有机胺盐/硼烷体系与炔烃的硼氢化加成反应机理研究

炔烃的立体选择性硼氢化加成反应是有机合成中重要的反应之一.在硅烷的存在下,有机胺盐酸盐/硼烷体系可与炔烃在温和的反应条件下发生计量的加成反应.该反应不仅可高立体选择性地得到Z-式构型的1,2-硼氢化胺盐加成产物,而且反应产率高,产物易于分离提纯.对有机胺盐酸盐/硼烷体系与炔烃的加成反应机理进行的研究表明,胺盐与B（C₆F₅）₃及硅烷反应所生成的硼氢化胺盐"[R₂NH₂]⁺[H-B（C₆F₅）₃]^-",虽然被认为是受限路易斯酸碱对化学的活性中间体,但其本身并不能直接还原炔烃;炔烃必须首先被催化量的路易斯酸B（C₆F₅）₃活化后才可与[H-B（C₆F₅）₃]-加成.同时,胺盐氯阴离子Cl-与路易斯酸B（C₆F₅）₃之间的弱的相互作用直接决定着产物的立体选择性,[H-B（C₆F₅）₃]^-以反式加成的方式进攻活化后的炔烃最终得到Z-式构型的硼氢化加成产物.     

有水条件下路易斯酸B(C6F5)3对醛酮的选择性催化还原

近年路易斯酸B（C₆F₅）₃催化的醛酮还原反应研究表明，路易斯酸B（C₆F₅）₃也可以作为一种"耐水"的催化剂在"有水"条件下进行催化反应.这些研究成果对进一步扩展受限路易斯酸碱对（FLPs）化学在水相中的应用及其发展至关重要.以硅烷作为还原剂，在路易斯酸B（C₆F₅）₃催化下成功对14种不同取代的醛酮在温和条件下实现了高效地还原成醇反应，产率可高达100%.通过核磁共振分析对反应机理进行的研究表明，在有水条件下，底物羰基氧与催化剂硼烷之间存在以水介导的相互作用，即可能存在"R¹R²C=O--H-O（-H）--B（C₆F₅）₃"的三组分络合形式.对不同路易斯碱与水及硼烷所组成的"LB--H-O（-H）--B（C₆F₅）₃"三组分复合物之间对应原子间距进行了比较研究，发现这种以水介导的相互作用对醛酮的羰基不仅具有质子化的活化作用，而且与硼烷的络合作用也更有利于硅烷作为还原剂在有水条件下使用.所报道的以硅烷作为还原剂，B（C₆F₅）₃催化的醛酮直接还原成醇反应，首次实现了FLPs在真正有水条件下的催化反应，并更进一步证明了在以硅烷作为还原剂时，体系中存在的水不仅会参与催化反应并会促使反应的进行.对有水条件下FLPs催化的醛酮还原的选择性及其催化反应机理，以及对其他反应的影响还需要更深入的研究.     

“受阻路易斯酸碱对”催化的2,3-二取代2H-1,4-苯并噁嗪氢化反应机理研究

在受阻路易斯酸碱对（FLPs）催化的2，3-二取代2H-1，4-苯并噁嗪氢化反应中，3号位取代基不同会导致反应效率极大改变，因此我们选取反应活性具有较大差别的三种底物作为模型化合物对其反应机理进行了研究，建立了氢化反应势能面.发现当B（C₆F₅）₃与2，3-二苯基2H-1，4-苯并噁嗪或2-甲基-3-苯基2H-1，4-苯并噁嗪混合后，会形成FLPs与路易斯酸碱加合物的混合物.而将B（C₆F₅）₃与2，3-二甲基2H-1，4-苯并噁嗪混合后主要形成没有催化活性的路易斯酸碱加合物，因其能量低于FLPs，在催化体系中不容易转化为FLPs，这导致三种模型化合物在FLPs催化的氢化反应中效率不同.进一步的取代基电子效应及位阻效应计算表明：B（C₆F₅）₃与2-甲基-3-取代2H-1，4-苯并噁嗪混合后形成的路易斯酸碱加合物和FLPs化合物之间稳定性差别源于3位取代基空间位阻不同.     

新型双苯并环己酮芳亚胺镍(Ⅱ)催化降冰片烯与甲基丙烯酸丁酯共聚合

采用自制的新型双苯并环己酮芳亚胺镍催化剂双苯并环己酮-2,6-二甲基苯亚胺镍(Ⅱ)(Ni{C₁₀H₈(O)C[2,6-C₆H₃(CH₃)₂N]CH₃}₂, C1)和双苯并环己酮-2,6-二氯苯亚胺镍(Ⅱ)(Ni{C₁₀H₈(O)C[2,6-C₆H₃Cl₂N]CH₃}₂, C2)与三五氟苯硼[B(C₆F₅)₃]结合, 在一定的反应条件下可高效催化降冰片烯(NB)与甲基丙烯酸正丁酯(n-BMA)的乙烯基加成共聚合. 提出了催化聚合时存在的可能失活机理; 研究了不同单体投料比对催化活性、 产率及产物性能的影响. 根据Kelen-Tüdõs方法分别估算出2种单体在不同催化体系下的竞聚率, 即当催化体系为C1/B(C₆F₅)₃时, 竞聚率r_n-BMA=0.02, r_NB=16.28, r_NB·r_n-BMA=0.32; 当催化体系为C2/B(C₆F₅)₃时, r_n-BMA=0.01, r_NB=64.83, r_NB·r_n-BMA=0.65. 结果表明, 2种单体在2种体系催化下均为无规共聚合.     

B(C6F5)3催化合成二吲哚甲烷类化合物的研究

以硼试剂B(C₆F₅)₃为催化剂, 吲哚类化合物与芳香醛为底物, 经过脱除一分子水的过程, 简洁有效地制得了一系列二吲哚基甲烷类化合物. 该方法的模板反应在最优条件下可以实现快速转化, 底物范围适用性较广泛, 可以适用一系列取代基和官能团. 该研究发展了无过渡金属参与条件下直接制备二吲哚甲烷类化合物的简单策略, 其反应副产物为水, 反应条件温和, 可以实现目标化合物的有效合成.     

B(C6F5)3催化的醛与烷氧基羟胺的一锅法还原胺化反应

近年路易斯酸B（C₆F₅）₃催化的醛酮还原及胺化反应研究表明,缺电子的路易斯酸B（C₆F₅）₃也可以作为一种"耐水"的催化剂在"有水"条件下进行催化反应.这些研究成果对进一步扩展受限路易斯酸碱对（FLPs）化学的研究领域和应用前景提供了更多可能.本文以硅烷作为还原剂,在路易斯酸B（C₆F₅）₃催化下可在温和条件下实现醛与烷基羟胺类化合物的直接还原胺化反应,并且在还原过程中N-O键不会发生断裂,可中等至高产率地制备各种烷氧基取代的羟胺衍生物.对反应机理研究发现,在中性条件下苯甲醛与苄氧基羟胺的反应仅得到缩合中间产物肟醚,而在HCl或过量H₂O的参与下苯甲醛与苄氧基羟胺的直接还原胺化均可顺利进行;对反应机理的研究表明苄氧基羟胺会与路易斯酸硼烷在过量H₂O的参与下发生质子化,在硅烷的作用下转化成具有一定还原性的"硼氢化胺盐"活性中间体并进而促使中间产物肟醚的还原.对醛与羟胺的直接还原胺化反应研究表明,在"有水"条件下路易斯酸B（C₆F₅）₃不仅仅是一种"耐水"的催化剂,在某些反应中水可能直接影响着催化反应,尤其是对醛酮的直接还原胺化反应.因此,继续深入研究有"水"条件下路易斯酸硼烷参与的催化反应机理不仅对FLPs化学的发展至关重要,对其他相应催化体系的研究也具有重要的参考价值.     

芳香胺盐酸盐/硼烷体系催化的氢胺化/还原反应研究

近年来有关受限路易斯酸碱对（FLPs）化学的研究受到了国内外的广泛关注,但有关芳香胺类FLPs的应用研究却极少涉及.本工作以硅烷作为还原剂,路易斯酸三（五氟苯基）硼（BCF）作为催化剂,用芳香胺盐酸盐代替苯胺,可一步反应实现炔烃与苯胺的催化氢胺化还原反应.研究发现,取代基较多的三乙基硅烷在反应中表现出较高的反应活性,吸电子取代基取代的端基芳炔的转化率也较给电子取代基取代的端基芳炔的转化率高.对催化反应的机理研究表明,胺盐与B（C₆F₅）₃及硅烷反应所生成的硼氢化芳胺盐活性中间体"[Ar₂NH₂]⁺[H-B（C₆F₅）₃]^-"的产生和分解速度决定着中间产物亚胺的生成和还原.     

1,3-双取代吲哚基稀土金属配合物的合成及催化异戊二烯聚合研究

本文设计合成了新型的1,3-双取代吲哚基配体,并得到了一系列新型相应稀土金属配合物。该配合物经过了X-单晶衍射、核磁、红外和元素分析表征。配合物的结构表明,配体与配合物以NCN三齿形式配位,加上两个烃基辅助配体,形成单核五配位构型。该类型配合物在助催化剂(AlMe₃和[Ph₃C][B(C₆F₅)₄])作用下,能高效,高选择性催化异戊二烯聚合反应得到1,4-顺式产物。     

二环戊二烯基二芳基铪化合物的研究

Rausch等报道由二环戊二烯基二氯化铪与五氟苯基锂在低温、乙醚中按下式反应,得到含σ-碳-铪键的二环戊二烯基二(五氟苯基)铪:(η⁵-C₅H₅)₂HfCl₂+2C₆F₅Li→(η⁵-C₅H₅)₂Hf(C₆F₅)₂+2LiClSamuel等用同样反应合成了二环戊二烯基二苯基铪.     

Zn/Ni双金属接力催化:一锅法分子内环异构化/分子间酰胺化反应构建噁唑衍生物

报道了一种新型的Zn/Ni双金属接力协同催化的串联反应,该方法通过Zn（OTf）₂和Ni（ClO₄）₂·6H₂O协同接力催化,一锅法进行分子内环异构化/分子间酰胺化反应构建噁唑衍生物.产物的形成主要是由Zn（OTf）₂活化炔丙基酰胺的三键,发生分子内的环化反应构建噁唑啉中间体,由Ni（ClO₄）₂·6H₂O催化3-羟基-2-苯甲基-异吲哚啉-1-酮类化合物形成酰亚胺离子,继而由噁唑啉中间体与酰亚胺离子发生分子间酰胺化反应实现了噁唑分子的合成.优化部分的对比实验证实Zn（OTf）₂和Ni（ClO₄）₂·6H₂O的存在对于该串联反应都是必须条件.大体而言,所有反应都是将各反应物和试剂一次性加入,在空气氛围下100℃加热进行反应.含有不同类型给电子取代基、含有不同富电子的芳环、含有不同吸电子取代基的炔丙基酰胺都可以顺利地和3-羟基-2-苯甲基-异吲哚啉-1-酮反应得到相应的噁唑衍生物,相比而言,含有吸电子基团的炔丙基酰胺比含有给电子基团或富电子的炔丙基酰胺所得到的产物的收率要低一些,这可能是因为含有吸电子基团的炔丙基酰胺所得到的噁唑啉中间体活性较低.3-羟基-2-苯基异吲哚啉-1-酮类化合物、3-羟基-2-苯甲基异吲哚啉-1-酮类化合物和3-羟基-2-苯乙基异吲哚啉-1-酮类化合物对反应同样表现出了良好的兼容性.该方法反应条件简单、原子经济性高、官能团兼容性好,对噁唑衍生物合成和酰亚胺离子形成具有重要的意义.     

Homo- and hetero-bridged mixed-valence dinuclear complexes which contain the fragment ‘Rh(C6F5)3’

The reaction of the anionic mononuclear rhodium complex [Rh(C₆F₅)₃Cl(Hpz)]^t- (Hpz = pyrazole, C₃H₄N₂) with methoxo or acetylacetonate complexes of Rh or Ir led to the heterodinuclear anionic compounds [(C₆F₅)₃Rh(μ-Cl)(μ-pz)M(L₂)] [M = Rh, L₂ = cyclo-octa-1,5-diene, COD (1), tetrafluorobenzobarrelene, TFB (2) or (CO)₂ (4); M = Ir, L₂ = COD (3)]. The complex [Rh(C₆F₅)₃(Hbim)]⁻ (5) has been prepared by treating [Rh(C₆F₅)₃(acac)]⁻ with H₂bim (acac = acetylacetonate; H₂bim = 2,2′-biimidazole). Complex 5 also reacts with Rh or Ir methoxo, or with Pd acetylacetonate, complexes affording the heterodinuclear complexes [(C₆F₅)₃Rh(μ-bim)M(L₂)]⁻ [M = Rh, L₂ = COD (6) or TFB (7); M = Ir, L₂ = COD (8); M = Pd, L₂ = η³-C₃H₅ (9)]. With [Rh(acac)(CO)₂], complex 5 yields the tetranuclear complex [{(C₆F₅)₃Rh(μ-bim)Rh(CO)₂}₂]₂₋. Homodinuclear Rh^III derivatives [{Rh(C₆F₅)₃}₂(μ-L)₂]^·- [L₂ = OH, pz (11); OH, S^tBu (12); OH, SPh (13); bim (14)] have been obtained by substitution of one or both hydroxo groups of the dianion [{Rh(C₆F₅)₃(μ-OH)}₂]²⁻ by the corresponding ligands. The reaction of [Rh(C₆F₅)₃(Et₂O)_x] with [PdX₂(COD)] produces neutral heterodinuclear compounds [(C₆F₅)₃Rh(μ-X)₂Pd(COD)] [X = Cl (15); Br (16)]. The anionic complexes 1–14 have been isolated as the benzyltriphenylphosphonium (PBzPh₃⁺) salts.     

Synthesis and characterization of hydroxo, pyrazolato and carboxylato derivatives of the PdR(PPh3)moiety (R = C6F5 or C6Cl5)

The hydroxo-complexes [{PdR(PPh₃)(μ-OH)}₂] (R = C₆F₅ or C₆Cl₅) have been obtained by reaction of the corresponding [{PdR(PPh₃)(μ-Cl)}2] complexes with NBu₄OH in acetone. In this solvent, the reaction of the hydroxo-bridged complexes with pyrazole (Hpz) and 3,5-dimethylpyrazole (Hdmpz) in 1:2 molar ratio leads to the formation of the new complexes [{Pd(C₅F₅)(PPh₃)(μ-azolate)}2] and [{Pd(C₆Cl₅)(PPh₃)}₂(μ-OH)(μ-azolate)] (azolate = pz or dmpz). The reaction of the bis(μ-hydroxo) complexes with Hpz and Hdmpz in acetone in 1:1 molar ratio has also been studied, and the resulting product depends on the organic radical (C₆F₅ or C₆Cl₅) as well as the azolate (pz or dmpz). The identity of the isomer obtained has been established in every case by NMR (¹H, ¹⁹F and ³¹P) spectroscopy. The reaction of the bis(μ-hydroxo) complexes with oxalic (H₂Ox) and acetic (HOAc) acids yields the binucle ar complexes [{PdR(PPh₃)}2(μ-Ox)] (R = C₆F₅ or C₆Cl₅) and [{Pd(C₆F₅)(PPh₃)(μ-OAc)}2], respectively. [{Pd(C₆F₅)(PPh₃)(μ-OH)}₂] reacts with PPh₃ in acetone in 1:2 ratio giving the mononuclear complex trans-[Pd(C₆F₅) (OH)(PPh₃)₂], whereas the pentachlorophenylhydroxo complex does not react with PPh₃, even under forcing conditions.     

Profiles of ethylene polymerization with zirconocene–trialkylaluminum/borane compound

Ethylene polymerization was conducted with bis(cyclopentadienyl)zirconium dichloride (1) and rac-dimethylsilylenebis(indenyl)zirconium dichloride (2) combined with trialkylaluminum (AlR₃; R=methyl (Me), ethyl (Et), isobutyl (iBu))/triphenylcarbenium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate (Ph₃CB(C₆F₅)₄) or tris(pentafluorophenyl)borane (B(C₆F₅)₃) to study the effect of cocatalysts on polymerization rate (R_p). When AlMe₃ was used, no activity or very low activity was observed with both zirconocenes regardless of the borane compounds used. The replacement of AlMe₃ to AlEt₃ or AliBu₃ with 1–AlR₃/Ph₃CB(C₆F₅)₄ caused polymerization and induction time was observed to reach the maximum R_p. Especially in the case of using AlEt₃, it took about 30 min to show the activity. When B(C₆F₅)₃ was used, AlEt₃ was not effective but AliBu₃ gave the highest activity among all the combinations of AlR₃ and the borane compounds. In the case of polymerization with 2 using Ph₃CB(C₆F₅)₄, high activity was observed with both AlEt₃ and AliBu₃ without any induction period. When B(C₆F₅)₃ was used instead of Ph₃CB(C₆F₅)₄, very low activity was observed with AlEt₃. On the other hand, high activity was observed with AliBu₃, and the maximum R_p was found at the beginning of the polymerization. The effect of AlR₃ on the formation of active species was discussed based on these results.     

FLPs催化烯胺还原活性研究及反应机理探讨

对不同的路易斯碱、 不同取代的氢化硅烷以及不同结构的烯胺进行了研究. 结果表明, 无论在何种光照条件下, 硅氢化反应都不是主要反应; 根据用氘代硅烷试剂对反应机理进行相应的同位素效应研究结果推测, 反应按照自由基机理进行的可能性最为合理. 本文研究结果对探索受限路易斯酸碱对(FLPs)体系的催化方式及进一步拓宽其应用领域具有重要意义.     

Isobutene homo- and isobutene-isoprene copolymerization initiated by protic initiators associated with a series of novel, weakly coordinating counteranions

The highly electrophilic borane B(C₆F₅)₃ reacts with a variety of carboxylic acids RCO₂H to form 1:1 and 1:2 adducts [RCO₂H][B(C₆F₅)₃] and [RCO₂H][B(C₆F₅)₃]₂. These adducts exhibit enhanced acidities, and the 1:2 adduct of n-decanoic (stearic) acid in particular is an excellent initiator for the carbocationic polymerization of isobutene and copolymerization of isobutene with isoprene in methylene chloride and methyl chloride. High conversions to high molecular weight polyisobutene and isobutene-isoprene copolymers are obtained at unusually high temperatures, consistent with the anion [n-C₁₇H₃₅CO₂ BC₆F₅)_{3 2}]⁻ being very weakly coordinating. Interestingly, the system also exhibits a surprising, as yet not understood, dependence of polymer molecular weights on the nature of R in methyl chloride.     

Synthesis, structural characterization and reactivity of the amino borane 1-(NPh2)-2-[B(C6F5)2]C6H4

The bright red title compound 1 was synthesized from (2-lithiophenyl)diphenylamine and bis(pentafluorophenyl)boron chloride. Its reactions with small acids like H₂O and HCl proceeded easily giving zwitterionic compounds. For 1 and its water adduct 2 the crystal structures were determined, the latter featuring an ammonium borate structure containing a short intramolecular hydrogen bond bridge. Treatment of 1 with Jutzi's acid, [H(OEt₂)₂][B(C₆F₅)₄], did not result in protonation of the nitrogen, but reaction of 1 with LiH in the presence of 12-crown-4, led to the isolation of the aminoborate [1-(Ph₂N)-2-{B(H)(C₆F₅)₂}C₆H₄][Li(12-crown-4)] (3). Borohydride 3 reacted with Jutzi's acid to regenerate 1 and liberate hydrogen.     

Polymerization of MMA by oscillating zirconocene catalysts, diastereomeric zirconocene mixtures, and diastereospecific metallocene pairs

Characteristics of methyl methacrylate (MMA) polymerization using oscillating zirconocene catalysts, (2-Ph-Ind)₂ZrX₂ (X = Cl, 1; X = Me, 2), mixtures of rac- and meso-zirconocene diastereomers, (SBI)ZrMe₂ [3, SBI = Me₂Si(Ind)₂] and (EBI)ZrMe₂ [4, EBI = C₂H₄(Ind)₂], as well as diastereospecific metallocene pairs, rac-4/Cp₂ZrMe₂ (5) and rac-4/CGCTiMe₂ [6, CGC = Me₂Si(Me₄C₅)(t-BuN)], are reported. MMA polymerization using the chloride catalyst precursor 1 activated with a large excess of the modified methyl aluminoxane is sluggish, uncontrolled, and produces atactic PMMA. On the other hand, the polymerization by a 2/1 ratio of 2/B(C₆F₅)₃ or 2/Ph₃CB(C₆F₅)₄ is controlled and produces syndiotactic PMMA. Mixtures of diastereomeric ansa-zirconocenes 3 or 4 containing various rac/meso ratios, when activated with B(C₆F₅)₃, yield bimodal PMMA; this behavior is attributed to the meso-diastereomer that, in its pure form, affords bimodal, syndio-rich atactic PMMA. For MMA polymerization using diastereospecific metallocene pairs, rac-4/5 and rac-4/6, the isospecific catalyst site dominates the polymerization events under the conditions employed in this study, and the aspecific and syndiospecific sites are largely nonproductive, thereby forming only highly isotactic PMMA.     

Gold(I) complexes with thiolate and triphenylphosphine ligands

The reaction of [AuCl(PPh₃)] with Pb(SR)₂(R = C₂H₅, C₆H₅, CH₂C₆H₅, C₆F₅, C₆H₂Me₃-2,4,6, Prⁱ and Bu^t) provides a clean method to obtain complexes of the type [Au(SR)(PPh₃)] in good yields. The new compounds have been characterized by IR, ¹H, ³¹P, ¹⁹F and ³¹C NMR. A study by FAB mass spectrometry indicates that an ion-molecule aggregation process takes place.