Null

问:何谓钢铁中全碳量(总碳量)和游离碳? 答:碳在钢、铁中主要以化合状态和游离状态存在.在钢中主要以铁的碳化物如:Fe3C、Fe23C6等以及与某些合金元素的碳化物如:Mn3C、WC、TiC、MoC、VC、Cr3C2、Cr6C2等形式存在,统称为化合碳,钢中很少有游离碳.在铁中碳除以化合碳存在外,还以游离状态(石墨碳)存在,而且是主要形式.但是在白口铁中则多以碳化铁(Fe3C)形式存在.     

汞的环境生物化学*

汞是人类最早发现和利用的元素之一。汞在环境中以不同化学形态广泛存在,不同的形态具有不同的环境行为和生物效应。从环境中的存在形式,形态分析和对健康的影响等3个方面,对汞元素作了简单介绍。     

以生物质为前驱体合成的碳材料在电化学中的应用

碳元素是自然界中存在的与人类最密切相关、最重要的元素之一。近年来,碳纳米技术的研究相当活跃,多种多样(针状、棒状、桶状等)的碳晶体层出不穷。合成的碳材料中主要有碳纳米管、石墨烯、碳纤维、碳球等。由于碳材料的高比表面积、高稳定性以及良好的导电性,使其在电化学中有广泛的应用。相比于传统的碳材料方法,直接用生物质为前驱体合成碳材料由于成本廉价、合成方法绿色简便,从而更易于大规模工业化生产。同时,用生物质合成碳材料时,会原位引入氮磷等杂原子,对碳材料的性能将产生很大的影响。生物质基碳材料以其优越的性能在燃料电池、超级电容器、锂离子电池等领域有着广阔的应用前景,成为很多金属材料的有效替代品。本文综述了以生物质为前驱体合成的碳材料在电化学中的应用。     

读者园地

问 :何谓钢铁中全碳量 (总碳量 )和游离碳 ?——湖南作者　黄　敏　　　　答 :碳在钢、铁中主要以化合状态和游离状态存在。在钢中主要以铁的碳化物如 :Fe3C、Fe2 3C6等以及与某些合金元素的碳化物如 :Mn3C、WC、Ti C、Mo C、VC、Cr3C2 、Cr5C2 等形式存在 ,统称为化合碳。钢中很少有游离碳。在铁中碳除以化合碳存在外 ,还以游离状态 (石墨碳 )存在 ,而且是主要形式。但是在白口铁中则多以碳化铁 (Fe3C)形式存在。化合碳和游离碳的总和称为碳的总量或全碳量。通常测定的碳量均为总碳量。由于游离碳不和酸起作用 ,而各种金属元素的…     

石墨型碳氮聚合物纳米结构的研究进展

石墨型碳氮聚合物指的是主要由碳氮两种元素结合形成具有类石墨层状共轭结构的聚合物.由于具有类石墨的共轭平面结构,这类聚合物可形成各种纳米结构材料,如球状、管状、带状、薄膜以及介孔材料等.这些材料密度低、硬度高、化学惰性、生物相容性好等,同时具有光学和电学性质,因而在催化、生物技术、气体存储、超硬材料、光学和电子材料、金属...     

生物质基氮掺杂碳材料的研究进展

氮掺杂碳材料是近年来新兴的一种多孔材料,具有高比表面积、高导电性、高活性和良好的稳定性,但制备过程繁琐,成本较高.本文简要介绍了采用廉价生物质制备氮掺杂碳材料的方法,生物质来源广泛、安全无毒且成本低廉,虾壳、藻类、果壳和毛发等生物废弃物中所含木质素、蛋白质和氨基酸等提供了丰富的N、P、C等元素,既可作为氮源也可以作为碳源.生物质经过活化可制成生物质基氮掺杂碳材料,由于N元素改变了碳材料的电荷密度和表面理化性质,提供更多活性位点,使材料不但具有优异的电化学性能,又可作为载体均匀负载金属催化各类反应,能够得到比商业催化剂更好的催化性能.重点介绍生物质基氮掺杂碳材料在燃料电池和超级电容器领域的应用,讨论了生物质基氮掺杂碳材料的制备和应用存在的问题,展望其未来的发展趋势.     

硫的发展与应用

硫是一种非金属元素，属于氧族元素（ⅥA族）。硫的发现和使用具有悠久的历史，现代化学中含硫生命分子、含硫药物、含硫材料、精细化学品等都十分普遍。从硫元素的发展历史出发，逐步介绍硫化学在人类生活中的重要用途。重点介绍当代硫化学在生命功能、药物作用、食品和有机光电材料中的重要用途，尤其是生活中常见的含硫药物、含硫食品和含硫材料的主要成分以及它们独特性质的化学本源。     

生物吸附材料吸附水中砷的研究进展

砷是严重威胁人类健康的剧毒元素之一,近年来对砷的吸附研究成为人们关注的热点之一。壳聚糖、纤维素、微生物等生物吸附材料具有生产成本低、环境友好等优点,因而被作为新型的生物吸附材料得到广泛应用。本文综述了生物吸附材料在饮用水、地下水和工业废水处理中的应用研究,以及国内外的最新研究进展。     

碳点的研究进展

碳点具有优良的光学特性、良好的生物相容性和低毒等优点,被广泛用于生物检测、药物传输和生物成像等领域,是极具发展潜力的碳基质材料.近年来,碳点的新型制备方法、性质探索及应用研究引起广泛关注.本文根据碳源和制备方法的不同,将碳点分为石墨烯纳米点和碳纳米点两类,综述了碳点的制备方法,剖析了碳点的发光机理,总结了碳点在生物传感、药物传输和生物成像中的应用;最后分析了碳点存在的问题及应对策略.     

碳纳米材料在生物医学领域的应用现状及展望

随着纳米技术的飞速发展,纳米材料已成为一种新型材料。纳米材料具有独特的物理化学性质,如小尺寸效应、巨大比表面积、极高的反应活性、量子效应等,这些特性使纳米科学成为当今世界三大支柱科学之一。碳纳米材料是纳米材料领域重要的组成部分,主要包括碳纳米管、富勒烯、石墨烯、纳米钻石及其衍生物等。由于其独特的理化特性,它们在生物医学领域具有广泛的应用前景。另外,随着碳纳米材料的产业化,各种形式的碳纳米材料将以不同途径进入人们的生活,纳米材料的生物安全性问题正受到世界各国科学家的广泛关注。本文综述了这四类碳纳米材料在组织工程、药物/基因载体、生物成像、肿瘤治疗、抗病毒/抗菌、生物传感等生物医学领域的应用现状以及存在的生物安全问题,最后,讨论了该领域未来的研究内容和方向以及亟待研究的重要问题。     

多孔炭材料的研究进展及前景

近年来多孔炭材料在国内外的研究和开发应用都十分活跃。本文从制备原料的扩展, 形态特征的增多, 纳米空间的控制, 功能特性的改进, 微细组织的察, 应用途径的开拓等不同方面综述了多孔炭材料的研究和应用开发的新进展。     

Carbonaceous species of TSP in urban and rural sites around coal-fired power stations in northwestern Greece

Total suspended particles from urban and rural locations around an industrial complex with four coal-fired power stations were collected for a period of 6 months (January-June 2001). Mass concentrations of TSP and carbonaceous species (TC, EC, OC and BC) were determined for seven sampling sites of the studied area. The contribution of TC mass to the total particle mass was similar for all sites with an average value of 12.36±1.27%. The fraction of elemental carbon (EC) was estimated between 32 and 46% of the total carbon (TC). The relationship between organic and elemental carbon showed the primary origin of organic carbon (direct emissions). The OC/BC ratio values were also considered in order to get information about the enrichment of aerosols in organic carbon. Four conditional categories out of the sampling site ‘collection were additionally extracted (“urban”, “rural”, “far” and “close” location to the power stations) and considered with respect to the values of the ratios OC/BC and OC/EC and the multiple correlation coefficients R² for the concentrations of OC, BC and EC. It has been found that in some cases the correlation coefficients rather than the ratios could inform on the type of site.     

Gasification of hydrolysis lignin with CO2 in the presence of Fe and Co compounds

The effect of the nature of the metal (Fe and Co) deposited on the surface of hydrolysis lignin, as well as the metal content (1, 3, 5 and 7 wt%), on the process of dry catalytic lignin reforming has been studied. The use of the catalyst led to a twofold increase in the conversion of carbon dioxide at temperatures of 500–800 °C, while both metals showed similar activity. The maximum specific catalytic effect is achieved when supporting 7 wt% of active metals.     

新型沥青基ACNT/C纳米复合材料的制备与表征

以超长定向碳纳米管(ACNTs)阵列为骨架，中温煤焦油沥青为浸渍剂，采用浸渍-炭化工艺经过一个循环制备了密度约为1.25 g·cm^-3的沥青基定向碳纳米管/炭(ACNT/C)纳米复合材料。采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、偏光金相显微镜(PLM)、X射线衍射(XRD)和Raman光谱分析对这种新型纳米炭材料进行了表征。结果表明ACNT/C中沥青炭为明显的各向异性组织，以碳纳米管为核心形成了非常细密的流线型层片结构，具有较高的晶化程度。采用热失重分析(TGA)方法考察了材料在空气中的热稳定性能，发现ACNT/C纳米复合材料在空气中的热失重初始温度比相同工艺条件下，以炭纤维为骨架制备的密度相近的炭/炭(C/C)复合材料提高了50 ℃左右。     

Supercritical,Freezing and Thermal Drying Process of Resorcinol‐Formaldehyde Polymer based Nano‐carbons and their Highly Loaded PtRu Anode Electrocatalyst for DMFC

The capillary condensation is affected by micropore and nanopore of catalyst layer on fuel cell. Due to limitation of sluggish mass transport and electrocatalytic activity, to retain the pore skeleton of carbon and metal nanoparticles are very significant for enhanced utilizations of pore structure in electrochemical reaction. Besides, thickness of electrocatalyst layer is very crucial due to one of the factor affected by cell performance of direct methanol fuel cell. Highly loaded four Pt?Ru anode catalysts supported on resorcinol‐formaldehyde (RF) polymer based on meso‐porous carbons (80 wt.% Pt?Ru/carbon cryogel, 80 wt.% Pt?Ru/carbon xerogel and 80 wt.% Pt?Ru/carbon aerogel) and conventional carbon (80 wt.% Pt?Ru/Vulcan XC‐72) were prepared by colloidal method for direct methanol fuel cell. These catalysts were characterized by X‐Ray diffraction (XRD), High resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR‐TEM) and X‐ray photoemission (XPS). The results of CO stripping voltammetry, cyclic voltammetry (CV) and single cell test performed on DMFC show that Pt?Ru/carbon cryogel and Pt?Ru/carbon aerogel exhibits better performances in comparison to Pt?Ru/carbon xerogel and Pt?Ru/Vulcan XC‐72. It is thus considered that particle size, oxidation state of metal and electrochemical active surface area of these catalysts are important role in electrocatalytic activity in DMFC.     

Applying diamond like carbon layer on carbon/carbon composites and its effect on the deposition of hydroxyapatite coating

The biomedical application of carbon/carbon (C/C) composites is limited by lacking bioactivity and releasing carbon debris. Hydroxyapatite (HA) coating has been used to improve the bioactivity of C/C composites, but it cannot reduce the release of carbon debris effectively because of poor wear resistance property. In this work, a wear‐resistant layer of diamond like carbon (DLC) is applied on C/C composites, followed by an ultrasound‐assisted electrochemical deposition to prepare HA coatings. The microstructure, morphology and chemical composition of the DLC layer and the HA coating are characterised by scanning electron microscopy, X‐ray diffraction, energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy and Raman spectrum. The bonding strength between the HA coating and the DLC layer modified C/C composites is examined by a tensile test. The results show that the DLC layer has a spherical morphology and provides a uniform surface for the deposition of the HA coating. The HA coating shows flaky morphology with a compact structure. The tensile strength of the HA coating on the DLC layer modified C/C composites is 6.24 ± 0.40 MPa, which is significantly higher than that of HA coating on unmodified C/C composites(3.04 ± 0.20 MPa). Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Current progresses and trends in carbon nanomaterials-based electrochemical and electrochemiluminescence biosensors

The enormous potential of biosensors in medical diagnostics has motivated scientists to develop newer innovative tools and advance biosensing technologies. The use of cell, organelles, nucleotides, aptamers, antibodies, affibodies, proteins, peptides, molecules, and printed polymers, merged with nanotechnology, offers excellent tools to prepare highly sensitive and advanced biosensors. Therefore, the current decade has witnessed a rapid surge in the fabrication of different nanomaterial-based biosensors. Among them, carbon nanomaterials (CNMs) have emerged highly attractive in the fabrication of both electrochemical and electrochemiluminescence (ECL) biosensors. On one hand, CNMs bear prominent electrical conductivity, large surface area to immobilize adequate amount of biomolecules, an enhanced loading capacity, improved biocompatibility, and active site for electrochemical reaction. Additionally, CNMs could be chemically modified for the covalent coupling with the biomolecules. On the other hand, both electrochemical and ECL biosensors allow for cost-effective, rapid, and real-time detection with excellent sensitivity and selectivity, with the capability of integrating different biomolecules and CNMs on the same chip. However, currently there is not a single review, which includes CNM-based electrochemical and ECL biosensors' current progress and trends. Therefore, this review intends to survey the current progress and future trends in CNM-based electrochemical and ECL biosensors.     

电化学双电层电容器用新型炭材料及其应用前景

活性炭是目前使用最为广泛的一种电化学双电层电容器（EDLC）的电极材料,但其固有的缺点制约了EDLC性能的进一步提高。用新型高性能炭电极材料可使EDLC比能量和比功率性能进一步提高。这些新型炭材料包括基于石墨层状结构的纳米门炭,基于碳纳米管阵列结构的毛皮炭,通过高温置换反应制备的骨架炭以及电极可整体成型的纳米孔玻态炭。本文介绍了这些炭材料的电化学特性及其在电化学双电层电容器中的应用,指出用这4种新型炭材料制备EDLC的比能量或比功率性能远高于目前活性炭基EDLC,具有良好的应用前景。     

广州大气细粒子中有机碳、元素碳和水溶性有机碳的分布特征

在广州市中山大学采样点进行了为期1年的大气细粒子(PM2.5)采样,监测分析得到PM2.5及有机碳(OC)、元素碳(EC)和水溶性有机碳(WSOC)等组分的质量浓度,并进行了比较和评价分析。结果表明广州市细粒子碳污染较严重。对OC、EC和WSOC质量浓度的月变化和季节变化特征进行了讨论,并分析了原因。OC、EC浓度相关性好,表明OC、EC来源大部分相同。根据OC/EC比值,估算二次有机碳(SOC)量,结果是SOC占OC的1/3。讨论了SOC和SOC/OC比值的季节分布,结果证明SOC夏季生成比冬季多。     

碳纳米管含量对炭炭复合材料组织及力学性能的影响

炭纤维上原位合成了均匀生长且具有伸张形貌的碳纳米管,借助化学气相渗透制备了碳纳米管增强的炭炭复合材料,研究了不同含量的碳纳米管对炭炭复合材料组织和力学性能的影响。结果表明：炭纤维上生长碳纳米管改变了热解炭的沉积行为,诱导了各向同性热解炭的生成,且随着碳纳米管含量的增加,各向同性热解炭的厚度增加,但是复合材料的d002值却明显降低。微量的碳纳米管即可显著提高复合材料的力学强度,随着其含量的增加,复合材料的力学强度和模量迅速提高,但材料的断裂行为却急剧恶化,断裂模式由最初的假塑性断裂转变为脆性断裂。