俄罗斯现行初中化学教材的分析与思考

通过对俄罗斯现行初中化学教材的分析,总结该教材在处理综合性内容与化学学科内容的关系,自然科学知识与社会科学知识的内在联系,以及化学与社会等相关问题上的设计方法和可取经验,并由此对我国初中化学教材的编写提出建议。     

国际课程IB与我国高中化学教材的比较——以原子结构和氧化还原为例

以认知心理学的观点,对IB与人民教育出版社出版的高中化学教材原子结构概念图和氧化还原本质相关内容进行比较,研究发现：IB教材知识层次性更强,更有利于学生的长时记忆;更注重对知识的多角度阐释和精细加工;运用整体分解对知识精加工。对我国高中化学教材编写的启示是：丰富知识层次和概念关系,便于学生自主构建知识网络,促进学生良好认知结构的形成和发展;对知识进行多角度阐释和精细加工,加深学生对知识的深入理解;运用多种策略促进学生程序性知识的习得。     

对我国中学化学教材编写的理论探讨

本文结合奥苏贝尔关于教材的编写和组织原则,对我国现行中学化学教材进行了分析、评价,在此基础上,对今后的教材编写从"教材的知识结构与学生的认知结构相统一"、"教材中基础理论与元素化合物知识的关系"、"教材更好地贯彻巩固性原则"、"教材编写的发展趋势"等方面,提出了一些有待同行共同探讨的问题。     

支撑自主建构强化能力形成——韩国高中化学教材化学热力学内容编排的启示

化学热力学的相关知识对学生认识化学反应中的能量变化、理解化学反应方向与限度起着至关重要的作用,但一直是高中化学学习中的难点。教材的编排方式直接影响到学生的学习难度和教师的有效教学。韩国高中化学教材化学热力学知识编排运用多种直观呈现方式,降低学习内容的抽象性;依据学生认知特点层层递进呈现知识,从而降低学习难度;运用实验教学、渗透STS教育等方式培养学生科学探究能力和知识运用能力。这些特点都值得我国高中化学教材借鉴。     

布卢姆教育目标分类视角下的中美化学教材习题比较——以“氧化还原反应和电化学”为例

基于布卢姆教育目标分类学,从知识、认知过程2个评价维度对中美化学教材“氧化还原反应和电化学”主题的习题进行了比较研究,结果表明,在知识维度,2国教材均较为重视“概念性知识”和“程序性知识”,但中国教材侧重前者而美国教材侧重后者;在认知过程维度,美国教材对“理解”“运用”水平的考查均较多且尤为侧重“运用”,中国教材对“运用”“理解”“分析”水平的考查均较多,整体上较为均衡。教材习题编写应该关注习题的课程功能创生,注重对学生学科思维、解决实际问题能力的考查,充分发挥其对教与学尤其是学生学习方式的引导作用。     

德国高中教材《今日化学》中“塑料”的特色及启示

德国高中化学教材《今日化学》充分体现了德国人求实的教育理念,分析其中"塑料"一章的内容及编排方式,发现教材具有重视应用型知识、细化技术性内容、强化理论性知识的特色,并据此对国内教材的编写和使用提出了一些建议。     

高中有机化学教学中引入乳酸相关知识的三段式教学设计

结合普通高中新课程标准实验教材《有机化学基础（选修）》（山东科学技术出版社）,设计三段式教学策略,以不同的方式引入乳酸的知识以及与其相关的手性、手性化合物、聚乳酸材料知识,供使用该教材的教师选用。     

“素养+知识”视野下的化学教材习题比较研究——以“硫及其化合物”为例

基于布卢姆教育目标分类学理论,并以化学学科核心素养及其水平划分为依据,从核心素养水平、知识和认知等3个维度对高中化学不同版本教材“硫及其化合物”的课后习题进行统计分析比较。结果表明,在核心素养上,3版教材主要在核心素养的水平1和水平2上设计习题,突出“宏观辨识与微观探析”;在知识维度上更侧重“程序性知识”的考查;在认知维度上,3版教材聚焦于“理解”“运用”和“分析”层次,但是各有侧重。据此提出教材习题使用建议。     

试论元素化合物教学中的几种关系

元素化合物知识在中学化学教材中占有重要地位。调查了解发现,有部分中学化学教师对元素化合物知识的重要性认识不足,认为元素化合物知识内容多、头绪多,仅是描述性教材,学生自己能看懂,没有什么好讲的;用不着认真钻研教材和大纲,用不着仔细考虑教学方法。并认为元素化合物知识远不及化学概念、化学理论、化学计算讲起来生动活泼。     

中学化学教材中的类比策略——基于一套美国化学教材的分析

教师及教材编写者常使用类比策略帮助学生利用已有知识形成并完善对化学概念的理解。本文分析了美国高中化学教材——《化学:概念与应用》,对从该教材中找出的80个类比进行了归类。希望分析结果能给我国的化学教育工作者以及化学教材编写者以一定的启示。     

Ab initio studies of the conformations of ethynyl formate, cyano formate and related ethynyl and cyano compounds

The optimized geometries, relative free energies and related thermodynamic properties, harmonic frequencies, and dipole moments have been calculated at the HF and MP2 levels for ethynyl formate (1a), ethynyl acetate (1b), cyano formate, HCO₂CN (1c), cyano acetate (1d), S-ethynyl thioformate (2a), S-ethynyl thioacetate (2b), S-cyano thioformate (2c), S-cyano thioacetate (2d), N-ethynylformamide (3a), N-ethynylacetamide (3b), N-cyanoformamide (3c), and N-cyanoacetamide (3d) with the gaussian 98 program. For ethynyl formate, the calculation for 25 °C at the MP2/6-311++G(df,pd) level predicts that the Z isomer is more stable by 1.23 kcal/mol. For S-ethynyl thioformate, calculations at the MP2/6-311++G(2d,2p) level predict that the E isomer is favored by 0.71 kcal/mol at 25 °C. The E isomers of N-ethynylformamide and N-ethynylacetamide were found at all levels to be more stable than the Z isomers at 25 °C. For cyano formate and cyano acetate, calculations at the MP2/6-311++G(df,pd) level predict that the Z isomers are more stable at 25 °C by 1.50 and 2.72 kcal/mol, respectively. At this level and temperature, the Z isomers of 2c, 2d, 3c, and 3d are predicted to have free energies of 0.46, −0.07, 1.22, and 2.28 kcal/mol, respectively, relative to the E conformations. Z to E free-energy barriers at 25 °C of 8.63, 10.64, 17.63, 7.39, and 14.03 kcal/mol were calculated for 1a, 2a, 3a, 1c, and 3c at the HF/6-311G(d,p) level, and at the HF/6-311+G(d,p) level, the free-energy barrier for 2c was 7.08 kcal/mol.     

Pyrazolones as Building Blocks in Heterocyclic Synthesis: Synthesis of New Pyrazolopyran,Pyrazolopyridazine and Pyrazole Derivatives of Expected Antifungicidal Activity

A series of new pyrazolone and pyrazole derivatives with expected antifungicidal activity have been prepared through the reactions 3‐phenyl‐1‐H‐pyrazol‐5(4H)‐one ( 3 ) and 4‐(dimethylaminomethylene)‐3‐phenyl‐1H‐pyrazol‐5(4H)‐one ( 5 ) with a variety of electrophilic reagents and nucleophilic reagents. The newly synthesized compounds were characterized by IR, ¹H NMR, ¹³C NMR and mass spectral studies.     

Characteristics of Lipids from Individual Organs of Veronica beccabunga

Lipids from various organs of the aquatic plant Veronica beccabunga were studied. It has been demonstrated that neutral and polar lipids are qualitatively typical of higher photosynthetic plants. Lipids in various organs of aquatic veronica were unevenly distributed. The most significant differences were observed in neutral lipids for the accumulation of glycerin esters, free fatty acids, alcohols, and hydrocarbons. The ratio of phospholipids varied considerably in the polar lipids.     

Potentiometric and thermodynamic studies of 2-mercapto-5-(2-hydroxynaphthylideamino)-1,3,4-thiadiazole and its metal complexes

Summary Proton-ligand dissociation constant of 2-mercapto-5-(2-hydroxynaphthylideamino)-1,3,4-thiadiazole (MHT) and the stepwise stability constants of its metal complexes were determined potentiometrically in 40 mass/mass% ethanol-water mixture containing 0.1 M KCl. The stabilities of the complexes follow the order: Cu²⁺>Ni²⁺>Co²⁺>Mn²⁺. The dissociation constant (pK^H) of MHT and the stability constants (logK) of its metal complexes were determined at different temperatures and the corresponding thermodynamic parameters were calculated and discussed. The proton dissociation process is non-spontaneous, endothermic and entropically unfavoured. The formation of the metal complexes was found to be spontaneous, endothermic and entropically favoured.     

溶质迁移研究进展

溶质迁移研究已成为水文地质等领域的一个重要研究课题。综述了溶质迁移研究进展,重点介绍了溶质迁移在地下水污染与防治、土壤盐碱化防治、海水入侵和咸水入侵防治等方面的研究现状,并指出应进一步研究的问题。     

Synthesis and spectral properties of malononitrile-based merocyanine dyes

Di-, tetra-, and hexamethine merocyanines derived from malononitrile and heterocycles with moderate (dyes 1–6), strong (7–9), and weak (10 and 11) electron-releasing ability were synthesized. The electronic structures of merocyanines 10 and 11 are similar to the neutral polyene state, whereas those of 7–9 are similar to the ideal polymethine state. These tendencies become more pronounced with increasing length of the polymethine chain. The merocyanines derived from heterocyclic residues with weak or moderate electron-releasing ability exhibit a positive solvatochromism, whereas those with strong electron-releasing ability show a negative solvatochromism. An increase in the polarity of the solvent makes the former compounds more similar to polymethines, whereas the latter become more similar to polyenes bearing opposite charges on the end groups. The nature of the factors (nonspecific solvation, specific nucleophilic and electrophilic solvation, and vibronic interactions) responsible for the observed characteristic features was analyzed. Published in Russian in Izvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 12, pp. 2726–2735, December, 2005.     

Elucidation of activity of copper and copper oxide nanomaterials for electrocatalytic and photoelectrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide

Copper- and copper oxide–based materials are, in principle, promising components (supports, reactive sites, and visible light–absorbing semiconductors) of electrocatalysts and photocathodes for reduction of carbon dioxide. Electrochemical and photoelectrochemical approaches are generally suitable for the low-temperature CO₂-conversion to carbon-based simple organic fuels or utility chemicals.Different concepts of utilization, including nanostructuring, doping, admixing, preconditioning, modification, or functionalization of various copper- and copper oxide–based systems for catalytic electroreduction and photoelectrochemical reduction of CO₂ are elucidated, as well as important strategies to enhance the systems' overall activity and stability are discussed.     

Studies of some monocyclic and bicyclic arylacetonitriles

The high-resolution (1)H, (13)C, (1)H-(1)H COSY and (1)H-(13)C COSY NMR spectra have been recorded in CDCl(3) for arylacetonitriles 1-12 and analyzed. The arylacetonitriles 3-7 exist in two isomeric forms E (methyl group is anti to cyano group) and Z (the methyl group is syn to cyano group) in solution. Normal chair conformation with equatorial orientations of phenyl rings at C-2 and C-6 for monocyclic nitriles 1 and 2, epimeric chair structure EC (axial configuration of methyl group at C-3) for both the E and Z isomers of arylacetonitrile derivatives (3-7) and a distorted boat form, B(3), for the N-acylacetonitrile derivatives (8-10) have been proposed based on NMR data. The bicyclic nitriles 11 and 12 exist in twin chair conformations in solution. DFT calculations and chemical shifts also support these conformations. Geometry optimizations for 1-12 were carried out according to density functional theory using B3LYP/6-31G(d,p) basis set and for 1 and 8 the theoretical geometrical parameters have been compared with those of single crystal measurements.