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简要介绍了概念的有关知识和方法,包括概念的内涵与外延,概念的限制、划分、分解以及定义等,指出一些化学教科书中存在的划分不恰当、定义不准确等问题,并给出合乎思维规则的划分和定义。 相似文献
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反应速率控制步骤定义的更新 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
一、引言反应速率控制步骤的概念在连串反应中得到广泛的应用,它是一个化学动力学中的重要基本概念。然而,对什么是反应速率控制步骤,近年来在教科书和杂志上曾出现各种定义及修正;在叫法上亦存在着速率 相似文献
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许多化学反应中都存在一个被定义为"诱导期"的起始反应速率较低的阶段,例如一些自由基反应、放热反应和催化反应。与之相比,在极少数的催化反应中研究者观察到一个反应速率始终为零的特殊阶段,在这个阶段之后反应自发开始。这两种阶段形成的原因与反应的机理尤其是催化剂的活化和失活有关。然而,这两个具有明显不同特征的阶段往往被混淆。本文通过所选取的一些代表性的催化反应分别介绍了"诱导期"和"休眠期"的动力学特征,讨论了两者之间的区别。期待这些隐藏在稳态催化循环之前的阶段能够得到更多的关注,这将有利于研究人员深度理解有机化学反应中的前催化循环和详细的反应机理。 相似文献
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统计了美国高中化学教科书《化学:概念与应用》中氧化还原反应的知识内容所包含的图片类型,分析研究其作用,同时针对我国化学教科书图片设计提出了建议。 相似文献
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课程资源逐步走向开放化、共享化和社会化,社会已成为实施教育教学活动的重要场所。以"水的净化与水资源保护"主题内容为教学范例,提出了化学社会课程资源开发的思路和教学实施流程:在"前置学习"中通过社会课程资源的亲身实践,把化学的课堂延伸到社会领域;在"展示分享"中将获取的有效资源与课堂学习关联,实现知识与生活的有效链接;在"整理评价"中完成知识建构和巩固过程,让学生感受真实、有用的化学。 相似文献
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通过对清末至今我国出版的高中化学教科书中习题的整体梳理和样本研究,发现其变化存在一些特点:它是逐步变为教科书的必要组成的,且数量增长呈折线形;其位置从集中在书后,逐步变为分散在知识内容当中;题目类型越来越丰富;习题的内容不断注重实验过程和情境应用,并逐渐注重价值导向。这些变化反映了教育理念的变迁,为今后教科书习题的编写与使用提供了思路。 相似文献
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存在滴定突跃是滴定分析可以进行的先决条件。国内教科书讨论突跃范围的概念时均利用了滴定分数100±0.1%的条件,即按照滴定分数99.9%和100.1%来计算突跃范围。实际上,滴定过程中滴定剂是以液滴为单位加入到被测溶液中的,指示剂滴定法中也是以一滴或半滴标准溶液加入后被测溶液颜色发生改变来确定终点的,因此,按照化学计量点前后欠缺或过量半滴标准溶液来计算突跃范围更具科学性和实用价值。本文将计量点附近单滴滴定剂加入被测溶液引起的p H变化定义为突跃范围。对强碱滴定一元强酸体系的突跃范围进行了数学计算。结果表明,突跃范围与被测溶液的体积和浓度、滴定剂的浓度和液滴尺寸、被测溶液和滴定剂的浓度比等因素都有密切相关性,给出了不同于教科书的某些重要结论,这些新结论与实际滴定情形相符,对指导滴定分析具有重要参考价值。 相似文献
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Reactions in droplets in microfluidic channels 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
Fundamental and applied research in chemistry and biology benefits from opportunities provided by droplet-based microfluidic systems. These systems enable the miniaturization of reactions by compartmentalizing reactions in droplets of femoliter to microliter volumes. Compartmentalization in droplets provides rapid mixing of reagents, control of the timing of reactions on timescales from milliseconds to months, control of interfacial properties, and the ability to synthesize and transport solid reagents and products. Droplet-based microfluidics can help to enhance and accelerate chemical and biochemical screening, protein crystallization, enzymatic kinetics, and assays. Moreover, the control provided by droplets in microfluidic devices can lead to new scientific methods and insights. 相似文献
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The toxicity of inorganic trivalent arsenic for living organisms is reduced by in vivo methylation of the element. In man, this biotransformation leads to the synthesis of monomethylarsonic (MMA) and dimethylarsinic (DMA) acids, which are efficiently eliminated in urine along with the unchanged form (Asi). In order to document the methylation process in humans, the kinetics of Asi, MMA and DMA elimination were studied in volunteers given a single dose of one of these three arsenicals or repeated doses of Asi. The arsenic methylation efficiency was also assessed in subjects acutely intoxicated with arsenic trioxide (As2O3) and in patients with liver diseases. Several observations in humans can be explained by the properties of the enzymic systems involved in the methylation process which we have characterized in vitro and in vivo in rats as follows: (1) production of Asi metabolites is catalyzed by an enzymic system whose activity is highest in liver cytosol; (2) different enzymic activities, using the same methyl group donor (S-adenosylmethionine), lead to the production of mono- and di-methylated derivatives which are excreted in urine as MMA and DMA; (3) dimethylating activity is highly sensitive to inhibition by excess of inorganic arsenic; (4) reduced glutathione concentration in liver moderates the arsenic methylation process through several mechanisms, e.g. stimulation of the first methylation reaction leading to MMA, facilitation of Asi uptake by hepatocytes, stimulation of the biliary excretion of the element, reduction of pentavalent forms before methylation, and protection of a reducing environment in the cells necessary to maintain the activity of the enzymic systems. 相似文献
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Electrochemistry is one of the most advanced techniques for monitoring neurochemical activities in the living brain because electrochemical approaches bear the advantageous features of high spatial and temporal resolutions, which facilitate its tremendous potential in investigating the highly spatially heterogeneous brain system and the fast dynamics of neurochemical activities. On the other hand, since brain is the most complicated organ in the sense of its numerous kinds of neurochemical species, high selectivity is always required for any analytical methods that approach the brain. In this review, we will discuss various electrochemical methodologies to achieve selective detection of neurochemicals in mammalian brain and the strategies developed mainly by our group towards selective monitoring of both electrochemically active and inactive neurochemicals. At the end, we will discuss possible solutions towards brain mapping of neurochemical species and combination of neurochemical detection strategy with electrophysiology as the direction of future development of electroanalysis in living brain. 相似文献
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G. den Boef 《Fresenius' Journal of Analytical Chemistry》1981,305(2):127-129
Summary At the session of the WPAC of Fechem on education in analytical chemistry it was concluded that it is now essential to include chemometrics and basic knowledge of computers in all courses on analytical chemistry.
Tendenzen in der analytisch-chemischen Ausbildung
Zusammenfassung Bei einer Tagung der WPAC über die Lehre auf dem Gebiet der analytischen Chemie wurde bei der Betrachtung neuer Aspekte festgestellt, daß vor allem Chemometrie und Grundkenntnisse in Computertechnik in die Ausbildung aufgenommen werden sollten.相似文献
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Ke Min Wojciech Jakubowski Krzysztof Matyjaszewski 《Macromolecular rapid communications》2006,27(8):594-598
Summary: The recently developed initiation system, activators generated by electron transfer (AGET), is used in atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) in the presence of a limited amount of air. Ascorbic acid and tin(II ) 2‐ethylhexanoate are used as reducing agents in miniemulsion and bulk, respectively. An excess of reducing agent consumes the oxygen present in the system and, therefore, provides a deoxygenated environment for ATRP. ATRP of butyl acrylate is successfully carried out in miniemulsion and in the presence of air. During polymerization the radical concentration remains constant. The polymerization reaches over 60% monomer conversion after 6 h, which results in polymers with a predetermined molecular weight = 14 000 g · mol−1 and a low polydispersity ( = 1.23). AGET ATRP of styrene is also successful in bulk in the presence of air, as evidenced by linear semi‐logarithmic kinetics, which leads to polystyrene with an of 13 400 g · mol−1 and a low polydispersity index ( = 1.14).