兼容特性的FDTD分析

将曲线坐标系中的时域有限差分法（FDTD）拓展到空间为任意媒质情形，然后针对双绞传输线的特殊结构综合运用曲线坐标系、圆柱坐标系、旋转坐标系和子域连接法进行空间网格划分、FDTD建模，并通过求解双绞传输线和平行传输线的特性阻抗对该建模的准确度进行了验证，最后在空间线源激励下对双绞线和平行线的电磁兼容特性进行了比较，可以看出双绞线对空间电磁场的耦合能力远远低于平行线。     

端接复杂电路传输线网络的电磁耦合时域并行计算方法

针对端接复杂电路传输线(TL)网络的电磁耦合问题,仍缺乏高效的场路协同仿真技术。该文将传输线方程与时域有限差分(FDTD)方法、诺顿定理和置换定理以及NGSPICE软件相结合,并引入消息传递接口(MPI)并行技术,提出一种高效的时域混合并行算法(FDTDTL-NGSPICE)。首先,根据诺顿定理和置换定理,将传输线网络分解为传输线子系统和复杂电路子系统,并构建对应的等效电路模型。然后,使用FDTDTL并行算法计算传输线子系统沿线各点的电压和电流,并获取对应诺顿等效电路的电流源和等效导纳大小。最后,使用NGSPICE对复杂电路子系统进行传导干扰分析,获得复杂电路各元件上的瞬态响应,并将端口电压反馈给传输线子系统作为边界,实现传输线网络电磁耦合的场线路联合协同仿真。通过对3类典型场景的计算实例,分别使用时域混合并行算法和电磁仿真软件CST电缆工作室(CS)进行数值模拟并对比,验证所提算法的置信度。     

时域电场积分方程的稳定求解

提出了一种基于时域电场积分方程的稳定精确数值方法计算任意形状理想导体的时域散射.矢量位的时间导数采用中心差分近似,而标量位采用时间平均表示,并且标量位和矢量位在单元上随时间变化采用单元中心处的值来计算.将该方法与隐式方法相结合可以得到稳定精确的求解结果,而不必对电流密度进行时间或空间平均的处理过程.从模拟结果证明了该方法的稳定性和精确性.     

瞬变电磁法浅层探测技术

从理论上推导发射电流关断时间对瞬变电磁法勘探结果的影响,给出均匀半空间大地模型重叠回线互阻抗计算方法,分析阶跃关断与线性关断早期瞬变响应的区别,讨论了线性非零关断瞬变电磁法发射信号对浅层探测结果的影响。利用IGBT（绝缘栅双极型晶体管）实现瞬变电磁法发射电路,减小发射机关断时间,使之接近理想的阶跃函数,消除非零关断的影响,解决了加大发射电流与快关断的矛盾。实验结果表明,减小发射电流关断时间,可以提高瞬变电磁浅层勘探结果分辨率,减小瞬变电磁法勘探盲区。     

Time domain electromagnetic simulation for microwave CADapplications

Recent progress in time domain modeling is highlighted. Basic properties of time-domain simulators are reviewed, and techniques for improving computational efficiency are examined. The use of numerical synthesis through time reversal is discussed. The user interface is briefly considered and typical simulation results are given     

Time-domain modeling of electromagnetic field coupling to finite-length wires embedded in a dielectric half-space

The transient behavior of a single straight line embedded in a dielectric half-space and illuminated by the electromagnetic pulse (EMP) is analyzed directly in the time domain using the wire antenna approach. The formulation is based on the corresponding space-time Hallen integral equation. The effects of a two-media configuration are taken into account via the Fresnel reflection and transmission coefficient, respectively. The space-time Hallen integral equation is handled by the time-domain version of the indirect Galerkin-Bubnov boundary element method. The transient response obtained using the direct time-domain approach is compared with the results obtained via an indirect frequency-domain analysis method. Some illustrative numerical results are presented in the paper. Numerical results obtained via the different approaches agree satisfactorily, i.e., the maximum deviation between the results is around 6%.     

Numerical analysis of electromagnetic fields in biological issues

The feasibility of using integral equation techniques to predict EM fields in biological tissues is demonstrated by analyzing the scattering from arbitrary cylinders composed of lossy dielectric materials. For the circular cylinder case, good agreement is obtained between moment method solutions and exact solutions. To show the applicability to arbitrary geometries, an elliptical cylinder is also considered.     

Conducted electromagnetic emissions in induction motor drivesystems. I. Time domain analysis and identification of dominant modes

Stray components distributed in a pulsewidth modulation (PWM) drive system form parts of resonant circuits which can be excited to produce radio frequency (RF) noise driven by the pulsed switching action of the power devices. The dynamic response of such circuits is complex. It is essential to identify the dominant oscillation modes in the system so that electromagnetic interference (EMI) reduction techniques can be effectively implemented. This paper (Part I) investigates the mechanisms of conducted EMI emissions associated with a typical PWM inverter induction motor drive system. A numerical model, which includes the high-frequency effects within the machine, is established to evaluate the emissions in the time domain. The dominant high-frequency current paths are identified, and this allows the oscillation frequencies to be predicted from knowledge of the component values. The analysis is confirmed using laboratory measurements. Simplified frequency domain methods for direct calculation of the emission spectra based on the dominant high-frequency current paths are discussed in Part II     

Time series analysis in the frequency domain

This correspondence presents a parametric frequency domain identification algorithm for autoregressive moving average (ARMA) processes that does not suffer from spectral leakage errors. It is based on an extended transfer function model that takes into account the begin and end effect of the finite data record. The relationship with the one-step-ahead prediction error method is established. The advantages of the proposed method are easy prefiltering and leakage-free spectral representation of the raw data     

On the coupling of an external electromagnetic field to a printedcircuit board trace

Compact analytical solutions are developed for the terminal responses of a printed circuit board (PCB) trace exposed to an external electromagnetic field in the frequency and time domain. The analysis based on transmission line theory in a scattered voltage formulation uses a quasi-TEM propagation model for the trace and the exact distribution of the external electric field within the air/dielectric medium for the excitation terms. From the general solutions obtained for arbitrary wave incidence and terminal impedances, several much simpler approximations are derived revealing the principal behavior and indicating the relevant parameters to minimize the coupling. Practical examples with a comparison of the different results are presented     

Time domain algorithm for the estimation of two sinusoidalfrequencies

A computationally simple algorithm is presented that measures one or two frequencies using lookup tables and simple adders. The algorithm is based on a real-time processing of instantaneous frequency and envelope. The algorithm provides a maximum likelihood estimate in the single frequency case. Oversampling is required and the algorithm cannot estimate three or more frequencies. A complete error analysis is presented along with simulation results     

无限大导体表面孔缝耦合电磁能量分析

为有效设计电子设备，有必要了解它的最坏电磁工作环境，知道有多少电磁场通过耦合进入系统。采用矩量法分析了任意平面波通过无限大平板上小孔耦合的电磁能量，计算了电磁波通过了小孔耦合能量传输系数。     

Conductivity of quantum wires in uniform magnetic fields

The features of the de conductivity of quantum wires in longitudinal and transverse magnetic fields are studied for degenerate and nondegenerate electron gas. The conductivity is calculated on the basis of the Kubo formalism with regard to the elastic scattering of charge carriers at long-wavelength lattice vibrations. The final theoretical results for the conductivity are compared to the experimental data. The suggested model of quantum wires allows, among other things, an interpretation of the nonmonotonic dependence of the transverse magnetoresistance on the magnetic field.