马来西亚高中化学课程纲要简析及启示

在简析马来西亚《高中化学课程纲要》中课程理念、课程目标、科学态度和价值观、内容组织的基础上,总结出马来西亚高中化学课程的4点特色。通过对纲要的分析,提出我国化学课程改革应突出化学与科技之间的联系、强化在活动中进行化学的学习、鼓励学生践行并内化价值观。     

浅谈我国台湾地区高中化学课程中的STSE教育

通过对我国台湾高中化学课程纲要和台湾泰宇出版社出版的高中化学教科书的研究,了解台湾高中化学课程中STSE教育的特点。     

高中化学课程中实验探究水平和探究技能的分析

运用内容分析法,分析高中化学教科书、山东省高中化学实验报告册和山东省高考化学实验试题中实验探究水平和探究技能。高中化学教科书中的实验以证实性和结构性水平为主,高中化学实验报告册中的实验为结构性水平,山东省高考化学实验试题具有指导性探究水平。3者在设计实验方案探究技能方面,出现不均衡性,较少出现提出问题、实验目的、实验假设等技能,但是,都重视分析证据得出结论和科学解释的探究技能。     

美国印第安纳州高中化学课程评析

本文介绍了美国印第安纳州2000年推出的高中化学课程标准。通过对印第安纳州高中化学课程标准结构、内容和目标等方面的分析与评价,总结出该州高中化学课程的特色所在,以期能对我国化学课程的改革起到一定的借鉴作用。     

日本新修订的高中化学课程概览

2018年3月日本文部科学省公布了新修订的、拟于2022年正式施行的《高中学习指导要领》。新修订的高中学习指导要领充实了高中化学课程的目标，形成了促进获得知识与技能，注重培养思考力、判断力、表现力，培养科学探究的态度等为核心的新目标体系，并调整了“化学基础”和“化学”2门课程的部分学习内容及学习要求。     

韩国高中化学课程的特点

从课程理念、课程目的、课程内容、课程评价等方面对韩国高中化学课程进行了研究。     

新课程背景下高中化学课外实验活动的实践与思考

在强调开放性实验探究的新课程改革实践过程中,设计开展了“原电池”为主题的课题式课外合作探究实验、“金属与稀硫酸反应”实验的定量化验证及“南京景观水体手持仪器现场监测应用”等一系列课外实验活动,初步建立起了高中化学课外实验活动的校本课程机制,培养了学生化学实验素养和可持续学习研究能力。     

我国台湾地区普通高中化学实验课程设置及内容安排

通过对我国台湾地区的高中化学课程纲要及泰宇版普通高中化学教科书的研究发现,我国台湾地区的普通高中化学实验课程设置和内容安排别具特色,体现了安全、绿色和现代的化学实验新理念。     

澳大利亚维多利亚州高中化学新课程标准评介

澳大利亚维多利亚州高中化学课程标准依据社会和化学学科发展及时更新课程理念和课程内容;课程目标强调学生科学探究和知识应用能力的形成;课程结构面向不同水平和发展需要的学生;课程内容体现化学学科的前沿性;课程评价方式操作性、指导性强。     

高中化学教科书中概念定义类型的分析与思考——从高考争议试题谈起

2018年高考理科综合试卷（全国I卷）单项选择题第8题存在2个正确答案，引起了争议，其实质是对教科书中"酶"的概念界定的争议。借此契机，以人教版高中化学教科书为例，分析了教科书中化学概念定义类型及特点，发现教科书概念定义类型丰富，但对同一概念的定义类型较为单一，造成某些概念内涵或外延不清晰，这是引起此次争议的重要原因；其次从概念定义类型与课程主题内容关系的角度考虑，教科书中"酶"的概念实质上是介绍作为"酶"的一类蛋白质的功能和作用，而并非揭示酶的构成，因此也不能片面地判定教科书中"酶"的概念存在错误；最后为教科书概念表达和教师教学提供了建议。     

Dichroism of absorption and polarization of phosphorescence of molecules of the closed form of nitrobenzospirothiopyran

The spectral-polarization characteristics of absorption and phosphorescence of molecules of the initial form of nitro-substituted indolinospirobenzothiopyran were studied in oriented polyethylene films and in solutions with different polarity. An oscillator model of the electron transitions responsible for the formation of absorption and luminescence spectra was suggested. It was established that the principal differences in the spectral and photophysical properties of the compound studied and its oxygen-containing analog are associated with the fact that the electronegativity of the S atom is lower than that of the O atom. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 6, pp. 1143–1146, June, 1997.     

非那雄胺合成工艺改进

非那雄胺能抑制5α-还原酶的活性,明显降低二氢睾酮水平,是一种治疗良性前列腺增生的有效药品。该合成工艺以甾烯酮酸为原料,将其与氯化亚砜反应,无须分离即与叔丁胺反应得17β-酰胺化合物,再氧化开环,环合,氢化,脱氢合成了非那雄胺。经元素分析、IR、1HNMR、13CNMR、MS分析表征了其结构。该法无须使用昂贵的2,2-二吡啶二硫化物和剧毒药品苯亚硒酸酐,且以乙酸铵代替氨气,降低了对设备的要求和腐蚀,更适用于工业生产。     

Determination of heats of detonation and influence of components of composite explosives on heats of detonation of high explosives

The heats of detonation of 20 simple high explosives and explosive mixtures were determined by means of an adiabatic detonation calorimeter designed by the authors. The results indicated that the performance of the instrument was reliable and the experimental data were very accurate. For explosive mixtures, there was a linear accumulative relationship between the heats of detonation of the explosive mixture and its components. Accordingly, the heats of detonation of explosive mixtures could be calculated directly from the heats of detonation of simple explosives and the characteristic heats of other components. The experiments showed that the gold or brass shell of the cylindrical charge could be substituted by a thick-walled porcelain shell, which had the advantage of cheapness.

     

Synthesis of phenolic components of Grains of Paradise

Two vanilloids, (5E)-8-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)oct-5-en-4-one (1) and 4-[3-hydroxydecyl]-2-methoxyphenol (2), isolated from the dried seeds of Grains of Paradise (Aframomum melegueta), were synthesized; the latter compound was made as the S-enantiomer and the material derived from the seeds was found to be a 1:1.7 mixture of the R and S isomers. The synthetic route used should allow the preparation of analogs having extended alkyl chains and consequently different lipophilicity, and 3, a homolog of 2, was also prepared.     

Summary of development of the theory of stability of colloids and thin films

In this review, the research of the author in the field of colloidal systems is summarized. The factors influencing colloidal stability are systematized and analyzed. Examples are presented to illustrate the practical utilization of the theory of stability of colloids and thin films.This review was prepared on the basis of the works of the author, which were awarded the State Premium for 1991 in the field of science and technology, chemistry section.Institute of Physical Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117915 Moscow. Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk, Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 8, pp. 1708–1717, August, 1992.     

Study of hydration of two cements of different strengths

Main hydration products of two cement pastes, i.e. CSH-gel, portlandite (P) (and specific surface S) were studied by static heating, and by SEM, TEM and XRD, as a function of cement strength (C-33 and C-43) hydration time (th) and subsequent hydration in water vapour.Total change in mass on hydration and air drying, M_o, increased with strength of cement paste and with hydration time. Content of water escaping at 110 to 220°C, defined as water bound with low energy, mainly interlayer and hydrate water, was independent on cement strength but its content increased with (th). Content of chemically bound (zeolitic) water in CSH-gel, escaping at 220-400°C, was slightly dependent on strength and increased with (th). It was possibly derived from the dehydroxylation of CSH-gel and AFm phase. Portlandite water, escaping at 400-500°C, was independent on cement strength and was higher on longer hydration. Large P crystals were formed in the weaker cement paste C-33. Smaller crystals were formed in C-43 but they increased with (th). Carbonate formated on contact with air (calcite, vaterite and aragonite), decomposed in cement at 600-700^oC. It was high in pastes C-33(1 month) and C-43(1 month), i.e. 5.7 and 3.3%, respectively; it was less than 1% after 6 hydration months (low sensitivity to carbonation) in agreement with the XRD study showing carbonates in the air dry paste (1month), and its absence on prolonged hydration (6 months) and on acetone treatment. Water vapour treatment of (6 months) pastes or wetting-drying increased this sensitivity.Nanosized P-crystals, detected by TEM, could contribute to the cement strength; carbonate was observed on the rims of gel clusters.This revised version was published online in November 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

氯氧化镁生成热的研究

用氧化镁氯化镁水溶液制备了8水合氯氧化镁[nMg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O], 并测定了其在盐酸中的溶解热, 实验结果表明, 氯氧化镁溶解热与n值呈线性关系, 根据溶解热求出5Mg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O和3Mg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O的生成热分别为-7727.1和5888.1kJ·mol^1^-。     

Thermodynamics of the formation of oxosulfides of rare-earth elements

The enthalpies of solution of several oxosulfides of rare-earth elements and the high-temperature enthalpies of oxosulfides and oxosulfates of lanthanum and yttrium were measured using solution calorimetry and high-temperature microcalorimetry techniques. Standard enthalpies of formation and some thermodynamic properties of oxosulfides and oxosulfates were calculated. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 2 pp. 294–297, February, 1997.     

探究“铁的锈蚀条件”实验创新设计

设计了铁的锈蚀实验,说明了铁钉的处理方法,增加了温度、酸、碱的影响条件,实现了铁跟蒸馏水及空气中氧气快速反应而生锈,使实验在5 min左右就能够得到准确的结果。