气体流动热量计和苯、苯-环己烷气体热容的测量

随着化学热力学理论研究的深入和石化工业的迅速发展,混合物热力学性质的实测数据日显短缺.气体热容的测量一直为人们所重视,先后出现了各种各样的测量方法,其中以流动量热法最突出,发展也较完善.对于混合气体热容的测量,国际上尽管有一些文献报导,但由于没有解决好稳定混合气流的产生问题,测量对象仅为一些沸点相近的二元物系,且测量温度不高,很难推广到多元物系乃至不定组成物系如石油馏分的测量.本文依据Powers等人热量计和Clarke 快速蒸发器的设计原理,从结构上进行了一些改进.并将两者有机地结合起来,建立了一套可在中、低压下测量各种气体热容的金属量热装置.     

羧酸气体热容的测定与研究

The vapor heat capacities of acetic acid, propionic acid, n-butyric acid at various temperatures under atmospheric pressure were measured with a multicomponent vapor flow calorimeter. The results show that the vapor heat capacities of carboxylic acids are much larger than those of the ideal gases at the same temperature and that the vapor heat capacities decrease with increasing temperature. The effect of association in the vapor phase on the vapor heat capacity was studied.     

气体流动热量计和苯、苯-环已烷气体热容的测量

A set of vapor-flow calorimeter has been constructed on the basis of Power's adiabatic calorimeter and Clarke s flash boiler. It can determine the heat capacities of mono-or multi-component vapors from vaporizing temperature to 600 K and 10—600 kPa pressures. For the calibration of the instrument, the heat capacities of benzene have been measured under 51.1, 101.3, 309.3 and 495.2 kPa and 370—600 K tempera-tures. For multicomponent vapor, benzene-cyclohexane has been determined. The results showed that the calorimeter has both the precision and accuracy better than 1.0% for either pure or mixtural vapors.     

发挥新教材中"拓展视野"栏目的教学功能

教材是最直接、最系统的一种课程资源,如何最大限度地发挥教材各栏目的作用,促进教学工作的顺利进行,值得每一位教学工作者深入研究。本文就苏教版化学选修教材《有机化学基础》中,“拓展视野”栏目主要内容的功能及在教学中的应用,阐述了一些想法和做法。     

无机化学中拓展知识的教学设计与实践

针对大一新生出现的思想松懈、学习积极性差、学习方法转变慢、专业知识缺乏等问题,在无机化学讲授过程中,根据授课内容的特点,将课外拓展知识进行分类处理。结合生产生活实际强化学习兴趣引导;通过实际案例讲授强化知识理解深度;通过实际应用讲授强化知识活用;通过形象比喻讲授强化对枯燥理论知识的理解和记忆;将拓展知识与课堂理论知识有机结合,将理论与实践贯通。     

新课程高考有机化学试题中拓展性信息的研究

“拓展性信息”成为高考有机化学试题中的常客,对待这类信息,是迎之或是拒之,成为教师教学常思考的一个问题。主要从“拓展性信息”的来源和怎样处理这些信息2个方面提出了一些建议和想法。     

基于网络的拓展性探究教学模式在化学史教学中的应用

利用丰富的化学史网络资源和自行建设的化学史网络课程,采用Webquest形式提出问题、提供方法指引和评价方式,以辩论赛等形式进行教学效果验收,进行基于网络的化学史课程的拓展性探究教学模式的研究,使化学史课程的教学取得了良好的效果.介绍了该模式的运行方法与经验体会.     

对“苏教版”高中化学新教材中“拓展视野”栏目的教学建议

新教材中的"拓展视野"栏目具有独特的教学功能。本文就如何用好教材这一课程资源,发挥"拓展视野"在教学中的作用进行了研讨。     

初三化学“气体的制取”复习课项目式教学——探秘温室气体的温室效应

以“探秘温室气体的温室效应”为项目主题,在初中化学“气体的制取”复习课中开展项目式教学。在建构温室效应模型的基础上,学生遵循控制变量法设计实验,并综合应用气体性质和制备的相关知识,选择合适的化学反应,自主设计发生装置、除杂装置、收集装置,以满足项目实际需求。项目还采用了基于热成像检验温室气体的创新实验设计,缩短了实验时长,提高了科学性。项目的实施提高了学生迁移应用知识的能力,发展了实验探究与实践素养,培养了建模能力,增强了社会责任感。     

基于概念形成史的教学——“物质的量的单位——摩尔”教学设计

以“物质的量的单位--摩尔”为内容,尝试由“集合”的思想引出摩尔、由摩尔引出物质的量、由12C引出摩尔质量等进行教学设计,指出关注概念的起源和发展有助于学生更加深刻和准确地理解概念所承载的意义。     

Apparent Molar Heat Capacities and Apparent Molar Volumes of Aqueous 1,1,1,3,3,3-Hexafluoroisopropanol at Different Temperatures

Specific heats and apparent molar heat capacities of aqueous 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoroiso- proanol (HFIP) have been determined at temperatures from 20.0 to 45.0°C using micro differential scanning calorimetry in the molality range of 0.06741 to 1.24053 mol-kg^{– 1}. Densities and apparent molar volumes have also been determined for aqueous HFIP at temperatures from 10.3 to 30.0°C using digital densimetry in the molality range of 0.04009 to 0.67427 mol-kg^{– 1}. The results of these measurements have been used to calculate the following partial molar quantities and temperature derivatives for aqueous HFIP as a function of temperature: C_p,2,m°, (C_p,2,m°/T)_p, (²C_p,2,m°/T²)_p, V_2,m° and (V_2,m°/T)_p. The contribution of the — F atom to the partial molar heat capacity and volume has been calculated. The results have been explained in terms of structural changes in water in aqueous HFIP solution. The results obtained in this work contain essential information needed for the development of an equation of state for this system, when used in combination with other thermodynamic properties of aqueous HFIP.     

Apparent Molar Heat Capacities and Apparent Molar Volumes of Aqueous Nicotinamide at Different Temperatures

Specific heat capacities and apparent molar heat capacities of aqueous nicotinamide have been determined from 25.0 to 55.0°C using microdifferential scanning calorimetry in the molality range of 0.07433 to 1.50124 mol-kg^–1. Densities and apparent molar volumes have also been determined for aqueous nicotinamide from 10.30 to 34.98°C using a digital densimeter in the molality range 0.07804–2.02435 mol-kg^–1. The results of these measurements have been used to calculate the following partial molar quantities and temperature derivatives for aqueous nicotinamide as a function of temperature: C _p,2,m ^o, (C _p,2,m ^o/T)_p, (²C_p,2,m ^o/T ²)_p, V _2,m ^o, ( V _2,m ^o/T)_p, and (² V _2,m ²/T ²)_p. The results are discussed in terms of the changes in the packing of nicotinamide molecules in the crystal, interactions in the aqueous form, and its structure-promoting ability with rise in temperature.     

Measurements of the Molar Heat Capacities and Excess Molar Heat Capacities for Acetonitrile + Diethylamine or sec-Butylamine Mixtures at Various Temperatures and Atmospheric Pressure

As a continuation of our studies of the excess functions of binary systems containing acetonitrile (1−x)–amines (x) mixtures, the molar heat capacity, Cp, and excess molar heat capacity, Cp ^E, of acetonitrile + diethylamine or sec-butylamine mixtures have been determined as a function of composition at 288.15, 293.15, 298.15 and 303.15 K at atmospheric pressure using a modified 1455 PARR solution calorimeter. The excess heat capacity data are positive for both systems over the whole composition range. The experimental data on the excess molar heat capacity are discussed in terms of the influence of the magnitude of the experimental excess molar enthalpy, H ^E, over the curve shaped for the experimental Cp ^E data, molecular interactions in the mixtures, isomeric effect of the amines and modeling of Cp ^E data.     

烟酸的低温热容和标准摩尔生成焓

利用精密自动绝热热量计测量了分析纯烟酸在78～400 K温区的低温热容. 用最小二乘法将实验摩尔热容对温度进行拟合, 得到了热容随温度变化的多项式方程. 用此方程进行数值积分, 得到在此温区每隔5 K的舒平热容值和相对于298.15 K时的热力学函数值. 利用精密静止氧弹燃烧热量计测定了烟酸在298.15 K时的恒体积燃烧能为 Δ_cU＝ －(24528.3±16.1) J•g^－1. 依据物质燃烧焓定义计算出烟酸的标准摩尔燃烧焓为: Δ_cH_m^o＝－(3019.05±1.98) kJ•mol^－1. 最后, 依据Hess定律计算出烟酸的标准摩尔生成焓为: Δ_fH_m^o＝－(56.76±2.13) kJ•mol^－1.     

Application of the Bjerrum Association Model to Electrolyte Solutions. IV. Apparent Molar Heat Capacities and Compressibilities in Water and Aprotic Solvents

The Bjerrum association model, which has already been applied successfully to volumes and enthalpies of dilution of electrolyte solutions, has now been extended to apparent molar heat capacities and compressibilities of these systems. The proposed method of calculation, which takes into account the relaxation effect observed in second derivatives of the excess Gibbs free energy, can be used to extrapolate to infinite dilution the experimental data for systems showing a wide range of association constants in acetonitrile, propylene carbonate, and water. The concentration dependence of the thermodynamic properties can be reproduced quantitatively by the addition of one or two virial coefficients. Literature data for C _P,2, and K _S,2, of electrolytes in aprotic solvents were refitted with this equation. For dissociated or slightly associated systems (K _A < 10), the standarY ₂ ^o d infinite dilution quantities () are in excellent agreement with literature values. For systems with high K _A, Y ₂ ^o obtained by the model are systematically lower than those reported in the literature. This is not surprising, since the traditional method of extrapolation using the Debye–Hückel limiting law or the Pitzer equation does not take association into account. A computer software that performs the calculations for the application of the Bjerrum model to thermodynamic properties has been designed and is presented in the appendix.     

4-硝基苯甲醇的低温热容和标准摩尔生成焓

用精密自动绝热量热计测定了4-硝基苯甲醇（4-NBA）在78 ~ 396 K温区的摩尔热容。其熔化温度、摩尔熔化焓及摩尔熔化熵分别为:(336.426 ± 0.088) K, (20.97 ± 0.13) kJ×mol-1 和 (57.24 ± 0.36) J×K-1×mol-1.根据热力学函数关系式,从热容值计算出了该物质在80 ~ 400 K温区的热力学函数值 [HT - H298.15 K] 和[ST - S298.15 K]. 用精密氧弹燃烧量热计测定了该物质在T＝298.15 K的恒容燃烧能和标准摩尔燃烧焓分别为 (C7H7NO3, s)＝- ( 3549.11 ± 1.47 ) kJ×mol-1 和 (C7H7NO3, s)＝- ( 3548.49 ± 1.47 ) kJ×mol-1. 利用标准摩尔燃烧焓和其他辅助热力学数据通过盖斯热化学循环, 计算出了该物质标准摩尔生成焓 (C7H7NO3, s)＝- (206.49 ± 2.52) kJ×mol-1 .     

乙二胺盐酸盐的低温热容和热化学性质

合成了乙二胺盐酸盐, 并表征了其晶体结构. 测定了其在78~370 K温度区间的低温热容, 通过最小二乘法拟合得到热容对温度的多项式方程. 设计了合理的热化学循环, 测定了所设计反应的反应物和产物的溶解焓, 得到反应焓. 利用Hess定律计算出乙二胺盐酸盐的标准摩尔生成焓为-(540.74±1.33) kJ/mol. 利用紫外-可见光谱和折光指数的结果检验了所设计热化学循环的可靠性.     

Molar Volumes and Heat Capacities of Electrolytes and Ions in Nonaqueous Solvents: 1. Formamide

Apparent molar volumes and heat capacities of 27 electrolytes have been measured as a function of concentration in formamide at 25°C using a series-connected flow densimeter and Picker calorimeter system. These data were extrapolated to infinite dilution using the appropriate Debye–Hückel limiting slopes to give the corresponding standard partial molar quantities. Ionic volumes and heat capacities at infinite dilution were obtained by an appropriate assumption based on the reference electrolyte Ph₄PBPh₄ (TPTB). The ionic volumes, but not the heat capacities, agree reasonably well with previously published statistically based predictions. The values obtained are discussed in terms of simple models of electrolyte solution behavior and a number of interesting features are noted, including, possible dependencies of ionic volumes on solvent isothermal compressibility and of ionic heat capacities on solvent electron acceptor abilities.     

The Partial Molar Volume and Heat Capacity of the Glycyl Group in Aqueous Solution at 25^C

The partial molar volumes, V₂ ^{^}, and the partial molar heat capacities, C_p,2 ^{^}, at infinite dilution have been determined for three new peptides of sequence seryl(glycyl)_xglycine, where x=0 to 2, in aqueous solution at 25^{^}C. Values for V₂ ^{^} at 25^°C have also been determined for two neutral peptide derivatives N-acetylglycylglycinamide and N-acetylglycylglycylglycinamide. These V₂ ^°; and C_p,2 ^°; results were used to estimate the partial molar volume and heat capacity of the backbone glycyl group, CH₂CONH, of proteins in aqueous solution at 25^°;C. The results obtained are compared with those calculated using partial molar data for alternative model compounds. The new glycyl group contributions are in excellent agreement with those currently used in our group additivity schemes for the calculation of the partial molar volumes and heat capacities of unfolded proteins.     

促进核心素养发展的气体摩尔体积教学软件研究

在分析气体摩尔体积的教学目标、内容、现状以及所蕴含的化学学科素养的前提下,研发了指向深度学习、促进学生化学学科核心素养发展的课堂教学软件。通过该教学软件呈现可视化证据,解决气体摩尔体积教学中的挑战性问题并实现深度学习。