竹叶中黄酮提取方法的研究

设计正交试验,采用水浴和超声分别对竹叶黄酮类物质的提取方法进行了研究。结果表明：水浴法以１５倍原料重的７５％丙酮水溶液在８０℃浸提１ｈ为最佳,超声法以２０倍原料重的７５％丙酮水溶液超３０ｍｉｎ浸提为最佳,超声法优于水浴法。     

BODIPY荧光探针的合成及次氯酸检测的综合实验

有机实验和仪器分析实验是本科生阶段化学教学的重点内容,虽然现有的教学实验内容已十分丰富与完善,但缺少两者之间的融合以及与科研领域的联系。针对上述不足,我们将科学研究前沿和热点的荧光检测技术引入教学实践。实验通过对BODIPY (氟硼二吡咯)荧光染料结构的设计改良,合成一种具有快速响应、选择性高和灵敏度好的新型次氯酸荧光探针,对荧光探针结构进行表征,并测定荧光探针的荧光性质。通过对探针结构与荧光性质之间关系的研究,有助于加深学生荧光发光原理的理解。实验内容涵盖有机合成、产物仪器表征、光谱分析等方面,综合性强且易于学生操作。教学实践过程有助于培养学生的科学思维、理论与实践相结合的能力。     

ZSM-5分子筛的可控制备及其对水中Cu2+吸附性能研究综合实验

设计了一个可以将分析化学、无机化学、有机化学及物理化学集于一体的综合性实验。该实验首先可控合成具有三维孔道结构的ZSM-5分子筛,再运用X射线衍射、扫描电子显微镜及物理吸附对其结构、形貌和孔径分别进行表征;继而考察改变pH、吸附时间、吸附温度、ZSM-5使用量等因素对水中Cu2+吸附性能的影响。本实验涉及无机化学、有机化学中的合成理论知识,物理化学的表面吸附原理,分析化学中的数据处理方法及大型仪器的使用。在锻炼了学生动手操作能力的基础上,又提高了学生对实验结果进行分析、评价的综合能力。     

白花蛇舌草中黄酮、多酚、多糖提取工艺及抗氧化研究

本研究利用水浴-回流法提取,分光光度法分析了云南不同产地白花蛇舌草样品中黄酮、多酚、多糖含量;同时,分别研究了不同乙醇体积分数、液料比、提取温度、时间对样品中这3类物质提取效率的影响;此外,利用清除DPPH·自由基的方法,分析了提取液的抗氧化活性,以期为白花蛇舌草资源的利用提供理论和实践指导。结果表明,白花蛇舌草中这3类物质最佳提取条件为乙醇体积分数60%、液料比1:35、温度80℃、时间2. 5 h;不同产地23个样品提取液抗氧化活性IC_(50)(DPPH半数清除率浓度)在0. 18～0. 58 mg·mL~(-1)之间,平均值为0. 35 mg·mL~(-1);相关性分析表明,这些样品中黄酮、多酚含量和IC_(50)值之间呈极显著负相关,相关系数分别为-0. 852和-0. 886(p0. 01),多糖含量与IC_(50)无显著相关性。以上结果表明,水浴-回流法可同时提取白花蛇舌草中黄酮、多酚、多糖三类物质;不同产地样品中这3类物质含量存在差异,这可能与生态因素不同有关;白花蛇舌草中最主要的抗氧化活性物质为黄酮和多酚。     

茶汤抗氧化活性的测定综合化学实验的研究

实验以潮州工夫茶文化为背景,在工夫茶传统冲泡工艺的基础上,采用茶汤抗氧化活性为评判指标,探讨工夫茶冲泡工艺的优化条件.实验内容包括文献调研、实验方案设计、实验操作、数据处理及小论文撰写等一系列学习任务.实践教学结果表明,将传统茶文化融入实验教学中,易于激发学生的学习兴趣,传递文化基因;引导学生从文化生活源头提出问题,运用科学方法分析问题、解决问题,利于学生熟悉科学过程,养成正确的科学思维习惯;同时,实践活动中学生会触及到多个学科领域、多重实验操作技能训练,可以全面提升学生的综合素养,达成课程育人目标.     

具有农林特色的综合化学实验:重瓣榆叶梅花黄酮的提取及测定*

开发了一个具有农林特色的新的综合化学实验。以重瓣榆叶梅花为试样,用超声波辅助乙醇溶剂提取其中的黄酮,通过绘制芦丁标准曲线,用硝酸铝分光光度法测定提取液中黄酮含量。该实验由教师科研成果转化而成,已在本校分析化学实验课中开出,体现了“科教融合”。该实验可作为综合实验,供近化学专业低年级的分析化学实验课选用。     

构树叶中黄酮类化合物的提取及测定——介绍一个大学综合化学实验

A new comprehensive chemical experiment for college students is introduced. This experiment is from the achievements of scientific research. It includes obtaining absorption spectrum and calibration curve of Rutin, and ultrasonic-assisted ethanol extraction and spectrophotometric determination of flavonoids from Broussonetia papyrifera (L.) Vent. Leaves. The experiment involves several basic analytical chemistry procedures and the effective components in plant sample are analyzed. Through the experiment, the students' experimental skills, comprehensive and innovative abilities are improved; furthermore, the specialty requirements are satisfied in agriculture or forestry universities. Thus, it is recommended to be included in the comprehensive analytical chemistry laboratory for students of non-chemistry majors.     

固化酶提取洋葱黄酮及抗氧化稳定性研究

以环氧氯丙烷交联改性α-淀粉酶得到固化酶,用制备的固化酶提取洋葱黄酮。研究p H、温度、时间和酶用量对提取率的影响,选取最佳提取工艺条件,当p H=5.2、提取温度55℃、提取时间100 min、固定化酶用量0.5 g/g洋葱时,提取率可达11.24%。提取得的黄酮溶于猪油,在p H=5.2、温度为55℃条件抗氧化性较为稳定。     

棉杆木质素提取及其对聚丙烯抗氧化性能分析的综合性实验

介绍了一个以从新疆废弃棉花秸秆中提取出的木质素为原料及其对聚丙烯(PP)抗氧化性能为一体,针对高分子相关专业开设的综合性实验。基于新疆大学高分子相关专业的实际情况,将教师的科研项目与本科教学相结合,该综合性实验主要包括了棉杆木质素的提取、人工加速老化试验和抗氧化性能表征分析的特色实验体系。在实践教学中,学生不仅学习了棉杆木质素的提取过程,还认识了人工加速老化试验对材料的老化机理及其对抗氧化性能的影响,也拓宽了对专业知识的综合理解,为科研成果转化为教学实验提供了借鉴。     

地锦草总黄酮最佳提取分离工艺的研究

采用四因素三水平的正交实验方法,对地锦草总黄酮的最佳提取工艺进行了探索.采用乙酸乙酯萃取、酸碱沉淀、铅盐沉淀3种方法,对其最佳分离工艺进行了探索.正交实验结果表明:温浸法中四因素对地锦草黄酮的影响顺序为乙醇浓度>样液比>提取温度>提取时间.通过实验得到了地锦草总黄酮的最佳提取工艺:以10倍体积的50%的乙醇水溶液在80℃浸提1 h.地锦草总黄酮的最佳分离方法为酸碱沉淀法.这些数据为中药地锦草的开发和应用提供了科学依据.     

Study on Extraction and Antioxidant Activity of Flavonoids from Hemerocallis fulva (Daylily) Leaves

Hemerocallis fulva is a medical and edible plant. In this study, we optimized the ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) process of extracting flavonoids from Hemerocallis fulva leaves by single-factor experiments and response surface methodology (RSM). The optimum extraction conditions generating the maximal total flavonoids content was as follows: 70.6% ethanol concentration; 43.9:1 mL/g solvent to sample ratio; 61.7 °C extraction temperature. Under the optimized extraction conditions, the total flavonoid content (TFC) in eight Hemerocallis fulva varieties were determined, and H. fulva (L.) L. var. kwanso Regel had the highest TFC. The cytotoxicity of the extract was studied using the Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8 assay). When the concentration was less than 1.25 mg/mL, the extract had no significant cytotoxicity to HaCaT cells. The antioxidant activity was measured via chemical antioxidant activity methods in vitro and via cellular antioxidant activity methods. The results indicated that the extract had a strong ABTS and •OH radical scavenging activity. Additionally, the extract had an excellent protective effect against H₂O₂-induced oxidative damage at a concentration of 1.25 mg/mL, which could effectively reduce the level of ROS to 106.681 ± 9.733% (p < 0.001), compared with the 163.995 ± 6.308% of the H₂O₂ group. We identified five flavonoids in the extracts using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Infrared spectroscopy indicated that the extract contained the structure of flavonoids. The results showed that the extract of Hemerocallis fulva leaves had excellent biocompatibility and antioxidant activity, and could be used as a cheap and potential source of antioxidants in the food, cosmetics, and medicine industries.     

大孔吸附树脂提取银杏黄酮

银杏叶;黄酮类化合物;大孔吸附树脂提取银杏黄酮     

Effects of Extraction Technique on the Content and Antioxidant Activity of Flavonoids from Gossypium Hirsutum linn. Flowers

Cotton is one of the Uyghur medical materials in China and is rich in flavonoids. Flavonoids have important pharmacological effects. The yield of flavonoids in traditional extraction methods is low, which affects the development of flavonoids. Therefore, it is urgent to optimize the extraction techniques. The yield of flavonoids in cotton flowers was effectively improved by response surface methodology, and the highest yield of flavonoids reached 5.66%, and the optimal extraction process conditions were obtained. The DPPH free radical scavenging rate, hydroxyl free radical scavenging rate, superoxide anion free radical scavenging rate, and reducing ability were tested to reflect the antioxidant capacity of flavonoids. The flavonoids had an excellent antioxidant effect. Cell experiments suggested that the flavonoids had the effect of protecting glutamate-induced damage to HT-22 cells. The results of this study provide a theoretical basis for the extraction of cotton flowers flavonoids and the comprehensive evaluation of antioxidant products, as well as the extraction of other plant flavonoids.     

Optimization of Enzyme-Assisted Extraction and Purification of Flavonoids from Pinus koraiensis Nut-Coated Film and Antioxidant Activity Evaluation

Pinus koraiensis nut-coated film is a kind of by-product of nut processing, which has been shown to contain flavonoids, polyphenols, and other substances that can be used to produce natural antioxidant extracts. In this study, response surface methodology (RSM) was used to optimize the extraction process of flavonoids of P. koraiensis nut-coated film (PNF), and macroporous resin HPD600 was used to purify PNF (P-PNF). Its antioxidant activity was examined by DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) radical scavenging capacity, oxygen free radical absorption capacity (ORAC), total oxygen radical capture (TRAP), and iron ion reduction capacity. Under the ideal extraction conditions comprising a cellulase dosage of 90 U/g, a material/liquid ratio of 1:20 (g/mL), and an extraction time of 2 h, the PNF yield was 3.37%. Purification conditions were sample concentration of 2.0 mg/mL, pH of 5, water washing volume of 3 bed volume (BV), eluent ethanol concentration of 50%, and volume of 2 BV. The P-PNF recovery was 84.32%, and purity increased from 33.80% to 61.70%. Additionally, P-PNF showed increased antioxidant activity compared to PNF. Cumulatively, this study obtained the optimal values for the process parameters in order to achieve the maximum rates of extraction of PNF for economically optimal production at an industrial scale.     

银纳米粒子合成与表征的仪器分析综合性实验

介绍一个银纳米粒子合成与表征的仪器分析综合性实验。基于化学还原法合成银纳米粒子,利用电镜和光学仪器分析方法表征银纳米粒子的性质,考察了还原剂与硝酸银的量对银纳米粒子光学性质的影响及银纳米粒子溶液浓度与吸光度的关系。该实验综合了学生在基础化学实验阶段所学习的物质制备、仪器表征等基本实验技能,且操作步骤简单,表征方法直观,便于学生掌握。     

Enhanced Extraction Efficiency of Flavonoids from Pyrus ussuriensis Leaves with Deep Eutectic Solvents

In this study, deep eutectic solvents (DESs) were synthesized using different ratios of choline chloride (CC) and dicarboxylic acids, and their eutectic temperatures were determined. The DES synthesized using CC and glutaric acid (GA), which showed a higher extraction efficiency than conventional solvents, was used for the extraction of flavonoid components from Pyrus ussuriensis leaves (PUL), and the extraction efficiency was evaluated using the response surface methodology. The flavonoid components rutin, hyperoside, and isoquercitrin were identified through high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), equipped with a Waters 2996 PDA detector, and HPLC mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analyses. The optimum extraction was achieved at a temperature of 30 °C using DES in a concentration of 30.85 wt.% at a stirring speed of 1113 rpm and an extraction time of 1 h. The corresponding flavonoid content was 217.56 μg/mL. The results were verified by performing three reproducibility experiments, and a high significance, with a confidence range of 95%, was achieved. In addition, the PUL extracts exhibited appreciable antioxidant activity. The results showed that the extraction process using the DES based on CC and GA in a 1:1 molar ratio could effectively improve the yield of flavonoids from PUL.     

Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Six Flavonoids from Smilax glabra Roxb

This study aimed to isolate, prepare and identify the main flavonoids from a standardized Smilax glabra flavonoids extract (SGF) using preparative HPLC, MS, ¹H NMR and ¹³C NMR, determine the contents of these flavonoids using UPLC, then compare their pharmacological activities in vitro. We obtained six flavonoids from SGF: astilbin (18.10%), neoastilbin (11.04%), isoastilbin (5.03%), neoisoastilbin (4.09%), engeletin (2.58%) and (−)-epicatechin (1.77%). The antioxidant activity of six flavonoids were evaluated by determining the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical and 2,2′-Azinobis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS⁺) radical scavenging activity and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP). In addition, the anti-inflammatory activity of six flavonoids were evaluated by determining the production of cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6), nitric oxide (NO) using enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and the NF-κB p65 expression using Western blotting in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. The results showed that (−)-epicatechin, astilbin, neoastilbin, isoastilbin and neoisoastilbin had strong antioxidant activities, not only in DPPH and ABTS⁺ radicals scavenging capacities, but in FRAP system. Furthermore, all the six flavonoids could significantly inhibit the secretion of IL-1β, IL-6, NO (p < 0.01) and the protein expression of NF-κB p-p65 (p < 0.01) in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. This study preliminarily verified the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of six flavonoids in S. glabra.     

The Effects of Drying Techniques on Phytochemical Contents and Biological Activities on Selected Bamboo Leaves

The therapeutic potential of bamboos has acquired global attention. Nonetheless, the biological activities of the plants are rarely considered due to limited available references in Sabah, Malaysia. Furthermore, the drying technique could significantly affect the retention and degradation of nutrients in bamboos. Consequently, the current study investigated five drying methods, namely, sun, shade, microwave, oven, and freeze-drying, of the leaves of six bamboo species, Bambusa multiplex, Bambusa tuldoides, Bambusa vulgaris, Dinochloa sublaevigata, Gigantochloa levis, and Schizostachyum brachycladum. The infused bamboo leaves extracts were analysed for their total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC). The antioxidant activities of the samples were determined via the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS), and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays, whereas their toxicities were evaluated through the brine shrimp lethality assay (BSLA). The chemical constituents of the samples were determined using liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The freeze-drying method exhibited the highest phytochemical contents and antioxidant activity yield, excluding the B. vulgaris sample, in which the microwave-dried sample recorded the most antioxidant and phytochemical levels. The TPC and TFC results were within the 2.69 ± 0.01–12.59 ± 0.09 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/g and 0.77 ± 0.01–2.12 ± 0.01 mg quercetin equivalent (QE)/g ranges, respectively. The DPPH and ABTS IC₅₀ (half-maximal inhibitory concentration) were 2.92 ± 0.01–4.73 ± 0.02 and 1.89–0.01 to 3.47 ± 0.00 µg/mL, respectively, indicating high radical scavenging activities. The FRAP values differed significantly between the drying methods, within the 6.40 ± 0.12–36.65 ± 0.09 mg Trolox equivalent (TE)/g range. The phytochemical contents and antioxidant capacities exhibited a moderate correlation, revealing that the TPC and TFC were slightly responsible for the antioxidant activities. The toxicity assessment of the bamboo extracts in the current study demonstrated no toxicity against the BSLA based on the LC₅₀ (lethal concentration 50) analysis at >1000 µg/mL. LC-MS analysis showed that alkaloid and pharmaceutical compounds influence antioxidant activities, as found in previous studies. The acquired information might aid in the development of bamboo leaves as functional food items, such as bamboo tea. They could also be investigated for their medicinal ingredients that can be used in the discovery of potential drugs.     

Two New Isoprenoid Flavonoids from Sophora flavescens with Antioxidant and Cytotoxic Activities

Sophora flavescens is a regularly used traditional Chinese medicine. In an attempt to discover adequate active agents, the isoprenoid flavonoids from S. flavescens were further investigated. In this work, two new compounds (1–2, kurarinol A-B) together with 26 known ones (3–28) were isolated and elucidated on the basis of extensive NMR, UV and MS analyses. Furthermore, the antioxidant activity of all constituents was assessed through ABTS, PTIO and DPPH methodologies and also were evaluated for cytotoxic activity by three tumor cell lines (HepG2, A549 and MCF7) and one human normal cell line (LO2 cells). As a result, a multitude of components revealed significant inhibitory activity. In particular, compound 1–2 (kurarinol A-B), two new flavanonols derivatives, exhibited the most potent ABTS inhibitory activity with IC₅₀ of 1.21 µg/mL and 1.81 µg/mL, respectively. Meanwhile, the new compound 1 demonstrated remarkable cytotoxicity against three cancer cells lines with IC₅₀ values ranging from 7.50–10.55 μM but showed little effect on the normal cell. The two new isoprenoid flavonoids could be promising antioxidant and anti-tumor nature agents.